This case is before the court on Delta Air Lines' appeal of the district court's denial of a preliminary injunction against the Air Line Pilots Association. Because we find concerted action on the part of the pilots and because the Air Line Pilots Association has a duty under the Railway Labor Act, 45 U.S.C. 152 First, to prevent such action, we reverse and remand to the district court with instructions to issue an appropriate injunction.

Delta Air Lines, Inc. ("Delta") and the Air Line Pilots Association, International ("ALPA") are parties to a collective bargaining agreement ("CBA") that governs the terms and conditions of employment for over 9,800 pilots employed by Delta.1 Delta and ALPA commenced negotiations for a new CBA in September 1999. These negotiations are ongoing.

In the midst of these ongoing negotiations, Delta pilots began to decline to fly "overtime." Overtime is built into Delta's flight schedule, accounting for approximately five to seven percent of scheduled flights, and derives from the CBA.2 "Overtime" is in some ways a misnomer, for this is really unscheduled "open time" on the flight schedule in which pilots may volunteer to fly additional flights above their pre-arranged flight schedule. Although Delta maintains a pool of reserve pilots to operate flights in the event a scheduled pilot is unavailable, it relies upon pilots to "pick up" these overtime flights in order for Delta to operate all of its scheduled flights.3 A pilot has the right, under the CBA, to exercise his or her individual choice and decline to pick up overtime flights. Additionally, a pilot can avoid being assigned to operate overtime flights by exercising his or her CBA rights not to answer a telephone call and not to return a telephone call to Delta; pilots may not be assigned to overtime flying unless they have spoken with Crew Scheduling.

Although each individual pilot may make personal choices about how and whether to work overtime, Delta relies upon many of the pilots choosing to work this open time to fulfill its scheduled flights. If all of Delta's pilots were to refuse to pick up additional flights and refuse to work overtime, Delta would not be able to operate its full complement of flights. Although there are some alternatives available to Delta under the CBA, including raising the "cap" on pilot hours in a given month, staffing flights with reserves or management pilots, and pre- canceling flights and rebooking passengers in advance, these alternatives are limited and generally do not allow Delta to fly its full complement of scheduled routes.

Beginning in November 2000, apparently just in time for holiday travel, Delta pilots intensified their "no-overtime campaign."4 This action by the pilots, viewed in the context of the holiday travel season and the ongoing labor negotiations between ALPA and Delta, leads to the obvious inference that the pilots are seeking to pressure Delta into making concessions in the negotiations for a new CBA.

The effects of the pilots' no-overtime campaign are evident from Delta's flight statistics. Historically, Delta cancels no more than one or two of 2,700 flights daily due to lack of pilots. However, in November 1999, pilots averaged 2,053 daily requests for overtime; in November 2000 they averaged only 1,276 daily requests. In the first three days of December 1999, pilots averaged 1,678 daily requests; in those same days in December 2000 they averaged 503 requests. Delta canceled a total of ten flights due to pilot shortages for the month of November 1999, while it canceled 375 flights in November 2000. In the first three days of December 1999, Delta had no cancellations; in the first three days of December 2000 Delta canceled 386 flights.5 Clearly, the pilots' efforts to refuse overtime is affecting both Delta's flight schedule and the traveling public.6

In the midst of the no-overtime campaign by the pilots, Delta tried to work with ALPA by enlisting ALPA's assistance in ending the pilots' concerted no-overtime campaign. During this time, ALPA issued a number of directives to the pilots advising them of their rights under the CBA regarding overtime; ALPA recommended flying overtime at premium rates - green slip flying. By November 2000, when some pilots were advising (and sometimes threatening) other pilots not to seek or fly overtime, the Delta Master Executive Council of ALPA ("MEC")7 advised pilots several times, through several media, that pilots should respect the choices of others regarding overtime and that whether to fly overtime was the individual choice of each pilot. These steps by ALPA and the MEC had no measurable effect on the pilots' no-overtime campaign. Delta was unable to overcome the no-overtime campaign either through compensatory scheduling methods or through ALPA's communications; therefore, Delta filed the present action.

Delta filed a verified complaint on December 5, 2000 in the district court for the Northern District of Georgia. The complaint alleged an unlawful job action in violation of the Railway Labor Act ("RLA"), 45 U.S.C. 151-188.8 The complaint named fifty-one defendants, including ALPA, the MEC and its officers, and several individual pilots.9 Delta filed motions for a temporary restraining order ("TRO") and a preliminary injunction on December 5. The district court held a hearing on Delta's motions for a TRO and preliminary injunction on December 6. The district court denied both motions on December 11. Delta filed its Notice of Emergency Appeal the following day, December 12. Delta also moved for an injunction pending appeal; we denied that motion on December 13. However, in that same order, we granted Delta's motion for an expedited appeal. Moving on the expedited basis, oral argument was heard on January 11, 2001.

The Railway Labor Act was passed in its initial form by Congress in 1926, with the support of both the railroads and the unions. Although a number of amendments have been introduced over the years, including extending the RLA to the airline industry in 1936, the stated purposes have remained constant. The first of the RLA's five listed purposes is "[t]o avoid any interruption to commerce or to the operation of any carrier engaged therein." 45 U.S.C. 151a.10 To accomplish its purposes, especially this first purpose, the RLA imposes a substantive duty upon "all carriers, their officers, agents and employees to exert every reasonable effort to make and maintain agreements . . . and to settle all disputes . . . in order to avoid any interruption to commerce or to the operation of any carrier growing out of any dispute between the carrier and the employees thereof." 45 U.S.C. 152 First. Because the statutory structure reveals that this duty is at the "heart" of the RLA, see Bhd. of R.R. Trainmen v. Jacksonville Terminal Co., 394 U.S. 369, 377- 78, 89 S. Ct. 1109, 1115, 22 L. Ed. 2d 344 (1969), and because of the legislative history of the provision,11 the Supreme Court has clarified that section 152 First imposes a legal duty enforceable by courts: "[W]e think it plain that [section 152 First] was intended to be more than a mere statement of policy or exhortation to the parties; rather, it was designed to be a legal obligation, enforceable by whatever appropriate means might be developed on a case-by-case basis." Chicago & N.W. Ry. Co. v. United Transp. Union, 402 U.S. 570, 577, 91 S. Ct. 1731, 1735, 29 L. Ed. 2d 187 (1971).

The RLA sets forth a detailed sequence of steps that carriers and their employees (or their employees' representative) must undertake in negotiating collective bargaining agreements. The RLA intentionally provides for slow movements by all parties during this negotiation and bargaining process. As the Supreme Court has recognized, the RLA "subjects all railway disputes to virtually endless `negotiation, mediation, voluntary arbitration, and conciliation.'" Burlington N. R.R. Co. v. Bhd. of Maintenance of Way Employees, 481 U.S. 429, 444, 107 S. Ct. 1841, 1850, 95 L. Ed. 2d 381 (1987) (quoting Detroit & Toledo Shore Line R.R. Co. v. Transp. Union, 396 U.S. 142, 148-49, 90 S. Ct. 294, 298, 24 L. Ed. 2d 325 (1969)). The bargaining procedures of the RLA are "purposely long and drawn out" in the hope that reason will, in time, produce an agreement. Bhd. of Ry. and S.S. Clerks v. Fla. E. Coast Ry. Co., 384 U.S. 238, 246, 86 S. Ct. 1420, 1424, 16 L. Ed. 2d 501 (1966).

During the long negotiating process, the RLA seeks to protect the public, carriers, and unions alike by imposing a legal duty upon carriers and unions to maintain the status quo with respect to "rates of pay, rules, [and] working conditions," even when there is a disagreement about the CBA. 45 U.S.C. 155-56; Consol. Rail Corp. ("Conrail") v. Ry. Labor Executives' Ass'n, 491 U.S. 299, 302-03, 109 S. Ct. 2477, 2480, 105 L. Ed. 2d 250 (1989).12 A failure by either side to maintain the status quo during the bargaining and mediation process may give rise to injunctive relief, even without the customary showing of irreparable injury. Id.; see also Detroit & Toledo Shore Line R.R. Co., 396 U.S. 142, 90 S. Ct. 294 (upholding a status quo injunction).

In cases where a carrier seeks injunctive relief against a union, a court must look not only to the RLA, but also to the Norris-LaGuardia Act ("NLGA"), 29 U.S.C. 101-115, to determine whether the court has jurisdiction. As a general rule, the NLGA prohibits courts from issuing injunctive relief in labor disputes.13 29 U.S.C. 101, 104; Int'l Ass'n of Machinists v. Street, 367 U.S. 740, 772, 81 S. Ct. 1784, 1802, 6 L. Ed. 2d 1141 (1961) ("The [NLGA] expresses a basic policy against the injunction of activities of labor unions."). The NLGA also generally prohibits a court from holding a union responsible for illegal acts of the union members. 29 U.S.C. 107(a) ("[N]o injunction or temporary restraining order shall be issued on account of any threat or unlawful act excepting against the . . . organization making the threat or committing the unlawful act or actually ratifying the same after actual knowledge thereof."); 29 U.S.C. 106 ("No . . . organization shall be held responsible or liable . . . for the unlawful acts of individual officers, members, or agents, except upon clear proof of actual participation in, or actual authorization of, such acts, or of ratification of such acts after actual knowledge thereof."). The NLGA also prescribes procedural rules for civil proceedings in which an employer seeks an injunction or TRO against its employees. For an injunction, live testimony with opportunity for cross-examination is normally required after proper notice; for a TRO, though, sworn affidavits may suffice if the complainant would suffer "substantial and irreparable injury" without the TRO. 29 U.S.C. 107.

The Supreme Court has stated that although the prescriptions and proscriptions of the NLGA are clear, the NLGA "cannot be read alone in matters dealing with railway disputes." Bhd. of R.R. Trainmen v. Chicago River & Ind. R.R. Co., 353 U.S. 30, 40, 77 S. Ct. 635, 640, 1 L. Ed. 2d 622 (1957). Rather, "[t]here must be an accommodation of [the NLGA] and the [RLA] so that the obvious purpose in the enactment of each is preserved." Id.14 The way to accommodate these two statutes, in most circumstances, is to determine if specific provisions of the RLA are implicated. If so, "the specific provisions of the [RLA] take precedence over the more general provisions of the [NLGA]." Id. at 42, 77 S. Ct. at 641; accord Pittsburgh & Lake Erie R.R. Co. v. Ry. Labor Executives' Ass'n, 491 U.S. 490, 513, 109 S. Ct. 2584, 2598, 105 L. Ed. 2d 415 (1989).

When a specific provision of the RLA is implicated, "the District Court has jurisdiction and power to issue necessary injunctive orders [to enforce compliance with the requirements of the RLA] notwithstanding the provisions of the [NLGA]." Bhd. of R.R. Trainmen v. Howard, 343 U.S. 768, 774, 72 S. Ct. 1022, 1025, 96 L. Ed. 1283 (1952); see also Chicago & N.W. Ry. Co. v. United Transp. Union, 402 U.S. 570, 91 S. Ct. 1731, 29 L. Ed. 2d 187 (1971) (holding that 45 U.S.C. 152 First creates a legal obligation which a court may enforce through injunction, notwithstanding section 4 of the NLGA (29 U.S.C. 104)); Chicago River, 353 U.S. at 42, 77 S. Ct. at 641 (holding that injunctive relief is appropriate under the RLA when a specific provision is implicated, notwithstanding the general provisions of the NLGA); Virginia Ry. Co. v. Sys. Fed'n No. 40, 300 U.S. 515, 549-52, 57 S. Ct. 592, 600-02, 81 L. Ed. 789 (1930) (holding that injunctive relief is proper under the RLA).15 Although the NLGA usually deprives federal courts of jurisdiction in general categories of labor disputes,16 federal courts retain jurisdiction "to enjoin compliance with various mandates of the [RLA]." Int'l Ass'n of Machinists v. Street, 367 U.S. 740, 772, 81 S. Ct. 1784, 1802, 6 L. Ed. 2d 1141 (1961). However, this exception for the RLA is limited, and an injunction usually may lie only if, in addition to violation of a specific principle of the RLA, an injunction is the sole practical, effective means of enforcing the Act. See Burlington N. R.R. Co. v. Bhd. of Maintenance of Way Employees, 481 U.S. 429, 446, 107 S. Ct. 1841, 1851, 95 L. Ed. 2d 381 (1987).

It is clear that the substantive legal duty of 45 U.S.C. 152 First, is a "specific provision" of the RLA and, moreover, is central to the purpose and functioning of the RLA. Therefore, the provision takes precedence over the more general provisions of the NLGA. This is not to say that the procedural standards of the NLGA do not apply, but only that the substance of the RLA is controlling. We therefore hold that when this specific provision of the RLA is implicated and there is no other effective way to enforce the RLA, the NLGA does not prohibit a federal court from issuing an appropriate injunction.

Contrary to ALPA's assertion, we hold that the district court had jurisdiction to hear the initial complaint: It did not arise from a "minor dispute," which would have rendered it subject to mandatory and exclusive arbitration under the RLA.17 We reject ALPA's contention that the CBA "arguably" allows all pilots to refuse to work overtime, when it is clear industry practice to structure flight schedules with "open time" built in. The only reasonable explanation for this customary practice is an expectation that not all of the pilots will choose to refrain from working overtime at the same time; this is implicit in the CBA. Further, this dispute centers on 45 U.S.C. 152 First, which imposes a statutory obligation "to exert every reasonable effort to make and maintain agreements." This clear statutory provision is at the heart of the RLA and is clearly within the province of the federal courts to enforce. When the public interest, commerce, and a clear statutory provision are implicated, we will not shy away from holding the parties to their duties under the RLA so as to avoid "any interruption to commerce." 45 U.S.C. 152 First.

This is an appeal from the denial of a preliminary injunction. We have jurisdiction to hear this appeal pursuant to 28 U.S.C. 1292, which permits appeals from interlocutory orders of district courts "granting, continuing, modifying, refusing or dissolving injunctions." We generally review a denial of preliminary injunctive relief on an abuse of discretion standard. Siegel v. LePore, 234 F.3d 1163 (11th Cir. 2000).18 We note that in RLA cases a carrier need not show irreparable injury, a usual prerequisite for obtaining an injunction, to enjoin a violation of the status quo because of the strong public interest in enforcing the RLA. See Conrail, 491 U.S. at 303, 109 S. Ct. at 2480. However, even if we were to look at the traditional factors for a preliminary injunction, we would still review de novo the district court's application of the law. Haitian Refugee Ctr. v. Baker, 949 F.2d 1109, 1110 (11th Cir. 1991) (per curiam) ("[I]f the trial court misapplies the law we will review and correct the error without deference to that court's determination."); see also Cuban American Bar Ass'n v. Christopher, 43 F.3d 1412, 1423-24 (11th Cir. 1995) ("[T]he district court misapplied the law governing the issues presented in this case. Thus, we accord no deference to the district court's determinations in granting the preliminary injunctions in this case."). Because we find that the district court misapplied the law in the instant case by failing to recognize the extent of ALPA's duty under 45 U.S.C. 152 First, we accord no deference to the district court's misapplication of the law.

The district court erred in failing to appreciate the depth and seriousness of the duty to "make and maintain agreements" in a way so as "to avoid any interruption to commerce or to the operation of any carrier." 45 U.S.C. 152 First. In the instant case, our focus is on ALPA's duty to maintain agreements to avoid interruption of commerce.19 As the Supreme Court has stated, this language of the RLA creates a substantive legal duty "enforceable by whatever appropriate means might be developed on a case-by-case basis." Chicago & N.W. Ry. Co., 402 U.S. at 577, 91 S. Ct. at 1735. An injunction is an appropriate remedy to compel the performance of this legal duty. See Nat'l Airlines, Inc. v. Int'l Ass'n of Machinists & Aerospace Workers, 416 F.2d 998 (5th Cir. 1969) (approving of an injunction against the union to issue directives to its members to restore the status quo when union members were engaging in unlawful "wildcat" strikes).20

The district court made explicit findings that there was an "ongoing concerted effort on the part of some Delta pilots to refuse overtime work." In its "Findings," the district court analyzed the number of canceled flights and pilots' reduced requests for overtime and found that "the statistics differ so substantially that the difference can only be explained by the efforts of an undisclosed number of pilots to undermine contract negotiations, seeking leverage for a salary increase." The court did not rest solely on statistical evidence, though, but looked to other evidence, including e-mails, "many of which rise to the level of intimidation and harassment." The court found that the "traveling public" and Delta are both harmed by the pilots' concerted activity:

This reduction in requests for overtime is causing harm to Delta and the traveling public. Delta has lost millions of dollars in revenues, rerouting expenses, extra operating costs, and overnight hotel and meal vouchers. Additionally, Delta has suffered loss in the form of good will and traffic that is immeasurable. The public has suffered loss in time and money from the delays and cancellations which is also immeasurable.

In spite of these findings, the court refused to issue an injunction against ALPA and/or MEC. It based this refusal on the fact that "[n]either the Union leadership [of ALPA] nor the [MEC] supports this effort [by the pilots] and both have, in fact, counseled against it." While it is true that ALPA and the MEC "counseled against" the efforts of the pilots, it is equally clear that these union communiques were not effective in suppressing the pilots no-overtime campaign.

The district court's error came in its decision that it would "not hold that a union has an affirmative duty to end or prevent the unilateral unlawful activity of its members." The RLA imposes such a duty on the union in section 152 First, and the district court should have enforced that duty. It is possible, of course, that ALPA has in fact done all that it can do in directing the pilots to cease their no-overtime campaign. We seriously doubt this is the case, however. What seems to be true is that while ALPA has admonished its members at Delta's request, it has not made "every reasonable effort" as required by statute. 45 U.S.C. 152 First. ALPA is statutorily bound to do everything possible to "maintain" the CBA so that commerce is not in any way interrupted. We are not satisfied that ALPA has fulfilled this duty.21 Therefore, the district court, on remand, should enjoin ALPA to take specific steps aimed at stopping the pilots' no-overtime campaign and resuming normal operations of Delta's operations, including its overtime scheduling.22

It is possible, although unlikely, that ALPA has lost control of its members and that the pilots are truly acting contrary to ALPA's wishes and directives. If this proves to be the case (which would become evident if the district court's injunction against ALPA is ineffective at stopping the no-overtime campaign), then National Airlines, Inc. v. International Ass'n of Machinists & Aerospace Workers, 416 F.2d 998 (5th Cir. 1969), would apply. In National Airlines, the union had lost control of its members (and conceded as much to the court) and the members were conducting "wildcat strikes"; the union was admittedly powerless to prevent this. In this circumstance, the airline came to the court seeking permission to terminate some of the employees if they failed to work under the terms of their CBA. (The airline approached the court because the RLA would not have permitted the airline's self-help without judicial intervention.) In National Airlines, the former Fifth Circuit allowed the airline, faced with employees who were violating the CBA and a union that had lost control of its members, to take direct action against the employees.

If ALPA cannot control the pilots, some of whom are admittedly violating the CBA by advocating concerted action, then Delta may return to the district court for additional relief. The district court would, at that point, join all appropriate parties as defendants (presumably sua sponte) and enjoin them from engaging in continued activity in violation of the CBA, under penalty of court sanction or other adverse employment action.

Because the general procedural provisions of the NLGA still apply to this action, even though the anti-injunction portion of the NLGA does not, we must address the hearing before the district court. ALPA complains that Delta did not put on live testimony, with opportunity for cross-examination, as required by the NLGA, 29 U.S.C. 107. While it is clear that section 107 requires live testimony in order to obtain a temporary or permanent injunction in a labor dispute, section 107 also provides alternate hearing requirements for a complainant to obtain a TRO. A TRO may be obtained to remedy "substantial and irreparable injury" on the basis of testimony under oath sufficient to justify the court's issuance of the TRO. 29 U.S.C. 107. Reading the TRO and injunction provisions together, the purpose of section 107 is not so much about requiring live testimony, then, as it is about ensuring the presence of reliable evidence before a court may enjoin parties to a labor dispute.

In the instant case, although Delta did not put on live testimony, both sides presented sworn affidavits and a host of other evidence and testimony.23 This evidence was largely undisputed - particularly as it related to the fact that the pilots were undertaking concerted action. ALPA's counsel conceded at the hearing that injunctive relief would be proper if Delta's pilots were engaged in concerted activity that violated the status quo; the district court did not hesitate to make explicit its finding of such concerted activity by the pilots in its dispositive order, and even in its closing comments at the hearing itself. Delta's evidence consisted of (1) written documents reflecting the pilots' overtime boycott (mainly in the form of captured e-mail communications); (2) union pronouncements and directives, which were concededly authentic; (3) statements of union members acknowledging the existence of the overtime boycott, which were concededly genuine; and (4) statistical evidence of the impact of the ban, which was not challenged by ALPA. ALPA presented its own documentary evidence, as well as relying upon some of the evidence presented by Delta. The only material issue at the hearing was whether ALPA actively sponsored or ratified the pilots' no-overtime campaign.

Given that there was no dispute about the reliability of the evidence, at least as to the concerted action by the pilots, we believe the district court was entitled to rely upon such evidence to make its determinations.24 See Ry. Express Agency, Inc. v. Bhd. of Ry., Airline & S.S. Clerks, Freight Handlers, 437 F.2d 388, 395 (5th Cir. 1971) (holding that section 107 was not violated when the district court used only briefs and affidavits to decide whether to issue an injunction; live testimony with cross-examination was not required). The purpose of section 107 is served if the evidence is inherently reliable and there is no harm to the parties. An analogy to the hearsay rule demonstrates the propriety of this holding. Hearsay statements are generally excludable because they suffer from a lack of reliability; reliability is generally established through live testimony and cross-examination. However, there are exceptions to the hearsay rule that do not contravene the Confrontation Clause, even though they permit the introduction of out-of-court statements, because the statements are inherently reliable.

The district court properly determined that Delta's pilots were engaged in an unlawful no-overtime campaign. However, the district court improperly interpreted the gravity and depth of ALPA's duty under the RLA to prevent such an unlawful job action. Because there has been no showing that ALPA lacks control over the pilots, reason dictates that ALPA has not done enough to fulfill its statutorily mandated duty to "maintain" the agreement and avoid an "interruption to commerce." Upon remand, the district court shall issue appropriate injunctive relief directing ALPA to take further steps to end the pilots' no-overtime campaign. Further steps may include issuing directives as drafted by the court and threatening (or imposing) union sanctions for violations, as permitted by ALPA's constitution.25 If ALPA complies with the court's orders and the no-overtime campaign continues, Delta may return to the district court for injunctive relief against individual pilots, as discussed supra Part III.C.

REVERSED and REMANDED, with instructions.

BARKETT, Circuit Judge, concurring specially, in which MAGILL, Circuit Judge, joins:

I concur in the determination that under the law ALPA has an affirmative duty to exert every reasonable effort to prevent or stop the unilateral unlawful activity of its members and that it has not fulfilled that duty. Accordingly, I agree that this case should be remanded for the entry of an appropriate injunction requiring ALPA to take all reasonable steps to do so. However, any discussion of possible actions based on the possibility that ALPA cannot control its membership is premature.