VANESSA L. BRYANT, District Judge.
Plaintiff Zhaoyin Wang ("Wang"), a Canadian citizen, brings state law breach of contract, negligent and fraudulent misrepresentation, and breach of fiduciary duty claims against Defendants Beta Pharma, Inc. ("Beta Pharma"), a Delaware corporation with a principal place of business in Princeton, New Jersey, and Don Zhang ("Zhang"), a citizen of New Jersey (collectively the "Removing Defendants"). Plaintiff also seeks a declaratory judgment and injunctive relief against Defendant Zhejiang Beta Pharma Co. Ltd. ("ZBP"), a Chinese corporation, principally based in China.
The Complaint arises from the alleged breach of a partnership agreement, executed on March 26, 2010 (the "Agreement"). See [Dkt. #1-1, Ex. A to Compl. at 39-41]. The parties to the Agreement were Plaintiff and Defendant Zhang, who signed the Agreement on behalf of Defendant Beta Pharma. [Id. at 41]. At the time the Agreement was signed, Zhang served as both the majority stockholder and President of Beta Pharma, and was Vice-President and a director of Defendant ZBP. See [Dkt. #1-1, Compl. at Count 1 at ¶¶ 3, 8].
Pursuant to the Agreement, Plaintiff served as the Chief Scientific Officer of Beta Phama. See [Dkt. #1-1, Ex. A to Compl. at ¶ 1]. His responsibilities included managing Beta Pharma's "overall Research and Development efforts . . . including [its] joint venture with other organizations." [Id.] In compensation for this work, Plaintiff was to receive from Beta Pharma a salary of 850,000 RMB Yuan, 2 million shares of Beta Pharma, and 3 million shares of "current [ZBP] stock," which represented 1% of the outstanding shares of ZBP. [Id. at ¶¶ 3-4]. The Agreement also references a "transaction" in connection with Plaintiff's ZBP shares that would occur at a "certain point such as" when the company has gone "public." [Id. at ¶ 3].
ZBP was formed in 2002, by Beta Pharma and other investors, as a Sino-foreign joint venture for the purpose of developing, testing, and marketing pharmaceuticals. [Id. at ¶ 5; Dkt. #88-3, Li Decl. at ¶ 3].
Following the execution of the Agreement, Plaintiff formed Beta Pharma Canada, which he co-owned with Defendant Zhang, invested approximately $300,000 of his own funds into the company, and worked full time at the company for approximately three years. [Dkt. #1-1, Compl. at Count 1 at ¶ 11]. Notwithstanding this work, Plaintiff contends that the Removing Defendants (i) failed to pay him a salary, (ii) failed to register the shares of ZBP in his name on the books and records of ZBP in China, (iii) failed to cause him to participate in the planned initial public offering ("IPO") of ZBP shares in China, and (iv) withheld material information, including information regarding the transferability of the ZBP shares, Beta Pharma's inability to unilaterally provide Plaintiff with the ZBP shares and accompanying shareholder rights, and ZBP's alleged opposition to Beta Pharma's transfer of its shares to Plaintiff. [Id. at ¶ 12, Count 2 at ¶ 15, Count 3 at ¶ 12, Count 4 at ¶ 13, Count 6 at ¶¶ 12-14, and Count 7 at ¶ 13]. With regard to ZBP's opposition to the transfer, the Complaint alleges that "the ZBP board of directors would not permit [Beta Pharma] to transfer shares to plaintiff, [] would not recognize [Beta Pharma]'s transfer of shares, and it had ordered [Beta Pharma] and Zhang to cancel or unwind the transaction by paying plaintiff the fair market value of his interest in ZBP." [Id. at Count 5 at ¶ 13(g) and Count 8 at ¶ 14(g)].
For relief on the breach of contract claims, Plaintiff seeks specific performance of the Agreement, including the receipt and registration in his name of 1% of ZBP's outstanding stock, as well as monetary damages. [Id. at Count 1 at ¶ 14 and Count 2 at ¶ 17]. Plaintiff also brings a separate claim against ZBP for a judgment declaring that he owns 1% of ZBP's outstanding stock and seeks a permanent injunction requiring ZBP to cause his shares to be registered on its books and records and to grant Plaintiff all rights appurtenant to his status as a shareholder, including the right to participate in ZBP's IPO. [Id. at Count 9 at ¶ 5].
The Complaint was originally filed in the Connecticut Superior Court, Judicial District of New Haven, on October 27, 2014, docket number NNH-CV-14-6050848. On December 1, 2014, the Removing Defendants filed a Notice of Removal, pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §§ 1441(a), 1446 and 1332, in which they asserted that Defendant ZBP, the only non-diverse defendant, was fraudulently joined. [Dkt. #1, Defs.' Notice of Removal at ¶ 5]. In seeking removal of this action, the Removing Defendants did not obtain the consent of Defendant ZBP. [Id. at ¶ 11]. Moreover, to date, ZBP has neither responded to the Complaint nor even entered an appearance in this action.
On December 5, 2014, the Removing Defendants filed a motion to transfer this action to the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey. See [Dkt. #17]. The Removing Defendants subsequently filed a motion to dismiss, motion for a protective order, motion to quash, and a motion to disqualify Plaintiff's counsel. See [Dkt. ## 26, 49, 56, 64]. On May 6, 2015, the Court scheduled a hearing to resolve several of these pending motions. See [Dkt. #72]. In the course of reviewing the parties' voluminous filings in advance of the hearing, including the Removing Defendants' removal notice, the Court began to question whether it had subject matter jurisdiction over the dispute. Accordingly, on June 6, 2015, the Court vacated the scheduled hearing and issued an Order to Show Cause why this case should not be remanded for lack of subject matter jurisdiction. See [Dkt. ## 82-83].
In its Order, the Court stated that it was "presently unconvinced" that the two bases for removal articulated in the Removing Defendants' notice, that ZBP was fraudulently joined and had not been properly served, were "sufficient to preclude the Court from considering the citizenship of ZBP." [Dkt. #82, Order to Show Cause at 2]. On July 7, 2015, the Removing Defendants timely submitted their response. [Dkt. #88]. On July 21, 2015, Plaintiff filed responses. See [Dkt. ## 89-90]. On July 28, 2015, the Removing Defendants filed a reply in support of their initial response. [Dkt. #91]. On August 4, 2015, Plaintiff submitted a surreply. [Dkt. #92]. After reviewing the parties' filings, the removal notice, and applicable law, the Court remains unconvinced that it has subject matter jurisdiction and, sua sponte, REMANDS this matter back to the Connecticut Superior Court.
In their removal notice, the Removing Defendants asserted that ZBP's citizenship need not be considered for two reasons: (i) ZBP was fraudulently joined because Plaintiff Wang is unable to bring a cause of action against it under Connecticut law and (ii) ZBP has not been properly served. [Dkt. #1, Defs.' Notice of Removal, at ¶¶ 5-6]. In their show cause response, the Removing Defendants offer three additional grounds for removal: (i) ZBP is neither a necessary nor an indispensable party; (ii) Plaintiff's cause of action as to ZBP is legally impossible because the Court lacks personal jurisdiction over ZBP; and (iii) Plaintiff's post-Complaint conduct indicates that ZBP was joined solely to defeat diversity jurisdiction. [Dkt. #88, Defs.' Resp. at 9, 17, 19, 21]. Taken separately or together, none of these arguments are sufficient to satisfy the Removing Defendants' heavy burden of establishing that ZBP was fraudulently joined.
"It is a fundamental precept that federal courts are courts of limited jurisdiction and lack the power to disregard such limits as have been imposed by the Constitution or Congress." Durant, Nichols, Houston, Hodgson, & Cortese-Costa, P.C. v. Dupont, 565 F.3d 56, 62 (2d Cir. 2009) (citation and quotations omitted). The party asserting federal jurisdiction bears the burden of proving that the case is properly before the federal court. See McNutt v. General Motors Acceptance Corp., 298 U.S. 189, 189 (1936). Where federal jurisdiction is asserted by a defendant pursuant to the removal statute, 28 U.S.C. § 1441, "the defendant bears the burden of demonstrating the propriety of removal." California Pub. Emps. Ret. Sys. v. WorldCom, Inc., 368 F.3d 86, 100 (2d Cir. 2004) (quotation and citations omitted). "In light of the congressional intent to restrict federal court jurisdiction, as well as the importance of preserving the independence of state governments, federal courts construe the removal statute narrowly, resolving any doubts against removability." Purdue Pharma L.P. v. Kentucky, 704 F.3d 208, 213 (2d Cir. 2012) (citation and quotations omitted). A party may remove "[a]ny civil action of which the district courts have original jurisdiction." 28 U.S.C. § 1441(a). Section 1332, the diversity statute, states that "[t]he district courts shall have original jurisdiction of all civil actions where the matter in controversy exceeds the sum or value of $75,000 . . . and is between . . . citizens of different States." 28 U.S.C. § 1332(a)(1). "It is the duty of the Court to raise the question of removal jurisdiction, sua sponte, if appropriate." Newman & Cahn, LLP v. Sharp, 388 F.Supp.2d 115, 117 (E.D.N.Y. 2005) (citing Mignonga v. Sair Aviation, Inc., 937 F.2d 37, 40 (2d Cir. 1991)).
Here, Plaintiff is a foreign citizen, the Removing Defendants are citizens of states, and Defendant ZBP is a foreign citizen. The Second Circuit has plainly stated that "diversity is lacking . . . where on one side [of a complaint] there are citizens and aliens and on the opposite side there are only aliens." Universal Licensing Corp. v. Paola del Lunco S.p.A., 293 F.3d 579, 581 (2d Cir. 2002). Accordingly, for subject matter jurisdiction to exist in this case, the Removing Defendants must establish that non-diverse Defendant ZBP was fraudulently joined.
The fraudulent joinder doctrine is "a narrow exception to the rule that diversity jurisdiction requires complete diversity." Deming v. Nationwide Mut. Ins. Co., No. 03-CV-1225 (CF), 2004 WL 332741, at *4 (D. Conn. Feb. 14, 2004) (quoting Smallwood v. Illinois Central R. Co., 352 F.3d 220, 222 (5th Cir. 2003)). Under the doctrine, "courts overlook the presence of a non-diverse defendant if from the pleadings there is no possibility that the claims against that defendant could be asserted in state court." Briarpatch Ltd. v. Phoenix Pictures, Inc., 373 F.3d 296, 302 (2d Cir. 2004). "In order to show that naming a non-diverse defendant is a `fraudulent joinder' effected to defeat diversity, the defendant must demonstrate, by clear and convincing evidence, either that there has been outright fraud committed in the plaintiff's pleadings, or that there is no possibility, based on the pleadings, that a plaintiff can state a cause of action against the non-diverse defendant in state court." Pampillonia v. RJR Nabisco, Inc., 138 F.3d 459, 461 (2d Cir. 1998). Put another way, "[j]oinder will be considered fraudulent when it is established that there can be no recovery against the defendant under the law of the state on the cause alleged." Whitaker v. Am. Telecasting, Inc., 261 F.3d 196, 207 (2d Cir. 2001).
The fraudulent joinder standard is strictly applied by courts in this Circuit. See In re Fosamax Prods. Liab. Litig., No. 09-CV-4061, 2009 WL 3109832, at *2 (S.D.N.Y. Sept. 28, 2009) ("Most courts in this district have applied the `no possibility' standard rather strictly."); see also Stan Winston v. Toys "R" Us, Inc., 314 F.Supp.2d 177, 183 (S.D.N.Y. 2003) (concluding that defendants had not shown that it was "legally impossible" for non-diverse defendant to be liable under state law); Nemazee v. Premier, Inc., 232 F.Supp.2d 172, 178 (S.D.N.Y.2002) (noting that fraudulent joinder "turns on whether recovery is per se precluded"; "[a]ny possibility of recovery, even if slim, militates against a finding of fraudulent joinder"). As courts have explained in the context of fraudulent joinder, "it is not sufficient to argue that the complaint fails to state a claim against [a non-diverse] defendant." Stan Winston, 314 F. Supp. 2d at 182; see also Read v. Nationwide Mut. Ins. Co., No. 3:06-cv-00514 (JCH), 2006 WL 2621652, at *1 (D. Conn. Sept. 13, 2006) ("To show that a `fraudulent joinder has occurred, the defendants must do more than show that the plaintiff has failed to state a claim upon which relief can be granted."). Even allegations that are "general and at times in barebones language" may be sufficient to defeat a claim of fraudulent joinder. Ulysse v. AAR Aircraft Component Servs., 841 F.Supp.2d 659, 684 (E.D.N.Y. 2012) (finding no fraudulent joinder and remanding case).
While the Second Circuit, in Pampillonia, enunciated the fraudulent joinder test as one in which "there is no possibility, based on the pleadings that a plaintiff can state a cause of action against the non-diverse defendant in state court," the Pampillonia court also recognized that there exist "various formulations of the same test in this Circuit." Pampillonia, 138 F.3d at 461, 461 n. 3 (emphasis added). At its core, the fraudulent joinder test is intended to prevent a plaintiff from "defeat[ing] a federal court's diversity jurisdiction and a defendant's right of removal by merely joining as defendants parties with no real connection with the controversy." Id. at 460-61; see also Kuperstein v. Hoffman-Laroche, Inc., 457 F.Supp.2d 467, 470 (S.D.N.Y. 2006) ("Fraudulent joinder is a legal term of art used to refer to the joinder of unnecessary or nominal parties in order to defeat federal jurisdiction.") (citation and quotations omitted); Intershoe Inc. v. Filanto S.P.A., 97 F.Supp.2d 471, 474 (S.D.N.Y. 2000) (noting that "the fraudulent joinder doctrine" is "most frequently applied to the joinder of unnecessary defendants"); New York State Ins. Fund v. U.S. Liab. Ins. Co., No. 03 Civ. 6652 (LMM), 2004 WL 385033, at *2 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 2, 2004) ("[T]he joinder of parties lacking a genuine interest in the controversy frequently is referred to as fraudulent joinder."). Accordingly, courts in this Circuit have found "that the existence of a `cause of action'" against a named party is one, but not "the sole basis upon which a defendant can properly be considered for diversity jurisdiction purposes." Audi of Smithtown, Inc. v. Volkswagen of Am., Inc., No. 08-cv-1773 (JFB)(AKT), 2009 WL 385541, at **4, 4 n. 1 (E.D.N.Y. Feb. 11, 2009) (citing and quoting MasterCard Int'l Inc. v. Visa Int'l Serv. Ass'n, Inc., 471 F.3d 377, 384 (2d Cir. 2006)).
An additional basis upon which a defendant must be considered for diversity purposes is when that defendant is "a necessary or indispensable party to [the] lawsuit." Id.; CMS Volkswagen Holdings, LLC v. Volkswagen Grp. of Am., Inc., No. 13-cv-03929 (NSR), 2013 WL 6409487, at *6 (S.D.N.Y. Dec. 6, 2013) ("[I]n applying Pampillonia's standard, the question of whether Plaintiffs could state an action against [the non-diverse defendant] depends on whether [the defendant] was a necessary party under state law."); Metro. Prop. & Cas. Ins. Co. v. J.C. Penney Cas. Ins. Co., 780 F.Supp. 885, 888, 896 n. 6 (D. Conn. 1991) ("The citizenship of a defendant, however, who is a proper, even though not indispensable, party must be considered when determining the existence of diversity.") (citations and quotations omitted) (finding no fraudulent joinder, remanding case, and noting that a named defendant "need not be indispensable, but only a proper party to this action for the court to consider his citizenship in determining jurisdiction for removal").
While the Removing Defendants appear to challenge this assertion in their show cause response, the lone case they cite, Lincoln Prop. Co. v. Roche, 546 U.S. 81 (2005), is plainly distinguishable. See [Dkt. #88, Defs.' Resp. at 10]. In Roche, there was complete diversity among the named parties and the Fourth Circuit held that the case should nevertheless be remanded because the diverse defendants did not "negate the existence of a potential codefendant whose presence in the action would destroy diversity." Roche, 546 U.S. at 82. The Supreme Court held that "no decision . . . supports the burden the Court of Appeals placed on a properly joined defendant." Id. at 91. Here, Plaintiff has shouldered the burden discussed in Roche by identifying and naming the non-diverse defendant, ZBP, in his Complaint.
Connecticut law is consistent with and Connecticut courts look to federal jurisprudence in determining whether a party is necessary or indispensable. See Sturman v. Socha, 191 Conn. 1, 6-7, 463 A.2d 527, 530 (Conn. 1983) (defining necessary and indispensable parties consistent with federal law) (quoting Shields v. Barrow, 58 U.S. 130, 139 (1855)); Labulis v. Kopylec, No. CV 020463204S, 2008 WL 4379237, at *2 (Conn. Super. Ct. Sept. 10, 2008) ("As regards joinder and non-joinder, indispensable parties and the various complicated Practice Book sections and case law of our state . . . [t]he recent tendency of the Superior Courts is to . . . follow the most analogous Federal Rule") (quotation and citation omitted), aff'd 128 Conn.App. 571, 17 A.3d 1157 (Conn. App. 2011). Under Federal Rule 19, "a party is necessary if `in that person's absence, the court cannot accord complete relief among existing parties.'" Gibbs Wire & Steel Co., Inc. v. Johnson, 255 F.R.D. 326, 328 n. 1 (D. Conn. 2009) (quoting Fed. R. Civ. P. 19(a)(1)(A)); see also Emar Dev., Inc. v. William Raveis Real Estate Inc., No. CV95-0548632, 1995 WL 404844, at *2 (Conn. Super. Ct. Jun. 28, 1995) ("A person is indispensable if the relief demanded, practically speaking, couldn't be effectuated without the person being in the case . . . A person is necessary if they have an interest in the controversy[,] . . . the parties in the case won't run the risk of multiple damages or inconsistent obligations, and the court can fashion a remedy for the parties who remain in the case.") (citing Sturman and Fed. R. Civ. P. 19) (emphasis in original).
The "term complete relief refers only to relief as between the persons already parties, and not as between a party and the absent person whose joinder is ought." Arkwright-Boston Mfrs. Mut. Ins. Co. v. City of New York, 762 F.2d 205, 209 (2d Cir. 1985) (citation and quotations omitted). "Courts are most likely to rule that complete relief may not be accorded among the parties present in circumstances where the absent party plays a significant role in the provision of some form of injunctive relief." Rose v. Simms, No. 95 Civ. 1466 (LMM), 1995 WL 702307, at *6 (S.D.N.Y. Nov. 29, 1995).
Here, ZBP is, at minimum, a necessary party because in its absence, Plaintiff cannot obtain the complete relief that he seeks from the Removing Defendants. In his Complaint, Plaintiff seeks "[s]pecific performance of the contractual promises made to plaintiff," including delivery of "1% of the total issued and outstanding shares of [ZBP]" and "registration in his name as an official shareholder in China of [the ZBP] shares." [Dkt. #1-1 Compl. at Count 1 at ¶ 14 and Count 2 at ¶ 17]. In the event Plaintiff prevails, ZBP's presence is necessary to effectuate the re-registration of Beta Pharma's shares of ZBP in Plaintiff's name and Plaintiff's receipt of all accompanying shareholder rights, including participation in ZBP's IPO. The Removing Defendants concede that they lack the ability to perform these acts themselves, nor are they able to compel ZBP to undertake them, as they maintain that ZBP "is not now, nor has it ever been, a subsidiary of Beta Pharma," that Defendant Zhang left his position as vice president of ZBP's board over a year before the Complaint was filed, and that Zhang presently has no "role at Z[]BP." [Dkt. #31-1, Zhang Supp. Aff. at ¶¶ 5, 10]; see also [Dkt. #88, Defs.' Resp. at 17 ("[N]either Beta Pharma [nor] Zhang . . . can compel the PRC to recognize the transfer of stock in [ZBP] to Plaintiff")]. The allegations in the Complaint further buttress this conclusion and indicate that ZBP is unlikely to assist the Plaintiff in obtaining the relief he seeks absent a judgment requiring it to do so. See [Dkt. #1-1, Compl. at Count 3 at ¶¶ 13(e)-(f), Count 5 at ¶ 13(g), and Count 6 ¶¶ 14(e)-(f) (stating that Removing Defendants failed to disclose to Plaintiff their "knowledge that ZBP would not permit the ZBP shares transferred to plaintiff by [Beta Pharma] to be registered in China," that ZBP "would not recognize [Beta Pharma's] transfer of shares, [] that it had ordered [Beta Pharma] and Zhang to cancel or unwind the transaction by paying plaintiff the fair market value of his interest in ZBP[,]" and that "the ZBP board had ordered [Beta Pharma] to repurchase ZBP shares from investors at their current fair market value")].
The Removing Defendants principally respond by asserting that ZBP is neither necessary nor indispensable because Chinese law prevents ZBP from providing Plaintiff the relief he seeks. [Dkt. #88, Defs.' Resp. at 9-19]. The Removing Defendants direct the Court to PRC Company law, which they claim prevents joint stock companies like ZBP from approving or rejecting a transfer of shares of their securities. [Id.].
To support these contentions, the Removing Defendants offer declarations from Professor Donald C. Clarke, a professor of law at The George Washington University, and a practitioner Rui Li, who is also a faculty member of the Shanghai University of Finance and Economics. [Dkt. #88-1, Clarke Decl. at ¶ 1; Dkt. #88-3, Li Decl. at ¶ 1]. According to Professor Clarke, "[b]ecause [ZBP] is a Joint Stock Company, pursuant to the laws of the PRC, if a shareholder in [ZBP] transfers its stock to another individual, [ZBP] itself does not have legal authority to approve or reject the transfer." [Dkt. #88-1, Clarke Decl. at ¶ 4]. Professor Clarke's conclusion is based on "Chapter 5, Section 2 of the Company Law of the People's Republic of China," which "does [not] provide for the company itself to have any say in share transfers." [Id. at ¶ 4 n. 3]. Instead, "[w]hen the issuance or transfer of any equity interest . . . involves a foreign citizen receiving the equity interest . . . a government agency of the PRC [] must approve the transaction for it to be valid." [Id. at ¶ 5]. Professor Li concurred, stating that "if a shareholder in [ZBP] transfers its stock to another individual, the transfer is effective only after the relative authority in charge of Commerce approves the transfer." [Dkt. #88-3, Li Decl. at ¶ 4]. Thus, according to the Removing Defendants, ZBP "is a mere stakeholder" whose presence may be overlooked for purposes of subject matter jurisdiction. [Dkt. #88, Defs.' Resp. at 15]. The Removing Defendants' argument fails for three reasons.
First, neither these declarations, nor any of the other authority the Removing Defendants cite, establish that Chinese Company law precludes ZBP from providing the relief Plaintiff seeks. At most, they indicate that ZBP cannot unilaterally provide this relief. As the Removing Defendants acknowledge, because of Chinese law, ZBP "cannot ensure that Plaintiff's stock will be registered on the books and records of [ZBP]. . . . Similarly, [ZBP] cannot ensure that Plaintiff is able to `participate' in the IPO." [Dkt. #88, Defs.' Resp. at 18-19 (emphasis added)]. To establish that ZBP was fraudulently joined, the Removing Defendants must show that Chinese law necessarily precludes ZBP from effectuating such relief. See, e.g., Grynberg Prod. Corp. v. British Gas, PLC, 817 F.Supp. 1338, 1351-52 (E.D. Tex. 1993) (finding no fraudulent joinder where foreign law arguably precluded plaintiff's claim but where defendant failed to establish that foreign court "would necessarily not make an exception" which would permit for such a claim) (emphasis in original); Bellorin v. Bridgestone/Firestone, Inc., 236 F.Supp.2d 670, 685 (W.D. Tex. 2001) (declining to find fraudulent joinder where defendants argued that Mexican and Venezuelan law barred claim against non-diverse defendant upon considering "the uncertainty as to the viability of Plaintiffs' claim under Mexico law" which "must be resolved in favor of Plaintiffs"); Hammerl v. Acer Europe, S.A., No. C 08-4754 JF (RS), 2009 WL 30130, at *9 (N.D. Cal. Jan. 5, 2009) (rejecting fraudulent joinder argument based on Swiss law where defendant relied on statement by Swiss lawyer that "[g]enerally, under Swiss law, a claim for breach of contract can only be brought against an entity that is, formally or materially, a party of the contract" due to the presence of "two major qualifying words: `generally' and `materially'" which "prevent[ed] the Court from attributing to this evidence of Swiss law the meaning that [the defendant] urge[d]"); Gibboni v. Hyatt Corp., No. 10-2629, 2011 WL 1045047, at **3-4 (E.D. Pa. Mar. 22, 2011) (finding that because of "the complex, discretionary and inexact nature of Mexican tort law" there was "a possibility that the state would find that the Complaint state[d] a cause of action" against non-diverse defendant and remanding case).
The Removing Defendants come closest to meeting this standard through Professor Li's assertion that "[n]o law of the PRC would permit [ZBP] to issue shares to satisfy a foreign judgment." [Dkt. #88-3, Li Decl. at ¶ 5]. However, the only support Li cites for this conclusion, Article 142 of the Company Law of the People's Republic of China, does not provide any. [Id.]. Nowhere does this Article address China's treatment of foreign judgments. See Company Law of the People's Republic of China (2005 amended), Art. 142, available at http://www.npc.gov.cn/englishnpc/Law/2007-12/13/content_1384124.htm (last viewed Aug. 24, 2015). In addition, at the present time, the restrictions on transfers imposed by this Article are not applicable to Beta Pharma's shares of ZBP, since ZBP's IPO has yet to occur. See id. ("Shares issued prior to the public issue by a company shall not be transferred within one year from the date the shares of the company are listed and traded at stock exchanges."). Similarly, that Chinese law does not expressly provide ZBP with a role in the transfer process does not mean that ZBP is barred by law from requesting and petitioning the Ministry to approve a transfer, or from otherwise providing Plaintiff the relief he seeks following an approval. See [Dkt. #88-1 Clarke Decl. at ¶¶ 4, 4 n. 3 (opining that ZBP "does not have legal authority to approve or reject [a] transfer" of its shares, citing Chapter 5, Section 2 of the Company Law in support, and stating that "[n]owhere does [this section] provide for the company itself to have any say in share transfers"); see also Company Law of the People's Republic of China, ch. 5 sec. 2].
Taken together, the declarations submitted by the Removing Defendants establish that ZBP's presence would not guarantee Plaintiff the relief he seeks because any transfer of ownership interest in ZBP's shares must be approved by the Chinese Government. That the operation of foreign law poses some risk, no matter how remote, to Defendant ZBP's ability to provide relief is not sufficient to transform an otherwise capable and necessary party into a nominal one. Such a rule would effectively prevent the mandatory joinder of individuals and entities from a host of foreign nations. It would also run counter to the plain language of Rule 19, which concerns parties whose presence is necessary for a plaintiff to obtain complete relief. Fed. R. Civ. P. 19(a)(1)(A); see also Gibbs, 255 F.R.D. at 328 n. 1 ("[U]nder Rule 19(a)(1)(A) . . . a party is necessary `if in that person's absence, the court cannot accord complete relief among existing parties.'"). At most, Chinese Company Law renders ZBP's presence not sufficient alone to provide Plaintiff the relief.
Second, and relatedly, the Removing Defendants do not offer any evidence of practical impossibility, such as evidence tending to show that the Chinese Ministry of Commerce is unlikely to approve a request by ZBP to acknowledge a transfer of its stock, or that ZBP is otherwise incapable of persuading the Ministry to permit such a transfer. ZBP is the only Chinese defendant named in this action and is the company whose stock Plaintiff seeks. It would thus appear that ZBP offers the best, and perhaps only, chance of prevailing upon the Ministry in the event Plaintiff is adjudged the rightful owner of Beta Pharma's shares. Also, in the event the Ministry does approve a transfer, ZBP—and only ZBP—would be able to register the shares in Plaintiff's name and provide him with shareholder rights.
The Removing Defendants do not address these issues and instead focus on the general and considerable difficulties litigants face when attempting to enforce a judgment issued by a U.S. court in China. See [Dkt. #88-1, Clarke Decl. at ¶ 7]. While such difficulties are legitimate, they have not prevented federal courts from entering judgments granting relief in cases involving Chinese defendants. See In re Vitamin C Antitrust Litig., No. 06-MD-1738 (BMC)(JO), 2012 WL 5289514, at *10 (E.D.N.Y. Oct. 23, 2012) (approving final settlement in price-fixing litigation involving a group of Chinese vitamin manufacturers and identifying "the possibility of being unable to enforce a judgment" as one of the "risks" supporting attorneys' fee award); Vringo, Inc. v. ZTE Corp., No. 14-cv-4988 (LAK), 2015 WL 3498634, at **4, 12 (S.D.N.Y. Jun. 3, 2015) (granting injunctive relief and noting a prior grant of partial summary judgment against a Chinese telecommunications company). Nor have they compelled courts to overlook otherwise necessary or indispensable parties. See Schwan-Stabilo Cosmetics GmbH & Co. v. Pacificlink Intern. Corp., 401 F.3d 28, 35 (2d Cir. 2005) (affirming district court dismissal of counterclaims where Chinese entity was a necessary party and had not been joined). In addition, the risk that a U.S. judgment may not be enforceable in China is somewhat mitigated here, because ZBP is presently a participant in a joint venture with a large U.S. pharmaceutical corporation and has invested millions of dollars in another U.S. drug manufacturer. See [Dkt. #89-1, Ex. A to Katz Decl. at 1-1-28; Ex. D to Katz Decl. at 35]. These facts suggest that ZBP may have interests (financial or otherwise) in areas which do recognize U.S. judgments.
Third, none of the district court opinions the Removing Defendants cite in support of their claim that ZBP is a nominal party because it "simply cannot afford the desired relief to the plaintiff[]" are apposite. [Dkt. #88, Defs.' Resp. at 17].
Most significantly, and alone sufficient to distinguish this case, is that the Norman court found that even if the plaintiff was entitled to the declaratory judgment against the four defendants, such a judgment "would not affect [the] plaintiffs' rights or otherwise promote their interests." Id. Here, a judgment ordering ZBP to request approval of a transfer of Beta Pharma's shares from the Ministry of Commerce, and, upon approval, to register Beta Pharma's shares in Plaintiff's name, bestow upon Plaintiff all the rights of a ZBP shareholder, including the ability to participate in ZBP's IPO, and to declare Plaintiff's ownership interest in ZBP would certainly promote the Plaintiff's interests. The case is further distinguishable because unlike those defendants who took affirmative steps in support of the reapportionment plan, or who merely cast unsuccessful dissenting votes and voiced their opposition, the Complaint asserts that ZBP attempted to block and unwind Beta Pharma's transfer of securities to the Plaintiff. [Dkt. #1-1, Compl. at Count 5 at ¶ 13(g) and Count 8 at ¶ 14(g)]. Specifically, the Complaint avers that ZBP's board of directors decided not to "permit [Beta Pharma] to transfer shares to plaintiff," not to "recognize [Beta Pharma]'s transfer of shares," and affirmatively "ordered [Beta Pharma] and Zhang to cancel or unwind the transaction" and instead "pay[] plaintiff the fair market value of his interest in ZBP." [Id.].
The remaining cases to which the Removing Defendants cite are similarly inapposite. See Patrick, 2010 WL 2574121 at *4 (finding defendant who did not consent to removal a real party and thus subject to the unanimity rule despite noting that "it [was] unlikely" that the defendant would be called upon to satisfy any judgment in the case); Saxe, Bacon & Bolan, P.C., 521 F. Supp. at 1048-49 (finding three non-diverse individual plaintiffs nominal parties because their claims were not "independent claims or injuries" from those brought by the company with which they were affiliated); Avon Prods. Inc., 1990 WL 422416, at *2 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 1, 1990) (holding rights agent was nominal party because its "obligations [we]re minimal and purely ministerial in nature," it could "act only at the direction of the officers of [the plaintiff]" it could not "be held liable for any statements because all such statements are deemed to be made by [the plaintiff]," and the rights agent was indemnified under the relevant agreement "for any and all liability").
The Removing Defendants raise Salem Trust Co. v. Manufacturers' Fin. Co., 264 U.S. 182 (1924) and its progeny
First, as the Court noted in its Order to Show Cause, there is case law holding that where, as here, a dispute concerns ownership interests in a corporation and the plaintiff seeks as part of their relief an injunction ordering the registration of shares in their name on the corporation's books and records and a declaratory judgment as to their ownership interests, the corporation is a necessary party. See Crump v. Thurber, 115 U.S. 56, 60 (1885); see also Fisher v. Dakota Cmty. Bank, 405 F.Supp.2d 1089, 1095 (D. N.D. 2005) (stating that the Crump court found the named corporation to be "an indispensable, and not nominal party . . . because the relief requested included requiring the corporation to make adjustments in its stock ownership rolls and issue new shares of stock") (finding bank which issued a letter of credit which was the subject of the underlying dispute a necessary party).
Second, as the Removing Defendants acknowledge, if Plaintiff were to prevail, ZBP would be required to do more than ministerial tasks falling within its sound control, like those described in Salem Trust, Pesch, and Kearney. ZBP will also have to seek approval from the Chinese Ministry of Commerce, a "process" that "is not simply ministerial." [Dkt. #91-1, Clarke Supp. Decl. at ¶ 8].
Third, the record strongly suggests that ZBP is not a neutral holding entity or corporation. Cf. Salem Trust, 264 U.S. at 190 (concluding the non-diverse bank had "no interest in the controversy"); Pesch, 637 F. Supp. at 1539 ("The picture painted by [plaintiff's] state petition, as amplified by the evidence contained in the affidavits and exhibits submitted by the parties . . . is that the [the non-diverse company and transfer agent] are nothing more than neutral bystanders.") (emphasis added); Kearney, 111 F. Supp. at 741 (noting that non-diverse corporate defendant "filed an answer in which [it] allege[d] that it ha[d] no corporate interest in the subject matter of the controversy referred to in the complaint and [t]hereby disclaim[ed] any corporate interest in the controversy"). Instead, ZBP appears to be a closely held private company with strong ties to the Removing Defendants. ZBP was a joint venture created by Defendant Beta Pharma. [Dkt. #1-1, Compl. at Count 1 at ¶ 5]. When it was created, Beta Pharma received a 45% stake in the company, and as of June 2014, Beta Pharma remains a significant shareholder. [Id. at ¶ 7; Dkt. #89-1, Ex. A to Katz Decl. at 1-1-28, 1-1-44, 1-1-45]. At the time Plaintiff contracted with Defendant Zhang and Beta Pharma, Zhang was the Vice-President of ZBP and a member of ZBP's board of directors, positions he held until March 2013. [Dkt. #1-1, Compl. at Count 1 at ¶ 8]; Dkt. #31-1, Zhang Supp. Aff. at ¶ 5]. Even after leaving these positions, Zhang retained and continues to "have personal knowledge regarding [ZBP] and its operations." [Dkt. #31-1, Zhang Supp. Aff. at ¶ 6]. He also serves as Beta Pharma's CEO, president, and a shareholder. [Id. at ¶ 3]. In addition, the Complaint alleges, and the Removing Defendants have not offered any evidence to the contrary, that at the time of the events in dispute, ZBP "would not permit [Beta Pharma] to transfer shares to plaintiff, [] would not recognize [Beta Pharma's] transfer of shares, and . . . ordered [Beta Pharma] to cancel or unwind the transaction by paying plaintiff the fair market value of his interest in ZBP." [Dkt. #1-1, Compl. at Count 5 at ¶ 13(g) and Count 8 at ¶ 14(g)]. At present, ZBP has neither appeared in this action nor responded to the allegations in the Complaint, so there is nothing to indicate that, absent a judgment, ZBP would acquiesce to Plaintiff's requests for a declaration of his ownership interest, registration of Beta Pharma's shares in Plaintiff's name, and the right to participate in ZBP's IPO. Nor does it seem likely to voluntarily petition the Chinese government to the benefit of Plaintiff. Indeed, its longstanding relationship with the Removing Defendants and its previous opposition to precisely what Plaintiff now seeks strongly suggest that it will not.
For these reasons, the Court finds the authority cited by the Removing Defendants unavailing and ZBP to be at least a necessary party to this action, whose presence deprives the Court of subject matter jurisdiction.
In their removal notice and show cause response, the Removing Defendants raise other arguments in support of fraudulent joinder, including: (i) improper service of ZBP; (ii) lack of personal jurisdiction over ZBP; and (iii) that Plaintiff joined ZBP solely to defeat diversity jurisdiction. None of these arguments succeed.
As for improper service, the Court explained in its Order that "non-service is insufficient to permit a court to overlook the presence of a non-diverse party." [Dkt. #82, Order to Show Cause at 6 (citing and quoting 14B Charles Alan Wright, Arthur R. Miller, Edward H. Copper, Federal Practice and Procedure § 3723 (4th ed. 2009) ("A party whose presence in the action would destroy diversity must be dropped formally, as a matter of record, to permit removal to federal court. It is insufficient, for example, that service of process simply has not been made on a non-diverse party."); Rene D. Harrod, A Primer on Removal, Federal Lawyer, 53-Oct Fed. Law. 20 (Oct. 2006) ("[A]n unserved nondiverse defendant will prevent removal if diversity is the only basis for federal jurisdiction.")]. Accordingly, courts routinely decline to overlook non-diverse defendants on the basis of improper service. See Worthy v. Schering Corp., 607 F.Supp. 653, 655 (E.D.N.Y. 1985) ("It is well established that an action based on state law cannot be removed to federal district court if any nondiverse defendant is joined in the complaint, even if the nondiverse defendant was never served."); Burke v. Humana Ins. Co., 932 F.Supp. 274, 275 (M.D. Ala. 1996) (remanding case where removing party "contend[ed] that the court may ignore [the nondiverse party's] citizenship because he has not yet been properly served"); Millet v. Atl. Richfield Cnty., No. 98-367-P-H, 1999 WL 33117145, at *4-5 (D. Me. Apr. 2, 1999) (rejecting defendant's contention that court could not consider citizenship of nondiverse defendant where plaintiff failed to comply with state procedural rules governing joinder). It appears the Removing Defendants have abandoned this argument, as they did not press it in either their response or reply.
Lack of personal jurisdiction is also a non-starter because the Removing Defendants may not assert the defense on behalf of co-Defendant ZBP. See [Dkt. #88, Defs.' Resp. at 19-21]. Personal jurisdiction "represents a restriction on judicial power not as a matter of sovereignty, but as a matter of individual liberty." Ins. Corp. of Ireland, Ltd. v. Compagnie des Bauxites de Guinee, 456 U.S. 694, 702 (1982). It is therefore, "first of all an individual right," which is waivable. Id. at 703; see also Fed R. Civ. P. 12(h)(1). As a result, courts in this Circuit reject efforts by co-defendants to assert the defense on behalf of other defendants. See, e.g., Duttle v. Bandler & Kass, No. 82 Civ. 5084 (KMW), 1992 WL 162636, at *5 (S.D.N.Y. Jun. 23, 1992) (rejecting defendants' request "to dismiss the action against the [defendant] trustee pursuant to Rule 12(b)(2)" because "a third party lacks standing to make such a motion"); Sayles v. Pac. Eng'rs & Constructors, Ltd., No. 08-CV-676S, 2009 WL 791332, at *5 (W.D.N.Y. Mar. 23, 2009) ("The foreign defendants, who would have standing to contest the exercise of personal jurisdiction over them . . . have yet to appear . . . [T]he appearing defendants lack standing to raise this objection to exercising personal jurisdiction over codefendants."). Courts elsewhere have applied the same reasoning to co-defendants' assertions of lack of personal jurisdiction over non-diverse defendants in the fraudulent joinder context. See, e.g., In re Pharma. Indus. Average Wholesale Price Litig., 431 F.Supp.2d 109, 119-20 (D. Mass. 2006) (stating that defendant's fraudulent joinder "argument regarding personal jurisdiction fails immediately" in part because "personal jurisdiction is an individual liberty right and is therefore waivable, and neither of the other two physician defendants . . . have moved to dismiss based on personal jurisdiction"); Zufelt v. Isuzu Motors Am., LLC, 727 F.Supp.2d 1117, 1131 (D. N.M. 2009) ("[I]t is inappropriate to permit [the removing defendant] to assert a defense that is available only to [another defendant] to meet its burden of showing there is no possibility that [the plaintiff] will be able to establish a cause of action against [that defendant] in state court."); Seguros Comercial America, S.A. de C.V. v. Am. President Lines, Ltd., 934 F.Supp. 243, 245 (S.D. Tex. 1996) (holding defendant "cannot establish that [co-defendant] was fraudulently joined based upon" a lack of personal jurisdiction because such "a defense [] is available only to [the co-defendant]"). The Removing Defendants do not address the issue of standing in their response, nor is it otherwise apparent why the Removing Defendants may properly assert the defense of lack of personal jurisdiction on behalf of ZBP in support of their claim of fraudulent joinder. ZBP did not consent to the removal of this case, has not asserted the defense at any point, and has not even entered an appearance. See Zufelt, 727 F, Supp. 2d at 1131 (noting that the non-diverse defendant "has not raised the fraudulent-joinder argument based on lack of personal jurisdiction, nor . . . filed a motion to dismiss based on rule 12(b)(2). Indeed, [the non-diverse defendant] has not even been served yet, nor does it have counsel that has appeared before the Court"); Seguros, 934 F. Supp. at 245 (stating that "[i]t is undisputed that . . . [the removing defendant] has not obtained [the non-diverse defendant]'s consent to join in the notice of removal" and noting that the non-diverse defendant "did not file an answer in state court and has not appeared in this Court").
Finally, the Removing Defendants contend that ZBP was "joined solely to defeat diversity jurisdiction." [Dkt. #88, Defs.' Resp. at 21-22]. In support of their position, the Removing Defendants cite exclusively to Plaintiff's alleged lack of diligence in pursuing a default judgment against ZBP. See [id.]. The Removing Defendants claim that because "Plaintiff has made no effort to do so . . . Plaintiff has never really sought any relief against [ZBP]" and "does not think that any action from [ZBP] is necessary for him to obtain . . . any [] relief that he seeks." [Id. at 22]. This argument, rooted in Plaintiff's post-Complaint conduct, misapprehends the fraudulent joinder doctrine. See In re Gen. Motors LLC Ignition Switch Litig., No. 14-MD-2543 (JMF), 2015 WL 3776385, at *3 (S.D.N.Y. Jun. 17, 2015) ("[A] plaintiff's subjective motive or intent to recover (or lack thereof) is irrelevant to the fraudulent joinder analysis in this Circuit.") (rejecting fraudulent joinder claim even after determining it "may well be true" that the plaintiff "has no intent to proceed with his suit against—not to mention recover from—his wife"); Locicero v. Sanofi-Aventis U.S. Inc., No. 08-CV-489S, 2009 WL 2016068, at *8 (W.D.N.Y. Jul. 10, 2009) ("The motive of the plaintiff in joining the challenged party is immaterial to the determination of fraudulent joinder.").
Based upon the foregoing reasoning, the Court, sua sponte, REMANDS this case back to the Connecticut Superior Court for further proceedings. The clerk is directed to close this file.
IT IS SO ORDERED.
