PAMELA K. CHEN, United States District Judge.
Plaintiffs Anthony Defalco and Eric Trantel bring this action against Defendants Detective Brian Longaro, Supervisor Francis Bristow, and MTA Bus Company ("MTA Bus") alleging violations of 42 U.S.C. § 1983 for false arrest, malicious prosecution, and denial of due process, in connection with Plaintiffs' arrest, subsequent prosecution, and suspension of employment. Before the Court is Defendants' motion for summary judgment. For the reasons stated below, Defendants' motion is granted.
On September 27, 2012, Defendant Francis Bristow, a foreman at the John F. Kennedy Bus Depot ("JFK Depot" or "Depot"), reported to John McGovern, the Security Director of MTA Bus's internal security department, and John Dhuman, an Assistant General Manager at the Depot, that bus batteries were being stolen by MTA Bus employees, including Plaintiff Eric Trantel.
On December 8, 2012, Bristow received a call from his supervisor, Orin Blackman, who told him to go to the Depot fuel station, because "Eric Trantel is operating a forklift behind truck — [a]n unknown truck" in the Engine Wash Bay. (Bristow Dep., at 152:12-23; see also Deposition of Orin Blackman ("Blackman Dep."), Dkt. 60-50, at 87:11-89:4.) Bristow, who was Trantel's supervisor that day, went to the glass window or door in the fuel station office and saw Trantel in a forklift placing a pallet of bus batteries onto an MTA pick-up truck being operated by Defalco. (Dkt. 57-7, at ECF 28; Dkt. 57-15; Bristow Dep., at 156:3-173:3.) According to Bristow, Defalco then left the Depot with the batteries in the truck and later returned to the Depot without them. (Defs.' 56.1, at ¶ 15.) Bristow subsequently submitted a report to Blackman about what he observed and also reported the incident to McGovern. (Dkt. 60-8, at ECF 3; Defs.' 56.1, at ¶ 15.)
On February 26, 2013, the investigation was transferred from MTAPD Detective Micyk to Defendant MTAPD Detective Brian Longaro. (Defs.' 56.1, at ¶ 25.) Longaro received all of Micyk's case files and spoke with the MTA's Office of the Inspector General's Principal Investigator William McGowan, McGovern, and McGovern's supervisor, Robert Piccarelli, regarding the investigation. (Id. at ¶ 26; Dkt. 57-7, at ECF 25-26.) Longaro also spoke with Bristow "the first day [he] was assigned the investigation.
On March 11, 2013, Longaro received a report from McGovern that Bristow had informed McGovern that he had seen another MTA Bus employee, Vincent Williams, remove batteries from the Depot on March 9, 2013. Detective Longaro conducted surveillance at the Depot on March 11, 2013, and ultimately arrested Williams, who admitted that he had been stealing batteries from the Depot. (Defs.' 56.1, at ¶ 27.)
Plaintiffs are members of Local 1179 Amalgamated Transit Union (the "Union" or "Local 1179"). (Defs.' 56.1, at ¶ 5.) Local 1179 and the MTA Bus Company are parties to a Collective Bargaining Agreement ("CBA"). (Id. at ¶ 43.) The CBA states, inter alia, "[t]he Company shall have the right to discharge or suspend an employee for sufficient cause" (id. at ¶ 44) and "[i]f the Company determines that a disciplinary hearing should be held, such hearing shall be held as soon as practicable after the event which prompted the discipline.... In the event the Union disputes the Company's determination, the Union may file a complaint with the arbitrator in accordance with the dispute mechanism set forth in [the CBA]" (id. at ¶¶ 45-46). MTA Bus policy is that "the decision to terminate an employee is made upon notification that the employee has been arrested for a felony charge." (Deposition of Robert Miller, Dkt. 57-23, at 185:4-9.)
In this case, once Defalco and Trantel were arrested, MTA Bus began the process of terminating their employment, and they were suspended without pay. (Defs.' 56.1, at ¶ 51; see also Affidavit of Anthony Defalco, Dkt. 60-36, at ¶¶ 11-13; Affidavit of Eric Trantel, Dkt. 60-36, at ¶¶ 10-12.) On April 26, 2013, Plaintiffs received a MTA Disciplinary Action Report recommending that they be fired and were also notified that a Step 1 hearing
Plaintiffs filed their initial complaint on December 28, 2015. (Dkt. 1.) On December 14, 2017, Plaintiff's withdrew their claims against Defendants Henry Micyk, John McGovern, Butch Miller, Tom Losito, and the MTA Police Department, as well as their claims for First Amendment retaliation. (Dkt. 47.) Defendants Longaro, Bristow, and MTA Bus's motion for summary
Summary judgment is appropriate where the submissions of the parties, taken together, "show[] that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law." Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a); see Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 251-52, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986) (summary judgment inquiry is "whether the evidence presents a sufficient disagreement to require submission to a jury or whether it is so one-sided that one party must prevail as a matter of law"). A dispute of fact is "genuine" if "the [record] evidence is such that a reasonable jury could return a verdict for the nonmoving party." Anderson, 477 U.S. at 248, 106 S.Ct. 2505.
The initial burden of "establishing the absence of any genuine issue of material fact" rests with the moving party. Zalaski v. City of Bridgeport Police Dep't, 613 F.3d 336, 340 (2d Cir. 2010). Once this burden is met, however, the burden shifts to the nonmoving party to put forward some evidence establishing the existence of a question of fact that must be resolved at trial. Spinelli v. City of N.Y., 579 F.3d 160, 166-67 (2d Cir. 2009); see also Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322-23, 106 S.Ct. 2548, 91 L.Ed.2d 265 (1986). A mere "scintilla of evidence" in support of the nonmoving party is insufficient; "there must be evidence on which the jury could reasonably find for the [non-movant]." Hayut v. State Univ. of N.Y., 352 F.3d 733, 743 (2d Cir. 2003) (quotation omitted; alteration in original). In other words, "[t]he nonmoving party must come forward with specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue for trial." Caldarola v. Calabrese, 298 F.3d 156, 160 (2d Cir. 2002) (quotation omitted).
In determining whether a genuine issue of fact exists, the court must resolve all ambiguities and draw all reasonable inferences against the moving party. Major League Baseball Props., Inc. v. Salvino, Inc., 542 F.3d 290, 309 (2d Cir. 2008). The Court also construes any disputed facts in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party. See Adickes v. S.H. Kress & Co., 398 U.S. 144, 157-59, 90 S.Ct. 1598, 26 L.Ed.2d 142 (1970). However, "the mere existence of some alleged factual dispute between the parties will not defeat an otherwise properly supported motion for summary judgment." Anderson, 477 U.S. at 247-48, 106 S.Ct. 2505.
The first element that a plaintiff must establish in a section 1983 claim is state action. State action "requires that the defendant in a § 1983 action have exercised power `possessed by virtue of state law and made possible only because the wrongdoer is clothed with the authority of state law.'" West v. Atkins, 487 U.S. 42, 49, 108 S.Ct. 2250, 101 L.Ed.2d 40 (1988) (quoting United States v. Classic, 313 U.S. 299, 326, 61 S.Ct. 1031, 85 S.Ct. 1368 (1941)). State employees act under the color of state law when they act "(1) in their official capacity `clothed with the authority of state law,' or (2) `under pretense of law' by purporting to act with official sanction." Louis v. Metro. Transit Auth., 145 F.Supp.3d 215, 223 (E.D.N.Y. 2015) (quoting Sazon Inc. v. N.Y., No. 11-CV-3666 (HB), 2011 WL 5910171, at *4 (S.D.N.Y. Nov. 28, 2011)). However,
Here, Plaintiffs argue that Bristow's conduct arose solely out of his employment by MTA Bus; specifically, Plaintiffs allege that Bristow heard about the alleged thefts from other MTA employees and used his status as an MTA employee to take a daily inventory of the bus batteries, take pictures of the bus battery area, provide investigators with the suspects'
To the extent that Plaintiffs argue that Bristow abused his authority by reporting, or falsely reporting, to the MTAPD or MTA Bus's internal security that he witnessed the battery thefts, such allegations are "insufficient to meet [Plaintiffs'] burden" to prove state action. Rodriguez, 2009 WL 3817298, at *4; see Lucas v. Riggi, No. 07-CV-6200L (DGL), 2008 WL 4758706, at *3 (W.D.N.Y. Oct. 29, 2008) ("[R]eporting an actual or perceived crime to the police do[es] not meet the `color of law' requirement.... [The defendants'] situation [is] no different from that of any other eyewitness or citizen who relays information to the police which is ultimately used as the basis for an arrest."); cf. Flores v. Levy, No. 07-CV-3753 (JFB)(WDW), 2008 WL 4394681, at *7 (E.D.N.Y. Sept. 23, 2008)
Berry v. Lindemann, No. 00-CV-5540 (JBZ), 2006 WL 2536683, at *2 (N.D. Ill. Aug. 31, 2006) (citations omitted); cf. Adebiyi v. City of N.Y., No. 13-CV-480 (WFK)(CLP), 2014 WL 4922888, at *4 (E.D.N.Y. Sept. 30, 2014) ("Case law in this Circuit is well-established that the provision of information to a police officer — even if that information is false or results in the officer taking affirmative action — is insufficient to constitute `joint action' with state actors for purposes of § 1983.") (citation and internal quotation marks omitted). Such is the situation here: neither Bristow's status as a supervisory official nor MTA Bus policy "gave [him] the authority to effectuate an arrest or made [him] responsible for the ultimate outcome of the investigation." Berry, 2006 WL 2536683, at *2; cf. Castro v. Cty. of Nassau, 739 F.Supp.2d 153, 174 (E.D.N.Y. 2010) ("Moreover, the employees of a[] [private] organization do not become state actors simply because they conducted an internal investigation of wrongdoing and told the police about the results of that investigation.").
Yet, Plaintiffs argue that Bristow did more than report a crime. Plaintiffs assert that Bristow "engage[d] in a lengthy investigation on work time into alleged on-the-job misconduct by co-workers" and was essentially "deputized" by McGovern to investigate the alleged thefts. (Pls.' Br., at 11.) But Plaintiffs have not cited any case law to support their contention that providing
The Court is not persuaded by the two cases cited by Plaintiffs. (Pls.' Br., at 8-11.) In McAuliffe v. Pomposello, the court found that there was a genuine dispute of material fact as to whether the defendant, an off-duty MTAPD officer, acted under color of law and "invoked the real or apparent power" of the MTAPD where the plaintiff testified that the defendant "directed his fellow officers to arrest [plaintiff]", "remove[d] her from the train", and "detain[ed] the train for ... a substantial length of time". No. 10-CV-8721 (JSR), 2011 WL 4633867, at *4 (S.D.N.Y. Oct. 4, 2011). This is clearly distinguishable from the instant case where the connection between Bristow and the arrest is far weaker.
In the other case cited by Plaintiffs, Rateau v. City of New York, the plaintiff allegedly made a threatening phone call to the defendant, a 311 operator at the New York City Department of Information and Technology ("DoITT"). No. 06-CV-4751 (KAM)(CLP), 2009 WL 3148765, at *1 (E.D.N.Y. Sept. 29, 2009). The defendant subsequently called the DoITT General Counsel's office, was advised to call the police, and the plaintiff was arrested. Id. at *2. On summary judgment, the court found that the defendant acted under the color of
Unlike the cases cited by Plaintiffs, here, all of the parties were public employees, and there is no evidence that Bristow "acted pursuant to power [he] possessed by state authority" that Plaintiffs themselves did not possess. The weight of the case law
"A § 1983 claim for false arrest, resting on the Fourth Amendment right of an individual to be free from unreasonable seizures, including arrest without probable cause, is substantially the same as a claim for false arrest under New York law." Weyant v. Okst, 101 F.3d 845, 852 (2d Cir. 1996) (citations omitted). To prevail on a claim of false arrest or unlawful imprisonment, a plaintiff must prove that "(1) the defendant intended to confine the plaintiff, (2) the plaintiff was conscious of the confinement, (3) the plaintiff did not consent to the confinement, and (4) the confinement was not otherwise privileged." Savino v. City of N.Y., 331 F.3d 63, 75 (2d Cir. 2003) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). "`[T]he existence of probable cause' for an arrest `is an absolute defense to a false arrest claim.'" Dancy v. McGinley, 843 F.3d 93, 107 (2d Cir. 2016) (quoting Jaegly v. Couch, 439 F.3d 149, 152 (2d Cir. 2006)). "Although the existence of probable cause must be determined with reference to the facts of each case, in general `[p]robable cause to arrest exists when the officers have knowledge of, or reasonably trustworthy information as
The only disputed issue with respect to the false arrest claim against Defendant Longaro is whether he had probable cause to arrest Plaintiffs. Plaintiffs argue that Longaro did not have probable cause to arrest Plaintiffs because "there is no evidence that Longaro took any steps to assess the reliability or veracity of [Bristow] or the basis for [Bristow's] knowledge that Plaintiffs had engaged in theft." (Pls.' Br., at 19 (emphasis, citations, and internal quotation marks omitted).) Moreover, they argue that Longaro should have doubted Bristow's veracity because: (1) an unnamed officer allegedly called Sukhee before Longaro arrested Plaintiffs to ask if Sukhee had reported a theft to Bristow, and Sukhee denied making such a report; (2) Longaro "knew that Bristow could not have seen Plaintiffs stealing batteries" because Longaro went to the location where Bristow was allegedly standing when he saw the theft; and (3) Longaro should have known that Bristow's statement that Defalco had no authority to remove batteries from the Depot was false. (Id. at 20-21.)
The Court rejects these arguments. While "it is [] true that a police officer does not have carte blanche to neglect all investigative duties in relying on a victim statement," Parisi v. Suffolk Cty., No. 04-CV-2187 (ENV)(ETB), 2009 WL 4405488, at *7 (E.D.N.Y. Nov. 30, 2009), "it is well-established that a law enforcement official has probable cause to arrest if he received his information from some person, normally the putative victim or eyewitness, unless the circumstances raise doubt as to the person's veracity[,]" Panetta v. Crowley, 460 F.3d 388, 395 (2d Cir. 2006) (citations and internal quotation marks omitted). In this case, only two days before Longaro arrested Plaintiffs, Longaro arrested and secured a confession from another MTA Bus employee, Vincent Williams, based on Bristow's allegations that he saw Williams remove batteries from the Depot. (Defs.' 56.1, at ¶ 27; see also Dkt. 57-7, at ECF 38-39; Dkt. 60-10.) In determining probable cause, "`a tip from a known informant whose reputation can be assessed and who can be held responsible if her allegations turn out to be fabricated' is especially significant in establishing probable cause." Panetta, 460 F.3d at 395 (quoting Florida v. J.L., 529 U.S. 266, 270, 120 S.Ct. 1375, 146 L.Ed.2d 254 (2000)). The Williams arrest and confession bolstered Bristow's credibility and "the probable cause standard does not require that the arresting officer affirmatively seek out reasons to doubt the victim or witness where none are apparent." Parisi, 2009 WL 4405488, at *7; see also McDermott v. City of N.Y., No. 94-CV-2145 (ILG), 1995 WL 347041, at *4 (E.D.N.Y. May 30, 1995) ("To insist upon a collateral investigation into the credibility of the complainants would place an unfair burden on law enforcement officers. It would be unreasonable and impractical to require that each complainant be assessed prior to police action regarding the subject of the complaint."). "The Court's inquiry, therefore, is to determine if there is a material fact in issue as to whether [Longaro] had reason to doubt the veracity of [Bristow's] story prior to arresting [Plaintiffs.]" Parisi, 2009 WL 4405488, at *7.
Here, Plaintiffs have put forth no evidence that Longaro knew any information at the time of Plaintiffs' arrests that raised doubt as to Bristow's veracity.
With respect to Plaintiffs' second argument, Longaro was unable to recall at his deposition whether he had visited the location from which Bristow said he witnessed the battery theft. (Longaro Dep., at 146:23-148:16.) Thus, there simply is no evidence to support Plaintiffs' contention that Longaro knew that Bristow allegedly could not have seen Plaintiffs removing the batteries on December 8, 2012, as Bristow reported. Finally, Plaintiffs provide no basis, factual or legal, for their contention that Longaro should have known that Bristow's statement that Defalco had no authority to remove batteries from the Depot was false.
Plaintiffs' post-arrest evidence casting doubt on the veracity of Bristow's allegations is of no moment in determining the existence of probable cause at the time of Plaintiffs' arrest.
Curley v. Village of Suffern, 268 F.3d 65, 70 (2d Cir. 2001) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted); see also United States v. Fama, 758 F.2d 834, 838 (2d Cir. 1985) ("T]he fact that an innocent explanation may be consistent with the facts alleged... does not negate probable cause."). Therefore, the Court finds that Defendant Longaro had probable cause to arrest Plaintiffs based on Bristow's eyewitness and written statements. Defendants' motion for summary judgment is granted as to Plaintiffs' false arrest claim.
In order to sustain a section 1983 claim for malicious prosecution, a plaintiff "must show a violation of his rights under the Fourth Amendment, and must establish the elements of a malicious prosecution claim under state law." Manganiello, 612 F.3d at 160-61 (citations omitted). A plaintiff must prove "(1) the initiation or continuation of a criminal proceeding against plaintiff; (2) termination of the proceeding in plaintiff's favor; (3) lack of probable cause for commencing the proceeding; and (4) actual malice as a motivation for defendant's actions." Murphy v. Lynn, 118 F.3d 938, 947 (2d Cir. 1997) (quoting Russell v. Smith, 68 F.3d 33, 36 (2d Cir. 1995)). Plaintiff must also allege some "post-arraignment deprivation of liberty" that is made "pursuant to legal process." Singer v. Fulton Cty. Sheriff, 63 F.3d 110, 117 (2d Cir. 1995).
In light of the Court's finding of probable cause at the time of Plaintiffs' arrest, Plaintiffs' malicious prosecution claim fails. "Where there is no change in the information known to police at the time of arrest and prosecution, probable cause sufficient to warrant arrest precludes a claim for malicious prosecution." Cortes v. City of N.Y., 148 F.Supp.3d 248, 255 (E.D.N.Y. 2015). The burden rests on the plaintiff to establish that some intervening fact was discovered that would dissipate probable cause between the time of arrest and arraignment. Roberts v. City of N.Y., No. 16-CV-5409 (BMC), 2017 WL 4357291, at *9 (E.D.N.Y. Sept. 29, 2017). Plaintiffs have pointed to no such intervening facts. Therefore, the Court grants Defendants' motion for summary judgment as to Plaintiffs' malicious prosecution claim.
In their motion for summary judgment, Plaintiffs allege a violation of due process, namely that Defendant MTA Bus had a custom or policy of automatically suspending, without pay, employees arrested for felonies. (Pls.' Br., at 26-30.) Defendants argue, however, that this claim was not adequately pled in the complaint and, therefore, Plaintiffs should not be allowed to proceed on this claim. (Defendants' Brief, Dkt. 55, at 21-22.) The Court agrees.
The pleading requirements of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure "are designed to provide defendants fair notice of what the plaintiff's claim is and the grounds upon which it rests." DeFilippo v. N.Y. State Unified Court Sys., No. 00-CV-2109 (NGG)(JMA), 2006 WL 842400, at *20 (E.D.N.Y. Mar. 27, 2006), aff'd, 223 F. App'x 45 (2d Cir. 2007). "While a plaintiff may rely on any set of facts to support an already-pleaded claim, a plaintiff may not add new theories of liability at any time." Ferrari Club of Am., Inc. v. Bourdage, No. 6:12-CV-6530 (EAW), 2017 WL 6419061, at *4 (W.D.N.Y. Apr. 25, 2017). Plaintiffs' complaint alleges, inter alia,
(Complaint, Dkt. 1, at ¶ 37.) This allegation does not provided "fair notice" of Plaintiffs' current claim because it is not predicated on a policy of denying pre-deprivation due process where employees are arrested for felonies; rather, it is focused on whether Plaintiffs were arrested, suspended, and prosecuted pursuant to an MTA policy that permitted these actions in "the absence of any probable cause for
Plaintiffs argue that even if the complaint did not put Defendants on notice, Plaintiffs "spelled out their legal theory prior to the end of discovery (and before three of Defendants' five depositions), in response to Defendants' interrogatories." (Pls.' Br., at 27.) Plaintiffs' interrogatory response stated, in relevant part, "Plaintiffs intend to submit one or more affidavits (which do not exist at this time) ... [that] will prove and support Plaintiffs' claim that MTA Bus Company, at all relevant times, maintained a custom or policy of automatically suspending without pay employees arrested for felony offenses, based solely upon the fact of their arrest." (Dkt. 60-40, at ECF 3.) However, this interrogatory response was not submitted until September 22, 2017 (id. at ECF 4), only six days before the close of discovery (see 9/28/17 minute entry). Moreover, this was two business days before Defendants' deposition of Bennie Caughman (Dkt. 57-29), a representative from Plaintiffs' union, and three business days before the parties' deposition of Robert Miller, a member of MTA Bus management (Dkt. 57-23). Taking into consideration the timing of the addition of this claim — on the eve of Defendants' depositions of key individuals involved in the suspension/termination hearing process, the close of discovery, and the beginning of dispositive motion practice — the Court believes that Defendants would be "unfairly prejudiced by [the injection of] these new theories of liability" at that late stage in the case. Campoli v. Chubb Grp. of Ins. Companies, No. 3:04-CV-1004 (MRK), 2006 WL 57391, at *7 (D. Conn. Jan. 9, 2006); see also Morales v. United States, 961 F.Supp. 633, 639 (S.D.N.Y. 1997) (finding that the plaintiff had engaged in "dilatory conduct and neglect" where he waited until "the close of discovery and the beginning of dispositive motion practice between the parties before asserting [a] new claim"); Beckman v. U.S. Postal Serv., 79 F.Supp.2d 394, 407-09 (S.D.N.Y. 2000) ("Although a complaint need not correctly plead every legal theory supporting the claim, at the very least, plaintiff must set forth facts that will allow each party to tailor its discovery to prepare an appropriate defense.") (citations omitted). Therefore, the Court strikes Plaintiffs' due process claim.
Even assuming arguendo that Plaintiffs had adequately pled a due process claim, it would fail as a matter of law. The Fourteenth Amendment requires that "No state shall ... deprive any person of... property, without due process of law." In a section 1983 suit brought to enforce procedural due process rights, a court must determine "(1) whether a property interest is implicated, and, if it is, (2) what process is due before the plaintiff may be deprived of that interest." Nnebe v. Daus, 644 F.3d 147, 158 (2d Cir. 2011). Due process "does not, in all cases, require a hearing before the state interferes with a protected interest, so long as `some form of hearing is [provided] before an individual is finally deprived of [the] property interest.'" Id. (quoting Brody v. Vill. of Port Chester, 434 F.3d 121, 134 (2d Cir. 2005)) (emphasis omitted). Here, it is undisputed that Plaintiffs were provided with adequate post-deprivation process through the Union and were ultimately reinstated to their positions with back pay as a result of post-deprivation proceedings. (Defs.' 56.1, at ¶¶ 5, 43-46, 48-50, 52-54, 56-58, 60, 62.) The only question is whether Defendant MTA Bus was required to provide a hearing before suspending Plaintiffs.
The Court answers that question in the negative. Under the test set forth in Mathews v. Eldridge, the Court
With respect to the Government's interest, the Supreme Court has found that "the State has a significant interest in immediately suspending, when felony charges are filed against them, employees who occupy positions of great public trust and high public visibility." Gilbert, 520 U.S. at 932, 117 S.Ct. 1807 ("We think ... that the government does not have to give an employee charged with a felony a paid leave at taxpayer expense. If his services to the government are no longer useful once the felony charge has been filed, the Constitution does not require the government to bear the added expense of hiring a replacement while still paying him."). Plaintiffs argue that this factor does not favor Defendants or is irrelevant here because Plaintiffs do not occupy such positions of great public trust or high visibility. (See Pls.' Br., at 29.) However, in Barry v. Barchi, the Supreme Court held that the State could suspend a horse trainer, who was not a visible or public figure, without a pre-suspension hearing because "the State also has an important interest in assuring the integrity of the racing carried on under its auspices." 443 U.S. 55, 64, 99 S.Ct. 2642, 61 L.Ed.2d 365 (1979). The Court finds that the same reasoning applies here; Defendants' interest in preserving public confidence in its transportation authority "is at least as significant as the State's interest in preserving the integrity of the sport of horse racing." Gilbert, 520 U.S. at 932-33, 117 S.Ct. 1807.
Finally, "[t]he last factor in the Mathews balancing, and the factor most important to resolution of this case, is the risk of erroneous deprivation and the likely value of any additional procedures." Id. at 933,
Id. at 932-34, 117 S.Ct. 1807 (citations, quotation marks, and emphasis omitted); see also Nnebe, 644 F.3d at 159 (holding that where the plaintiff was arrested "for a felony or serious misdemeanor ... insofar as the post-suspension hearing affords adequate process, no pre-suspension hearing is required"). Here, given that there was probable cause for Plaintiffs' arrest,
For the reasons stated herein, Defendants' motion for summary judgment is granted. Defendants' motion to strike is denied as moot. The Clerk of Court is respectfully requested to enter judgment and terminate this case accordingly.
SO ORDERED.
