JAMES F. McKAY III, Chief Judge.

In this succession case, the trial court found that a valid will existed but certain heirs could no longer inherit due to a change in the law of forced heirship. For the following reasons, we affirm in part and reverse in part.

FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

On March 12, 1983, Thomas Dean, Sr. executed his last will and testament. In that will, Mr. Dean left his three adult children, Thomas Dean, Jr., Angela Dean, and Cyril Dean, the forced portion of his estate, subject to the legal usufruct of his wife, Melba S. Dean. Mr. Dean left the disposable portion of his estate to Melba Dean. Melba Dean was not the mother of Mr. Dean's children. Thomas Dean, Sr. died on May 9, 2004.

On December 6, 2004, Melba Dean and her daughter from a previous marriage, Karen Owens, filed a petition for possession, an affidavit of death and heirship, a sworn detailed descriptive list, and a judgment of possession. A petition for probate was not filed. The original will was not in the possession of the clerk of court, who possessed only copies. That same day, the duty judge, Judge Michael Bagneris, signed a judgment of possession placing Melba Dean in possession of all of the decedent's property.

In June of 2006, Melba Dean filed an amended judgment of possession and memorandum in support thereof.1 Mrs. Dean argued that the decedent's children were above the age of majority and were not forced heirs at the time of their father's death. The memorandum also reiterated that Melba Dean was the decedent's sole heir and was granted ownership and possession of all of the decedent's property. On June 19, 2006, Judge Sidney H. Cates, IV signed the amended judgment of possession.

In May of 2008, the decedent's three children filed a petition to annul judgment of possession and probated testament on the grounds that there were irregularities as to form and content in the alleged testament. Among other things, they allege they received no notice of Melba Dean's intent to open the succession or probate a copy of the purported will; the petition for possession and the judgment of possession do not reflect the decedent's intentions regarding the disposal of the estate; the petition for possession does not state that the will being submitted for probate is a copy; there are no allegations in the judgment of possession that the decedent did not revoke the original will by destroying it; the will was probated without giving them an opportunity to object; the judgment of possession incorrectly excludes them and delivers the entire estate to the decedent's widow; and the property transferred by the alleged testament was the separate property of the decedent and in the absence of a testament, decedent's estate is governed by the laws of intestacy.

In June of 2009, Mr. Dean's children filed a motion for summary judgment on the petition to annul the judgment of possession. Following a hearing, the trial court granted the motion in part and annulled the two judgments of possession in September of 2009. The court also granted Angela Dean Burbank's request to be appointed administrator of the succession.

In March of 2010, Ms. Burbank filed a petition for declaratory judgment seeking to have the document purporting to be the last will and testament of her father declared to be invalid. She contended that there was no evidence to rebut the presumption that her father destroyed the original will. Ms. Burbank moved for summary judgment on her petition for declaratory judgment, but the trial court denied the motion for summary judgment in December of 2010.

Trial on the motion for declaratory judgment was held on January 12, 2012. At trial, Melba Dean's adult daughters, Karen Owens and Novella Sheppard, testified that following the death of Mr. Dean, they found his original will with a raised seal on it in a file cabinet in his home. They testified that they gave the will to the decedent's attorney, Michael J. Phillips. Mr. Phillips testified that he filed the original will and several copies when he filed Melba Dean's original pleadings. According to Mr. Phillips, he then presented the original will and other pleadings to Judge Bagneris, who signed the judgment of possession. Mr. Phillips further testified that he brought the pleadings, including the original will, to the clerk's office and left them with an unknown female clerk.

Ms. Tina Seghers, a long-time docket clerk at Civil District Court, testified that she received only copies of the will. She documented this by writing "copy of wills in vault (no original filed)" on the petition for possession and "copy of will (no original filed)" on the envelope placed in the vault containing the wills. Ms. Seghers also testified that no will had ever been lost during her thirty-five years as a clerk. Judge Michael Bagneris and Thomas Dean, Jr. also testified at trial.2

The trial court considered the testimony but was unable to explain what happened to the decedent's will from the time the original will was given to Mr. Phillips and the pleadings made their way to Ms. Seghers. However, the trial court found that there was sufficient evidence to conclude that the original will existed at the time of the decedent's death and was not destroyed by the testator.

The next issue that the trial court considered was how to interpret Mr. Dean's will. In his will, Mr. Dean left the forced portion of his estate to his children, but at the time of death his children were not forced heirs under the law. For guidance, the trial court looked to La. C.C. art. 870 and In re Succession of Collette, 2009-70 (La.App. 3 Cir. 6/3/09), 11 So.3d 724. Based on its analysis, the trial court concluded that succession rights are governed by the law in effect on the date of the decedent's death. Furthermore, the trial court reasoned that by using language such as "forced portion" and "disposable portion" rather than a numerical value, the testator employed language that had a specific legal meaning and that language should be interpreted according to the law in effect at the time of the decedent's death. Therefore, the trial court found that Melba Dean was the decedent's sole heir. It is from this judgment that Mr. Dean's three children now appeal.

DISCUSSION

On appeal, the appellants raise the following assignments of error: 1) the trial court committed legal error by not applying the correct burden of proof, clear and convincing, to appellee's chore of overcoming the presumption that the testator revoked the will by disposing of the original; 2) appellee did not overcome the presumption of revocation by showing through clear and convincing proof that the testator did not revoke the will by disposing of the original prior to his death; and 3) even if appellee overcame the presumption of revocation by clear and convincing proof, the Dean children are entitled to fifty percent (50%) of their father's estate in accordance with their father's intentions as expressed in the will.

The presumption, that a testator destroyed a missing will with the intent to revoke, may be rebutted by clear proof: that the testator made a valid will; of the contents and substance of the will; and that will though not found at testator's death, was never revoked by the testator. Succession of Justice, 28,363 (La.App. 2 Cir. 8/23/96), 679 So.2d 597. In the instant case, Mr. Dean made a valid will on March 12, 1983. The contents and substance of this will is known because copies of the will exist. Unlike Succession of Justice, the original will was actually found after Mr. Dean's death; it only later disappeared. Melba Dean's daughters testified that they found the original will and gave it to Mr. Dean's attorney, Michael Phillips, who testified that he filed the original will along with other pleadings at Civil District Court. This testimony was not controverted and there is no evidence that the will was destroyed by Mr. Dean. Therefore, based on the clear evidence before it, the trial court concluded that a valid will existed at the time of Mr. Dean's death.

The trial court's conclusion that Mr. Dean's will existed at the time of his death is a factual finding subject to the manifest error/clearly wrong standard of review. See Rosell v. ESCO, 549 So.2d 840, 844 (La. 1989). An appellate court may not set aside a trial court's findings of fact in the absence of manifest error or unless it is clearly wrong. Id. There is no indication that the trial court was clearly wrong or manifestly erroneous in finding that Mr. Dean's original will existed at the time of his death. Accordingly, we find no error as to the appellants' first two assignments of error.

In their final assignment of error, the appellants contend that they are entitled to fifty percent (50%) of their father's estate in accordance with his intentions as expressed in the 1983 will. When Mr. Dean executed his will, he left his "beloved" children the "forced portion" of his estate. Considering that he had three children (Thomas Dean, Jr., Cyril Dean, and Angela Dean Burbank), the forced portion would have been fifty percent (50%) of his estate at the time the will was made. However, the trial court ruled that Mr. Dean's children were entitled to nothing because under the law in effect at the time of Mr. Dean's death, they were no longer forced heirs. As stated earlier, the trial court relied on La. C.C. art. 870 and In re Succession of Collett, 2009-70 (La. App. 3 Cir. 6/3/09), 11 So.3d 724.

Louisiana Civil Code Article 870(B) states: "Testate and intestate succession rights, including the right to claim as a forced heir, are governed by the law in effect on the date of the decedent's death." In Collett, the Third Circuit held that the decedent's adult children were entitled to nothing because in his will, the testator used the term "forced portion" instead of a numerical value. The Court reasoned that because the testator used the language "forced portion" there was no intent to leave his children anything more than required by the law.

The Third Circuit's reasoning is very subjective in its attempt to delve into the mind of the deceased testator. How can they know that the decedent would choose to leave his children nothing based on his use of the term "forced portion" instead of a numerical value? The decedent was layman and the term "forced portion" had a specific legal meaning at the time of he made his will. The decedent may or may not have been aware of the change in the law of forced heirship between the time his will was made and the date of his death. To assume that the testator was aware of the change in law and by not making a new will he intended to leave nothing to his children is a stretch in judgment. He could just as easily have been ignorant of the change in law and assumed that his will meant exactly the same thing it meant on the day he made it.

Accordingly, we disagree with the Third Circuit's holding in Collett. According to La. C.C. art. 1611:

La.C.C. art. 1611.

La. C.C. art. 1612 states: "A disposition should be interpreted in a sense in which it can have effect, rather than in one in which it can have none." It is also important to note that the cardinal principle of the interpretation of acts of last will is to ascertain and honor the intent of the testator ascribing meaning to the disposition so that it can have effect. Derouen v. Derouen, 2003-623 (La.App. 3 Cir. 1/28/04), 865 So.2d 940.

As evidenced by the Civil Code and our jurisprudence, there is a longstanding principle of trying to honor the testator's intent if at all possible. In addition, the clear language of La. C.C. art. 1611(B) expressly authorizes this Court to consider the law in effect at the time Mr. Dean's made his will in order to ascertain his intent toward his children. When Mr. Dean made his will his three children were forced heirs and entitled to fifty percent (50%) of his estate. There is no evidence or other indication that Mr. Dean intended to leave nothing to his children if the law had not required him to leave them their forced portion. To the contrary, Mr. Dean refers to his children as "beloved" in the will. When we consider the language of Mr. Dean's will along with La. C.C. arts. 1611 and 1612, it favors leaving Mr. Dean's children what would have been their forced portion at the time he made the will, i.e., fifty percent (50%) of his estate.

CONCLUSION

For the above and foregoing reasons, we affirm the trial court's finding that a valid will existed at the time of Mr. Dean's death. However, we reverse the trial court' finding that Mr. Dean's children were entitled to nothing and hold that they are entitled to fifty percent (50%) of their father estate, i.e. their forced portion at the time the will was made.

AFFIRMED IN PART, REVERSED IN PART AND RENDERED.

BELSOME, J., dissents with reasons.

BONIN, J., concurs in part and dissents in part and assigns reasons.

BELSOME, J., dissents with reasons.

I respectfully dissent from the majority's findings regarding Mr. Dean's intent. "When the words of the testament are plain and unambiguous, the testator's intent should be ascertained from the language used in the testament, giving the words used their usual significance." Montgomery v. Administrators of Tulane Educational Fund, 09-1670, p. 6 (La.App. 4 Cir. 10/13/10), 51 So.3d 60, 63 (citing Derouen v. Derouen, 03-623 (La.App. 3 Cir. 1/28/04), 865 So.2d 940, 942). The bequest at issue in Mr. Dean's testament states:

At the time the testament was drafted, the testator was required by Louisiana law to leave a portion of his estate to his children. Thus, Mr. Dean's bequest as written provides to his children only that which is mandated by law.

"Testate and intestate succession rights, including the right to claim as a forced heir, are governed by the law in effect on the date of the decedent's death." La. C.C. art. 870(B). I find the trial court's reliance on In Re Succession of Collett1 to be sound. Just as in Collett, Mr. Dean's testament does not provide for any numerical value, but rather, uses only language with a specific legal meaning. At the time of his death, Louisiana no longer guaranteed each child a forced portion of the parent's estate. Thus, the legal term "forced portion" in Mr. Dean's testament had no legal effect at the time of his death.

The majority relies on La. C.C. art. 1611(B) to remedy the result created by the change in the law. Provision B of art. 1611 allows this Court to "consider the law in effect at the time the testament was executed to ascertain the testator's intent in the interpretation of the legacy or other testamentary provision." Id. Even giving consideration to the law at the time the testament was drafted, I cannot find that the trial court was clearly wrong or manifestly erroneous in its determination. Therefore, I dissent from the majority's finding that the Mr. Dean's children are entitled to fifty percent of their father's estate.

BONIN, J., concurs in part and dissents in part and assigns reasons.

If I were required to reach the issue of the decedent's testamentary intent, I would concur with the Majority Opinion, as I explain in Part 2. But because I find clear error with the trial judge's resolution that the proponent of the purported testament overcame the presumption that the lost original will was revoked by its destruction, I respectfully dissent from the Majority Opinion in that respect and explain my view in Part 1.

1

The critical inquiry in this case is whether Mrs. Dean, the proponent of probating the copy of a will, had the burden of showing by clear and convincing evidence that the original will was lost (or destroyed) by the clerk's office after it was found following Mr. Dean's death in order to overcome the legal presumption that it was destroyed by the testator.

Because one means of revoking a testament is by the testator physically destroying it or directing its destruction, see La. Civil Code art. 1607(1), the Louisiana Supreme Court "has adopted the uniformly adhered to rule that the failure to find a will which was duly executed and in possession of or readily accessible to, the testator, gives rise to a legal presumption of revocation by destruction". Succession of Talbot, 530 So.2d 1132, 1134-1135 (La. 1988). The presumption is rebuttable and may be overcome by sufficient evidence. Id. "A presumption shifts the burden of producing evidence and, under the preferable view, serves to assign the burden of persuasion as well." Id. at 1135.

The onus of rebutting this presumption is upon Mrs. Dean, who seeks to establish the will, by clear proof that the lost will was never revoked by the testator. See Succession of Nunley, 224 La. 251, 256-257, 69 So.2d 33, 35 (1953). "Clear and convincing proof that a person other than the testator destroyed the will without the direction, consent or permission of the testator would be sufficient to overcome the presumption that the testator revoked the will by destroying it." Succession of Doucet, 42,963, p. 7 (La.App. 2 Cir. 2/6/08), 975 So.2d 738, 741-742.

While the Talbot court made plain that the "presumption may be weak or strong, and more or less easily rebuttable depending upon the clarity of the evidence," Talbot, 530 So.2d at 1135, we are not here dealing with a situation where the lost original will was in a house destroyed by Hurricane Katrina. See Succession of Dalier, 09-0393 (La.App. 4 Cir. 8/12/09), 19 So.3d 8. Here, Mrs. Dean contends that she, her daughters, and her lawyer all had possession of the original will after the decedent's death but that it was lost after it had been filed with the clerk of court and presented to the first district judge in connection with the initiation of these succession proceedings. That contention, in my view, is subject to proof by clear and convincing evidence and fails on that account.

First and foremost is the testimony (not contradicted by the will's proponent) of Tina Seghers, who was a deputy clerk with primary responsibility for succession pleadings and wills for over thirty-five years, that not a single original last will and testament has been lost by the clerk's office in all of that time. At the time the pleadings were returned to the clerk's office after the signing of a judgment of possession (more about that later), she noted on the original petition for possession, at the time it was submitted for safekeeping, that there was only a "copy of wills in vault (no original filed)." "[T]he risk of failure of proof is often placed upon the party who contends that the more unusual event has occurred." Talbot, 530 So.2d at 1132. And certainly the claim that the original will was found after Mr. Dean's death but lost by the clerk is "the more unusual event."

Next for consideration are the initial succession pleadings filed on behalf of Mrs. Dean. The pleadings offer no documentary support that the original will was submitted to the first district judge. The petition for possession merely states that "[t]he deceased left a will leaving property to his wife" and that the decedent "left his entire estate to" Mrs. Dean. The petition makes no reference to the kind of will or the date of the will and, oddly, does not even have a prayer seeking execution or probate of the will. There is no order to execute the will or to probate the will. See La. C.C.P. art. 2856. The original judgment of possession makes absolutely no reference whatsoever to a will and decrees, inaccurately, Mrs. Dean as "heir" to the estate of the decedent.1 Not surprisingly, this judgment (as well as an amended judgment of possession2) was later annulled by summary judgment. Thus, we cannot ascertain from her pleadings that the will, which she minimally describes, is the original of the copy of the will which she is now seeking to probate. And, judging by the bare description of its disposition, we would have to conclude that it was, if accurate, referencing a different will, because to conclude that it was the original of this will we would have to allow that it was poorly and misleadingly described.

Third, and importantly, even though Mrs. Dean was seeking a declaration that the decedent's children had no rights under the will, the children were not notified about the proceedings at the time Mrs. Dean claims to have been in possession of the original.

As the proponent of the will, Mrs. Dean offered the testimony of her daughters and her lawyer.3 The daughters' testimony about finding the original will after Mr. Dean's death is forceful in its insistence but weak and inconsistent in detail. The lawyer's testimony must surely be discounted in light of the pleadings he prepared and the procedures he followed. And we need not linger over his remarkable recollection several years after the incident that he had definitely not given this particular original will to Ms. Seghers (but could not remember to which deputy clerk he had entrusted it).

Thus, I find that Mrs. Dean failed to overcome the legal presumption of destruction by the testator by clear and convincing evidence that the will was found after the death but subsequently lost by the clerk's office. See Doucet, supra. I would reverse the probate of the copy of the will, conclude that Mr. Dean died intestate, and remand for further proceedings.

2

As I indicated earlier, however, if I were required to reach the intent of the testator, I concur in the Majority Opinion's resolution of that issue.

Mrs. Dean argues that the children's inclusion in her late husband's testament was simply a reflection of the now-revised requirements of the forced heirship law. This notion arises from a fundamental misunderstanding of the forced heirship laws then and now. The forced heirship law did not and does not compel any testator to provide by testament (i.e. bequeath) any portion of his estate to a forced heir; the failure to provide by testament for a forced heir does not invalidate a testament nor make the bequests to others null. See La. Civil Code art. 1503 ("A donation inter vivos or mortis causa, that impinges upon the legitime of a forced heir is not null but is merely reducible to the extent necessary to eliminate the impingement"); see also Succession of Dancie, 191 La. 518, 531, 186 So. 14, 18 (1939), and Jarel v. Moon's Succession, 190 So. 867, 868 (La.App. 2nd Cir.1939) ("It is a well settled rule of law that any will in which a bequest exceeds the disposable portion is not void; the legacy is only subject to reduction.")

The reduction of the excessive donation is not automatic and does not occur by operation of law. See Quantum Resources Management, LLC v. Pirate Lake Oil Corp., 12-256, p. 12 (La.App. 5 Cir. 11/13/12), 105 So.3d 867, 873. A forced heir must bring an action to reduce an excessive donation. Id.; see also, e.g., Succession of Guerre, 197 So.2d 738, 745 (La.App. 4th Cir.1967). And the action to reduce an excessive donation can be lost by liberative prescription. See Succession of Dance, 191 La. at 532, 186 So. at 18.

Thus, Mr. Dean did not "have to" name his children in his will. Their inclusion as named legatees and as his "beloved" indicates an intent that a share of his property (or its equal value) be theirs in full ownership upon the death of his second wife. If he had any other intent, he could have simply and validly declared that he wanted all he died possessed of to go to his wife.