MEMORANDUM & ORDER

PAMELA K. CHEN, District Judge.

Plaintiff Yosef Gold brings this action against Defendants Shapiro, Dicaro & Barak, LLC ("Shapiro"), Select Portfolio Servicing, Inc. ("SPS"), and the Bank of New York Mellon Trust, N.A. ("BONY") alleging abusive, deceptive and unfair debt collection practices in violation of the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act ("FDCPA"), 15 U.S.C. §§ 1692, et seq. and New York General Business Law § 349 ("GBL § 349"). Pending before the Court are Defendants' motions to dismiss. (Dkts. 20, 24.) For the reasons stated below, Defendants' motions to dismiss are granted in part and denied in part.

BACKGROUND

I. Relevant Facts1

Between 2003 and 2006, Plaintiff entered into two mortgage agreements with different non-party mortgage companies. (Amended Complaint ("Am. Compl."), Dkt. 12, ¶¶ 14, 16.) The first of these mortgages was then assigned to other non-party mortgage companies in 2006. (Id. at ¶¶ 15, 18.) On September 15, 2006, non-party JPMorgan Chase Bank N.A., which by this point owned both mortgages, consolidated the mortgages into a single agreement ("the Consolidated Mortgage"). (Id. ¶¶ 17-18.) On April 10, 2008, this Consolidated Mortgage was assigned to nonparty Chase Home Finance LLC ("Chase Home"). (Id. ¶ 19.) The next day, on April 11, 2008, Chase Home initiated a foreclosure action against Plaintiff in Kings County Supreme Court.2 (Id. ¶ 20.) Over five years later, on November 21, 2013, the foreclosure action was dismissed for abandonment by the Honorable Lawrence Knipel pursuant to C.P.L.R. § 3215(c). (Id. ¶ 22). On February 4, 2014, Chase Home assigned its interest in the Consolidated Mortgage to Defendant BONY. (Id. ¶ 23.)

On October 5, 2017, Plaintiff received a letter from Defendant SPS that stated "YOU MAY BE AT RISK OF FORECLOSURE" and "[a]s of October 5, 2017, your home is 1922 days and $307,409.68 in default. Under New York State Law, we are required to send you this notice to inform you that you are at risk of losing your home." (Id. ¶ 24; see also Exhibit A, Dkt. 12-1, at ECF3 1-17.) The October 5, 2017 letter also states that "[i]f you have not taken any action to resolve this matter within 90 days from the date this notice was mailed, we may commence legal action against you (or sooner if you cease to live in the dwelling as your primary residence.)." (Am. Compl., Dkt. 12, ¶ 25.) Plaintiff asserts that by October 5, 2017, it had been "over three years after the statute of limitations [had] expired" on his mortgage debt. (Id. ¶ 24.)

On October 6, 2017, Plaintiff received a second letter from Defendant SPS titled "NOTICE OF DEFAULT — RIGHT TO CURE." (Id. ¶ 27; see also Exhibit A, Dkt. 12-1, at ECF 18-21.) This letter included, inter alia, (1) an "[i]temization of [a]mount [r]equired to [c]ure," (2) a "[c]ure [d]ate" of November 5, 2017, and (3) a statement that $307,409.68 was required to cure the default. (Am. Compl., Dkt. 12, ¶ 28.) Though the letters were addressed from Defendant SPS, Plaintiff alleges that they were mailed by Defendant Shapiro at SPS's behest. (Id. ¶ 29.)

On March 2, 2018, Defendant BONY commenced a foreclosure action in Kings County Supreme Court against Plaintiff. (Id. ¶ 30.) BONY was represented by Defendant Shapiro. (Id. ¶ 31-32.) Plaintiff asserts that BONY and Shapiro commenced this foreclosure action even though they had "full and complete knowledge" that the mortgage was unenforceable because the statute of limitations had expired. (Id. ¶ 33.) Plaintiff filed an answer in the foreclosure action in March 2018 seeking, inter alia, that the mortgage be discharged as time-barred. (Id. ¶ 35.) On August 21, 2018, the Honorable Noach Dear of Kings County Supreme Court dismissed the 2018 foreclosure action as past the statute of limitations. (Id. ¶ 36.)

II. Procedural History

Plaintiff filed the instant action on November 29, 2018. (Dkt. 1.) After Defendant SPS filed a pre-motion conference request seeking to file a motion to dismiss (Dkt. 8), Plaintiff filed an amended complaint on January 17, 2019 (Dkt. 12). In response, all three Defendants filed pre-motion conference requests seeking to file motions to dismiss the amended complaint. (Dkts. 20, 24.) The Court construed these requests as Defendants' respective motions to dismiss and ordered supplemental briefing. (See Feb. 5, 2019 Docket Order.) The Court then held oral argument on Defendants' motions on March 21, 2019. (See Mar. 21, 2019 Minute Entry.) At oral argument, the Court reserved decision on Defendants' motions and ordered supplemental briefing on (1) the impact of the Supreme Court's recent decision in Obduskey v. McCarthy & Holthus LLP, 139 S.Ct. 1029 (2019), (2) the applicability of GBL § 349 to the October 2017 letters sent by Defendants SPS and Shapiro, and (3) whether the Second Circuit's decision in Arias v. Gutman, Mintz, Baker & Sonnenfeldt LLP, 875 F.3d 128 (2d Cir. 2017) forecloses Defendants' argument regarding Midland Funding, LLC v. Johnson ("Midland"), 137 S.Ct. 1407 (2017). (Id.; Mar, 22, 2019 Docket Order.) Supplemental briefing was completed on May 14, 2019. (Dkts. 31, 32, 33.)

LEGAL STANDARD

To survive a motion to dismiss pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6), "a complaint must contain sufficient factual allegations, accepted as true, to `state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.'" Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (quoting Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007)). A "claim has facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged." Id. (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 556). The "plausibility standard is not akin to a `probability requirement,' but it asks for more than a sheer possibility that a defendant has acted unlawfully." Id. (citation omitted). Determining whether a complaint states a plausible claim for relief is "a context-specific task that requires the reviewing court to draw on its judicial experience and common sense." Id. at 679 (citation omitted).

In addressing the sufficiency of a complaint, courts must "accept as true the factual allegations of the complaint, and construe all reasonable inferences that can be drawn from the complaint in the light most favorable to the plaintiff." Arar, 585 F.3d at 567. Nevertheless, a court "need not credit conclusory statements unsupported by assertions of facts or legal conclusions . . . presented as factual allegations." In re Livent, Inc. Noteholders Sec. Litig., 151 F.Supp.2d 371, 404 (S.D.N.Y. 2001) (citing Papasan v. Allain, 478 U.S. 265, 286 (1986)). At the pleadings stage, the Court must limit its inquiry to the facts alleged in the complaint, the documents attached to the complaint or incorporated therein by reference, and "documents that, while not explicitly incorporated into the complaint, are `integral' to plaintiff's claims and were relied upon in drafting the complaint." Id. (citing Cortec Indus., Inc. v. Sum Holding L.P., 949 F.2d 42, 44 (2d Cir. 1991)).

DISCUSSION

I. Plaintiff's FDCPA Claim

The FDCPA is "remedial in nature, [so] its terms must be construed in [a] liberal fashion if the underlying Congressional purpose is to be effectuated." Vincent v. The Money Store, 736 F.3d 88, 98 (2d Cir. 2013) (quoting N.C. Freed Co. v. Bd. of Governors of Fed. Reserve Sys., 473 F.2d 1210, 1214 (2d Cir. 1973)). To prevail on an FDCPA claim, three requirements must be met: "(1) the plaintiff must be a `consumer' who allegedly owes the debt or a person who has been the object of efforts to collect a consumer debt, . . . (2) the defendant collecting the debt [must be] considered a `debt collector,' and (3) the defendant [must] ha[ve] engaged in [an] act or omission in violation of FDCPA requirements." Okyere v. Palisades Collection, LLC, 961 F.Supp.2d 522, 529 (S.D.N.Y. 2013) (internal citation omitted).

Defendants argue that Plaintiff's FDCPA claims fail because (1) Plaintiff's claims based on the October 2017 letters are untimely; (2) Defendant BONY is not a debt collector as defined by the FDCPA; (3) the FDCPA does not apply to foreclosure actions; and (4) Defendants' decision to initiate a foreclosure action on a time-barred mortgage is not a violation of FDCPA § 1692(e). The Court address each argument in turn.

A. Statute of Limitations

"A plaintiff who seeks to bring a private suit under the FDCPA, however, must do so within its relatively short one-year statute of limitations." Benzemann v. Citibank N.A., 806 F.3d 98, 100 (2d Cir. 2015) (citing 15 U.S.C. § 1692k(d)). Plaintiff alleges that Defendants violated the FDCPA on two different occasions: first, when Defendants SPS and Shapiro sent two letters in early October 2017 that included "threats to sue to take [Plaintiff]'s home" (Am. Compl., Dkt. 12, ¶ 40) and second, when Defendants initiated the foreclosure action against Plaintiff in March 2018 (id. ¶ 41). Plaintiff filed the instant action in November 2018. (See Complaint, Dkt. 1.) Accordingly, Plaintiff can only bring FDCPA actions for violations that occurred after November 2017. Cf. Ehrich v. RJM Acquisitions, LLC, No. 09-CV-2696 (BMC) (RER), 2009 WL 4545179, at *2 (E.D.N.Y. Dec. 4, 2009) ("[S]eparate communications that violate the FDCPA can create separate causes of action."). Only Plaintiff's claim regarding the 2018 foreclosure action, not the October 2017 letters, fall within this period. Therefore, Plaintiff's FDCPA claim as it relates to Defendants' October 2017 letters is dismissed.4

B. Definition of Debt Collector under the FDCPA

"`Debt collector' is a defined . . . under the FDCPA . . . as any person (1) `who uses any instrumentality of interstate commerce or the mails in any business the principal purpose of which is the collection of any debts,' or (2) `who regularly collects or attempts to collect, directly or indirectly, debts owed or due or asserted to be owed or due another.'" Mullery v. JTM Capital Mgmt., LLC, No. 18-CV-549 (LJV), 2019 WL 2135484, at *2-3 (W.D.N.Y. May 16, 2019) (quoting 15 U.S.C. § 1692a(6)); see also Goldstein v. Hutton, Ingram, Yuzek, Gainen, Carroll & Bertolotti, 374 F.3d 56, 61 (2d Cir. 2004) (discussing the FDCPA's "two alternative predicates for `debt collector' status"). Plaintiff asserts that all three Defendants are debt collectors. (See Am. Compl., Dkt. 12, ¶¶ 5, 8-9.) The Court addresses the status of each Defendant in turn.

1. Defendant BONY

Defendant argues that it is not a debt collector under the FDCPA because "it is a `creditor' exempt from liability under the FDCPA." (Defendants' Brief ("Defs.' Br."), Dkt. 26, at 2 (citing 15 U.S.C. § 1692a(6)(F)).) Plaintiff argues that BONY is a debt collector because the principal purpose of BONY's business is debt collection, i.e., the FDCPA's first definition of debt collector. (Pl.'s Br., Dkt. 25, at 2 (citing 15 U.S.C. § 1692a(6)).) Plaintiff further argues that BONY cannot take advantage of the FDCPA's exception for debt collectors who purchased a debt that was not in default at the time of purchase, see 15 U.S.C. § 1692a(6)(F)(iii), because BONY purchased Plaintiff's debt after it was in default. (Pl.'s Br., Dkt. 33, at 1.)

In the Second Circuit, courts have generally found that banks are creditors and therefore are not debt collectors. See, e.g., Munroe v. Specialized Loan Servicing LLC, No. 14-CV-1883 (MKB) (LB), 2016 WL 1248818, at *5 (E.D.N.Y. Mar. 28, 2016) ("Although debt collectors are subject to the FDCPA, creditors generally are not, as the FDCPA limits its reach to those collecting the dues of another and does not restrict the activities of creditors seeking to collect their own debts.") (internal quotations and citations omitted); Johnson-Gellineau v. Steine & Assocs., P.C., No. 16-CV-9945 (KMK), 2019 WL 2647598, at *8 (S.D.N.Y. June 27, 2019) ("Thus, because Wells Fargo is a `person . . . to whom a debt is owed,' and did not acquire the debt in default `solely for the purpose of facilitating collection of such debt for another,' Wells Fargo was [the p]laintiff's creditor under the FDCPA.") (quoting 15. U.S.C. 1692a(4)) (emphasis in original). However, these cases do not address whether the FDCPA applies to a single entity that is both a creditor and a debt collector, i.e., whether the FDCPA applies to the actions of a debt buyer whose only or principal business consists of purchasing defaulted debt and then collecting on that debt for its own profit, given that such an entity meets both the "creditor" and "debt collector" definition under the FDCPA. See 15 U.S.C. 1692a(4) (defining a "creditor" as, inter alia, someone "to whom a debt is owed"); 15 U.S.C. 1692a(6) (defining a "debt collector" as, inter alia, "any person who uses any instrumentality of interstate commerce or the mails in any business the principal purpose of which is the collection of any debts") (emphases added); cf. Izmirligil v. Bank of N.Y. Mellon, No. 11-CV-5591 (LDW) (AKT), 2013 WL 1345370, at *4 (E.D.N.Y. Apr. 2, 2013) (holding the defendant bank is a not a debt collector, despite trying to collect on a defaulted debt, because the "[p]laintiff does not allege, nor does he argue in opposition that he can allege, that . . . BNYM's `principal purpose' is the collection of debts").

The Supreme Court has recently held, in Henson v. Santander Consumer USA Inc., that an entity that purchases defaulted debt and then collects on it is not a debt collector based on the FDCPA's second definition of debt collector. 137 S.Ct. 1718, 1720-21 (2017) (holding that an entity that "purchase[s] a debt and then [tries] to collect it for [itself]" is not a debt collector under the FDCPA when it defines a debt collector as "anyone who `regularly collects or attempts to collect . . . debts owed or due . . . another'") (quoting 15 U.S.C. § 1692a(6)). The Court explicitly declined to address whether such an entity would be a debt collector based on the FDCPA's first definition of a debt collector, i.e., anyone who engages "in any business the principal purpose of which is the collection of any debts." Id. (quoting 15 U.S.C. § 1692a(6)). However, post-Henson the Third Circuit, in Tepper v. Amos Financial, LLC, held that a company that "admit[s] [its] sole business is collecting debts it has purchased" is a debt collector under the FDCPA because the principal purpose of its business is to collect debts, even though that business is also a creditor because it owns the debts it tries to collect. 898 F.3d 364, 370-71 (3d Cir. 2018). At least one court in the Second Circuit has noted Tepper's holding in finding that companies whose principal purpose is debt collection are debt collectors under the FDCPA even if they own the debts they collect, making them creditors as well. See Bradley v. Selip & Stylianou, LLP, No. 17-CV-6224 (FPG), 2018 WL 4958964, at *5-6 (W.D.N.Y. Oct. 15, 2018); see also id. at *5 n.3 (noting that "[s]ince Henson, a number of courts have held that a debt purchaser who meets the `principal purpose' definition stated above is a debt collector and may be liable under the FDCPA") (citing Tepper, 898 F.3d at 370-71; Davidson v. Capital One Bank (USA), N.A., 797 F.3d 1309, 1316 n.8 (11th Cir. 2015); Norman v. Allied Interstate, LLC, 310 F.Supp.3d 509, 514-15 (E.D. Pa. 2018)).

Here, the Court need not decide whether the FDCPA applies to a bank's conduct if that bank's principal purpose is the collection of debts because Plaintiff's conclusory allegation that "the principal purpose of each of Defendants' business[es] is debt collection, i.e. that more than half of Defendants' respective revenues derive from debt collection" (Am. Compl., Dkt. 12, ¶ 8) is insufficient to adequately allege that BONY is a debt collector under the FDCPA, and the amended complaint contains no factual allegations to support this conclusory statement as to BONY. See, e.g., In re Livent, Inc. Noteholders Sec. Litig., 151 F. Supp. 2d at 404 (A court "need not credit conclusory statements unsupported by assertions of facts or legal conclusions . . . presented as factual allegations.") (citing Papasan, 478 U.S. at 286). Accordingly, BONY is dismissed as defendant from this action.

2. Defendants SPS and Shapiro

Plaintiff also asserts that Defendants SPS and Shapiro are debt collectors under the FDCPA. Plaintiff specifically alleges that "Shapiro's primary business is the prosecution of foreclosure actions in New York." (Am. Compl., Dkt. 12, ¶ 5.) Notably, Shapiro does not seem to dispute its debt collector status. (See Defs.' Br., Dkt. 24, at 1-3.) The Court, therefore, finds Plaintiff's allegations are sufficient to allege that Shapiro is a debt collector under the FDCPA. See Heintz v. Jenkins, 514 U.S. 291, 299 (1995) ("[T]he [FDCPA] applies to attorneys who `regularly' engage in consumer-debt-collection activity, even when that activity consists of litigation."). SPS, by its own admission, is also a debt collector. (See Exhibit A, Dkt. 12-1, at ECF 21 (noting, in a letter from SPS, that "[t]his communication from a debt collector is an attempt to collect a debt").) However, SPS was not a party to the foreclosure—the only non-time-barred debt collection activity under the FDCPA that is alleged.5 Accordingly, Plaintiff's FDCPA claim against SPS is dismissed.

C. A Foreclosure Action is an Attempt to Collect a Debt Under the FDCPA

Having found that the amended complaint sufficiently alleges that Shapiro qualifies as a debt collector under the FDCPA, the Court next considers whether the complaint adequately alleges an FDCPA claim against the firm. Plaintiffs seeks to bring an FDCPA claim based on Shapiro's filing of a state foreclosure action. (See Am. Compl., Dkt. 12, ¶ 41.) The Second Circuit, in Cohen v. Rosicki, Rosicki & Assocs., P.C., held that "a foreclosure action is an attempt to collect a debt as defined by the FDCPA." 897 F.3d 75, 82 (2d Cir. 2018) (quotation omitted). In doing so, the Circuit rejected the argument that a foreclosure action is not subject to the FDCPA because its purpose is to "enforce a security interest and obtain possession of property, rather than to obtain payment on a debt." Id. at 83. The panel in Cohen explained its reasoning as follows:

Id. (citing, inter alia, N.Y. Real Prop. Acts §§ 1352, 1371) (additional internal quotation and citation omitted). The Second Circuit later clarified in a summary order in Weaver v. Boriskin, 751 F. App'x 96 (2d Cir. 2018):6

Id. at 99 (summary order) (internal quotations, alterations, and citations omitted).7

Shapiro argues that the Supreme Court's recent decision in Obduskey abrogates Cohen. (Defs.' Br., Dkt. 31, at 4-6; see Defs.' Br., Dkt. 32, at 1 (noting that Defendant Shapiro adopts the arguments of its co-Defendants BONY and SPS).) In Obduskey, the plaintiff had brought an FDCPA claim against a law firm that, on behalf of a bank, had initiated a nonjudicial foreclosure8 by filing a notice of election and demand with the county public trustee. Obduskey, 139 S. Ct. at 1035. The notice "stated the amount due and advised that the public trustee would sell the property for the purpose of paying the indebtedness." Id. (internal quotations and citation omitted). The plaintiff argued that the law firm had violated the FDCPA § 1692(g) by initiating the nonjudicial foreclosure after the plaintiff had already contested the debt and the law firm had not provided verification of the debt before initiating the foreclosure. Id.

The Supreme Court did not reach the merits of the plaintiff's claim because it held that "where [a] business is engaged in no more than the kind of security-interest enforcement at issue here—nonjudicial foreclosure proceedings," that business falls "outside the scope of the primary `debt collector' definition" for purposes of an FDCPA claim. Id. at 1031 (emphasis added). Shapiro argues that the Court's reasoning in Obduskey applies equally to the judicial foreclosure at issue here. (Defs.' Br., Dkt. 31, at 5 ("In light of Obduskey, the holding and reasoning of Cohen no longer applies.").)

The Court disagrees. In Obduskey, the Court explicitly stated that "whether those who judicially enforce mortgages fall within the scope of the primary definition [of a debt collector] is a question we can leave for another day," 139 S. Ct. at 1039, and noted that the Tenth Circuit, in the decision below, had found that "the availability of a deficiency judgment is a potentially relevant distinction between judicial and nonjudicial foreclosures," id. (citing Obduskey v. Wells Fargo, 879 F.3d 1216, 1221-22 (10th Cir. 2018)). Given that Cohen premised its decision on the availability of deficiency judgments under New York foreclosure law, see Cohen, 897 F.3d at 83; Weaver, 751 F. App'x at 99, the Court does not find that Obduskey abrogates or overrules Cohen. In doing so, it joins several of its sister courts that have reached the same conclusion since Obduskey. See Werner v. Selene Fin., LLC, No. 17-CV-6514 (NSR), 2019 WL 1316465, at *4 n.9 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 22, 2019); Tardi-Osterhoudt v. McCabe, Weisberg & Conway LLC, No. 18-CV-840 (BKS) (CFH), 2019 WL 4242410, at *10 (N.D.N.Y. Sept. 6, 2019); cf. Johnson-Gellineau, 2019 WL 2647598, at *12. Accordingly, the Court considers whether Plaintiff has adequately alleged an FDCPA violation against Shapiro based on its filing of a foreclosure action for a time-barred debt.9

D. Filing a Time-barred Action Violates the FDCPA

Plaintiff brings this action pursuant to 15 U.S.C. §§ 1692e and 1692e(2),10 which "prohibit[] debt collectors from using `any false, deceptive, or misleading representation or means in connection with the collection of any debt,' including, as relevant here, misrepresenting the `character, amount, or legal status' of a debt." Arias, 875 F.3d at 135 (quoting 15 U.S.C. § 1692e). In determining whether a representation is false, deceptive, or misleading, the Court uses the "least sophisticated consumer" standard. See, e.g., id.; Jacobson v. Healthcare Fin. Servs., Inc., 516 F.3d 85, 90 (2d Cir. 2008) ("[T]he question of whether a communication complies with the FDCPA is determined from the perspective of the `least sophisticated consumer.'"). "While the least sophisticated consumer may lack the astuteness of a Philadelphia lawyer or even the sophistication of the average, everyday, common consumer, he can nonetheless be presumed to possess a rudimentary amount of information about the world and a willingness to read a collection notice with some care." Kolbasyuk v. Capital Mgmt. Servs. LP, 918 F.3d 236, 239 (2d Cir. 2019) (internal quotations and citation omitted). Under this standard, a representation is misleading or deceptive, "if it is `open to more than one reasonable interpretation, at least one of which is inaccurate.'" Avila v. Riexinger & Assocs., LLC, 817 F.3d 72, 75 (2d Cir. 2016) (quoting Clomon v. Jackson, 988 F.2d 1314, 1319 (2d Cir. 1993)); Arias, 875 F.3d at 135.

Shapiro argues that even if the FDCPA applies to foreclosure actions generally, it should not apply here because filing a time-barred action is not misleading given that the running of a statute of limitations is an affirmative defense. (See, e.g., Defs.' Br., Dkt. 31, at 2-4.) Contrary to Shapiro's argument, however, courts in this Circuit have generally found that filing a civil action knowing11 that it was time-barred is a violation of the FDCPA. See Diaz v. Portfolio Recovery Assocs., LLC, No. 10-CV-3920 (MKB) (CLP), 2012 WL 1882976, at *5 (E.D.N.Y. May 24, 2012) ("Accordingly, Plaintiff stated a claim under Sections 1692e and 1692f by alleging that Defendant filed a complaint to collect a time-barred debt without meaningfully reviewing the complaint and that Defendant took legal action when it knew there was no factual basis for such action."); Cameron, 998 F. Supp. 2d at 300 ("Therefore, the only remaining question is whether the filing of such a time-barred complaint is a violation of the FDCPA. This Court joins others in concluding that it is.") (collecting cases).

Shapiro argues that, here, the Supreme Court's decision in Midland forecloses Plaintiff's claim. (Defs.' Br., Dkt. 31, at 2 (noting that the Supreme Court "has recognized that the expiration of statute of limitations does not extinguish a debt") (citing to Midland, 137 S. Ct. at 1411).) In Midland, the Supreme Court held that filing a time-barred notice of claim in a bankruptcy proceeding did not violate the FDCPA. 137 S. Ct. at 1411. However, in Midland, the Supreme Court noted key differences between a bankruptcy proceeding and other civil proceedings:

Id. at 1413 (citing to, inter alia, the U.S. Bankruptcy Code, 11 U.S.C. §§ 301, 303(a), 1302(a)) (internal quotation marks omitted); see also id. (assuming, arguendo, the correctness of the precedent set by "several lower courts [that] have found or indicated that, in the context of an ordinary civil action to collect a debt, a debt collector's assertion of a claim known to be time barred is `unfair' [under the FDCPA]").

The Second Circuit addressed Midland in Arias, where the defendant argued that Midland barred the plaintiff's FDCPA claim that was based on the defendant's initiation of a garnishment action. Arias, 875 F.3d at 137. In Arias, the panel rejected defendant's argument that Midland cautions against imposing FDCPA liability based on litigation conduct. Id. at 137-38.

Id. at 137. As result, it found that "where court filings routinely come to the consumer's attention and may affect his or her defense of a collection claim debt collectors do not have immunity from FDCPA liability for their litigation conduct." Id. (internal quotations and citations omitted). The same considerations apply here. As Shapiro acknowledges, the Arias court "found that garnishment of a bank account was unique with less protection than a bankruptcy proceeding." (Defs.' Br., Dkt. 31 at 4.) Likewise, the Court finds that the foreclosure proceeding at issue here also affords Plaintiff significantly less protection than a bankruptcy proceeding. For example, Plaintiff, brought into state court as a defendant, did not have the benefit of a bankruptcy trustee to guide him through the unfamiliar process of a foreclosure proceeding. Cf. Midland, 137 S. Ct. at 1413 (noting that a trustee in a bankruptcy provision "must examine proofs of claim, and, where appropriate, pose an objection" if the claim is unenforceable). Furthermore, in Midland, the debt collector's notice of claim specifically and expressly stated that the debt was time-barred. Id. at 1411 (noting that the proof of claim statement "made clear . . . that the 6-year statute of limitations governing collection of the claimed debt had long since run"). Here, there are no allegations (nor reason to believe) that Shapiro ever notified Plaintiff that the debt it was seeking to collect was time-barred. (Cf. Defs.' Br., Dkt. 26, at 2 (arguing that "[s]tatements concerning the debt in the complaint of the 2018 Foreclosure Action were true [because] [Plaintiff's] debt was[—]and still is[—]due").) Defendant's alleged failure to provide this material information about the legal status of Plaintiff's debt is therefore sufficient to state a claim under §§ 1692e and 1692e(2) of the FDCPA.

* * *

Accordingly, for the reasons stated above, Plaintiff's FDCPA claim may proceed against Defendant Shapiro.12

II. Plaintiff's GBL § 349 Claim

"To state a claim under GBL § 349, a plaintiff `must prove three elements: first, that the challenged act or practice was consumer-oriented; second, that it was misleading in a material way; and third, that the plaintiff suffered injury as a result of the deceptive act.'" Crawford v. Franklin Credit Mgmt. Corp., 758 F.3d 473, 490 (2d Cir. 2014) (quoting Stutman v. Chem. Bank, 731 N.E.2d 608, 611 (N.Y. 2000)). "Section 349 on its `face applies to virtually all economic activity, and its application has been correspondingly broad.'" McCrobie v. Palisades Acquisition XVI, LLC, 359 F.Supp.3d 239, 254 (W.D.N.Y. 2019) (quoting Karlin v. IVF Am., Inc., 712 N.E.2d 662, 665 (N.Y. 1999)) (internal brackets omitted). GBL § 349 is "directed at wrongs against the consuming public.'" Id. (quoting Oswego Laborers' Local 214 Pension Fund v. Marine Midland Bank, N.A., 647 N.E.2d 741, 744 (N.Y. 1995)).

Plaintiff alleges that Defendants SPS and Shapiro13 violated GBL § 349 when they threatened legal action against Plaintiff in the October 2017 letters.14 Defendants argue that Plaintiff fails to state a claim because he has not adequately alleged that the letters are "consumer-oriented."15 (Defs.' Br., Dkt. 31, at 7.) The Court disagrees.

"The `consumer-oriented' requirement may be satisfied by showing that the conduct at issue `potentially affects similarly situated consumers.'" Wilson v. Nw. Mut. Ins. Co., 625 F.3d 54, 64 (2d Cir. 2010) (quoting Oswego Laborers', 647 N.E.2d at 745)). "Claims arising under Section 349 need not allege `a repetition or pattern of deceptive behavior' so long as the conduct alleged `potentially affect[s] similarly situated consumers.'" Hunter v. Palisades Acquistion XVI, LLC, No. 16-CV-8779 (ER), 2017 WL 5513636, at *7 (S.D.N.Y. Nov. 16, 2017) (quoting Oswego Laborers', 647 N.E.2d at 744-745). "The requirement that defendants engaged in `consumer-oriented' conduct has been construed liberally." McCrobie, 359 F. Supp. 3d at 254 (internal quotations and citation omitted); see also Hunter, 2017 WL 5513636, at *7 (noting that "the critical question is whether the conduct alleged in the complaint affects the public interest in New York") (internal quotations and citation omitted).

Here, Plaintiff's allegations that Shapiro's primary business is bringing foreclosure actions and that SPS "regularly collect[s] or attempt[s] to collect consumer debts owed or due or asserted to be owed or due another" support the inference that the letters Defendants send—including the ones to Plaintiff in October 2017—are consumer-oriented. (See Am. Compl., Dkt. 12, ¶¶ 5, 8.) Moreover, Defendants acknowledge that these letters were sent pursuant to New York state law and that their failure to send such letters would have impacted their ability to bring a foreclosure action against Plaintiff. (See Defs. Br., Dkt. 31, at 8 (noting that "[t]he October 5 Letter . . . was sent in compliance with NY RPAPL [New York Real Property Acts and Proceedings Law] § 1304" and that "[t]he October 6 Letter . . . was sent in compliance with BONY's contractual obligation under paragraph 22 of Plaintiff's mortgage loan"); see also Exhibit A, Dkt. 12-1, at ECF 1 (noting that the letter was required "[u]nder New York State Law").) These facts further support an inference that Shapiro's and SPS's behavior is consumer-oriented. The October 2017 letters were not drafted for Plaintiff specifically, but rather are letters that Shapiro and SPS send as part of their debt collection business to any consumer that they are seeking to collect from. (Compare Exhibit A, Dkt. 12-1, at ECF 1-2, with N.Y. R.P.A.P.L § 1304.) If, as Plaintiff alleges happened to him, Defendants Shapiro and SPS send letters that threaten to take legal action on a debt they know is time-barred, then Defendants' actions may well have a broader impact on the public at large. See McCrobie, 359 F. Supp. 3d at 255 (finding that a plaintiff had sufficiently alleged that conduct was consumer-oriented when "[o]ne of the debts and judgments that the defendants attempted to collect was [the plaintiff]'s, and the [complaint] claims that the defendants did not in fact have the legal right to collect that debt. Because, according to the [complaint], the defendants buy consumer credit debts of the public in bulk, if this alleged conduct is typical of their debt collection business practices, the defendants' actions may well have a broader impact on the public at large."); cf. Hunter, 2017 WL 5513636, at *8 (noting that "[n]umerous courts in the [the Second Circuit] have held that the persistent filing of fraudulent debt collection lawsuits against New York consumers does fall within the scope of Section 349") (internal quotations and citations omitted) (collecting cases). Accordingly, the Court finds that Defendants' October 2017 letters were consumer-oriented and that Plaintiff's claim under GBL § 349 may proceed against Defendants Shapiro16 and SPS.17

CONCLUSION

For the reasons stated above, Defendants' motions to dismiss are granted in part and denied in part. Plaintiff's FDCPA claim will proceed as to Defendant Shapiro only, while Plaintiff's GBL § 349 claim will proceed as to Defendants Shapiro and SPS. All other claims are dismissed. Given that no claims remain against Defendant BONY, it is terminated from this action.

SO ORDERED.