GEORGE C. SMITH, JUDGE
This matter is before the Court upon the Motion for Summary Judgment of Defendants the City of Columbus ("Columbus"), Sergeant John Frenz, and Officer Dustin McKee of the Columbus Police Department ("Defendants") (Doc. 57). Plaintiff opposed Defendants' Motion (Doc. 86) and Defendants replied in support (Doc. 95). Additionally pending is Plaintiff's Motion for Leave to File a Surreply (Doc. 96) and Defendants' response to the Motion for Leave (Doc. 97). The Motions are now ripe
This case arises out of the death of Plaintiff's decedent Jason White ("White") on November 17, 2013 in Hilliard, Ohio. White died after sustaining gunshot wounds from defendant Sergeant Frenz ("Frenz"), from defendant Officer McKee ("McKee"), and, potentially from former defendant Officer Jason Alderman ("Alderman").
On November 17, 2013, White entered the home of Ashley Cruz at around 5:00 a.m. while Cruz was sleeping on the couch with the door unlocked. (Doc. 58, Cruz Aff. at ¶¶ 2-5). Cruz woke up when White entered and observed an African American man wearing no shirt, jeans, and a camouflage fishing hat. (Id.). Cruz did not recognize White. (Id.). White was holding a large kitchen knife and was sliding his hand on the blade. (Id. at ¶ 6). Cruz turned on the lights and told White to leave her apartment. (Id. at ¶¶ 7-8). White did not leave, but just kept looking around Cruz's apartment. (Id. at ¶¶ 8-9). When Cruz's baby began crying, Cruz told White to stay where he was while she retrieved her baby. (Id. at ¶¶ 9-10). When Cruz returned to the room, she asked if White wanted water, food, or a coat but White appeared confused and asked Cruz what she was doing in his home. (Id. at ¶¶ 13-15). White then began exiting and reentering the apartment stating that something happened to him and that something was not right. (Id. at ¶¶ 17-20). When White eventually left the apartment and walked to a nearby landing, Cruz shut the door, locked the door, and woke up her boyfriend. (Id. at ¶¶ 21-23). Once the door was closed, White tried the handle again. (Id.). Cruz then called 911, relaying the earlier events. (Doc. 88, Manually filed CD of Cruz 911 Call ("Cruz 911 Call")). Cruz informed the operator that White may have been on drugs because White was not making any sense. (Id.). While Cruz was on the phone with 911, White continued coming back to Cruz's door, trying to turn the knob and pounded on other doors in the area. (Doc. 88, Cruz 911 Call; Doc. 58, Cruz Aff. at ¶¶ 26-27).
Alderman was the first on the scene and recalls hearing a 33A call,
Alderman was 45-60 feet away from White at first and told White to show his hands. (Doc. 83-1, Alderman Dep. at 72-73). White complied with this order and Alderman approached. (Id.). Alderman asked White to turn around and White complied. (Id. at 76-77). However, when White turned around, he dropped his hands to his side. (Id.). Alderman saw at least two knives in White's back pockets. (Id.). Alderman yelled at White to put his hands back up but White did not comply. (Id.). Instead, White turned around—still unarmed—and faced Alderman and continued to ignore Alderman's commands. (Id. at 78-79). Alderman then withdrew his Taser while keeping his gun drawn in his other hand. (Id.). After White did not comply with another command to get on the ground, Alderman fired his Taser at White from about 10 to 15 feet away then put his Taser away. (Id. at 80-81). White tensed up and fell backwards but got up swiftly with a large kitchen knife in his hand. (Id. at 81-83). White then started moving toward Alderman with the knife drawn and the blade pointed up. (Id.). Alderman notified dispatch that White was running towards him. (Doc. 56, Columbus Audio # 012). Alderman then fired four shots at White from eight to ten feet away. (Doc. 83-1, Alderman Dep. at 83-84).
The next officer to come into contact with White was Frenz. After hearing that Alderman had a suspect at gunpoint,
Frenz approached the fence from the eastern end while White crouched down inside and behind the fence. (Doc. 83-2, Frenz Dep. at 102). Frenz looked through the opening and saw White crouched down. (Id.). Frenz could not see White's hands so he again ordered White to show his hands. (Id. at 104). White did not show his hands but instead, stood up and faced Frenz while holding a knife. (Id.). At 5:43:56 a.m., Frenz aired that he had the suspect in the back. (Doc. 56, Columbus Audio # 408). At the time White stood up and faced Frenz, White was twenty feet away from Frenz. (Doc. 83-2, Frenz Dep. at 105). Frenz told White to drop the knife and get on the ground which White did not do. (Id. at 104). Frenz, still at the eastern end of the fence enclosure, moved slightly south when he saw an officer west of his position and heard a reminder to avoid crossfire. (Id. at 105). Officer Kracht had taken up position by the fence, approaching from the west end. (Doc. 83-8, Kracht Dep. at 37-38). He observed that White had his back to the siding of the apartment building within the fenced in area holding a knife to his side. (Id. at 35). It is unclear from Kracht's deposition where he observed Frenz, but his affidavit states that he saw Officer Frenz at the eastern edge of the fence enclosure.
White continued to stare at Frenz. (Doc. 83-2, Frenz Dep. at 108; Doc. 83-3, McKee Dep. at 76). Kracht then deployed his Taser toward White's right side. (Doc. 83-8, Kracht Dep. at 44-45) The Taser was not effective. (Id.). After Kracht deployed his Taser, White turned to his left and began to run eastbound toward the opening he originally entered. (Doc. 83-8, Kracht Dep. at 45-46). Frenz stated that White started moving toward him, moving eastbound along the wall toward the east exit of the enclosure which Frenz interpreted as White coming at him. (Doc. 83-2, Frenz Dep. at 108-109).
McKee does not recall the immediate moments after Frenz shot White, but recalls that he was soon behind White, running northbound on Gables Lake Boulevard. (Doc. 83-3, McKee Dep. at 80). McKee did not follow Frenz, Kracht, and White around the east side of the building, but instead ran northbound on Gables Lake and saw White come west out of the breezeway then head north. (Id.). As White turned north, McKee pursued him. (Id.). At the time, Frenz was still in front of McKee, but was to McKee's left and out of McKee's sight-line to White. (Id.). Kracht was even with Frenz and was aware that McKee was in the area, although he was not sure exactly where McKee was at that time. (Doc. 83-8, Kracht Dep. at 53-54). Frenz was unaware McKee was behind him. (Doc. 83-2, Frenz Dep. at 117). At the time, Officer Joel Mefford was approaching Gables Lake from the west and observed White running. (Doc. 84-1, Mefford Dep. at 44-46). Mefford observed that White was limping but still maintaining a good running pace. (Id.). He further noted that there was visible blood on the side of White's body and White was still holding a knife in his right hand. (Id.). McKee was aware that other officers were in the area, but he was not aware how many were on scene at that time. (Doc. 83-3, McKee Dep. at 88). When White was roughly 20 to 25 feet away and running away from McKee, Frenz, and Kracht, McKee fired two shots at White's back. (Doc. 83-3, McKee Dep. at 61-62). McKee slowed while running, crouched down, and shot with both hands. (Id. at 64). One of McKee's bullets may have struck White in the lower left back ("Wound C"). (Doc. 83-3, McKee Dep. at 100; Doc. 64, Daniels Aff. at ¶¶ 25-32).
Frenz, not knowing where the shots came from, crouched and slowed down, stopping his chase. (Doc. 83-2, Frenz Dep. at 117-118). Kracht yelled "Dustin!" at McKee to indicate that his shots could have hit Frenz or Kracht then continued giving chase with McKee. (Doc. 83-8, Kracht Dep. at 56-57; Doc. 83-3, McKee Dep. at 80-81). While giving chase, McKee continued to order White to drop the knife and stop running. (Doc. 83-3, McKee Dep. at 82-83). White next took a right turn eastbound through a breezeway. (Id. at 81). McKee slowed down in the breezeway to avoid an ambush and continued to advance with his gun drawn. (Id.). At the end of the breezeway, McKee observed that White had stopped and turned to face the breezeway. (Id. at 82). McKee continued out of the breezeway to face White. (Id. at 82). When McKee stopped chasing, he and White were "no more than 15 feet" apart. (Id. at 83-84). McKee had his gun drawn and held high, but his finger was not on the trigger. (Id. at 84). White did not say anything to McKee and had a blank facial expression. (Id. at 85). Kracht rounded a corner and saw White standing still, facing him but does not recall seeing McKee. (Doc. 83-8, Kracht Dep. at 59). White was holding a knife and Kracht had his gun drawn. (Id. at 60-61). Officer Merino also
McKee then fired two shots at White's center mass. (Doc. 83-3, McKee Dep. at 85). Even though McKee was fifteen feet away from White, McKee testified that he felt that White would have been able to close that distance before McKee would be able to put his finger on the trigger and fire. (Id.). McKee testified that he felt that White was going to attack him. (Id. at 95). McKee knew he hit White with at least one shot because White fell to the ground. (Id. at 86). Kracht does not recall exactly what he saw when White was shot, but recalls White on the ground on his back. (Doc. 83-8, Kracht Dep. at 62). Officer Merino saw White standing with a knife in his hand then saw him fall to the ground, first to his knees then to his back. (Doc. 83-9, Merino Dep. at 24-27).
McKee held his position then states that he saw White began to get back up from a prone position. (Doc. 83-3, McKee Dep. at 86). White was lying on his left side with his right arm underneath his body using his left arm to push himself off of the ground. (Id.). Kracht does not recall seeing White trying to get up off of the ground. (Doc. 83-8, Kracht Dep. at 62). McKee fired two more shots at White, fatally striking him in the left chest with one of the shots. (Doc. 83-3, McKee Dep. at 86-87).
Numerous other officers immediately arrived on the scene. (Doc. 83-3, McKee Dep. at 86-87; Doc. 83-9, Merino Dep. at 27; Doc. 83-2, Frenz Dep. at 121). Frenz and Kracht saw White putting the knife up to his own neck while lying flat on his back. (Doc. 83-2, Frenz Dep. at 121; Doc. 83-8, Kracht Dep. at 65). Once White stopped moving, Kracht removed the knife from White's hand, rolled White onto his stomach, and put White in handcuffs. (Doc. 83-3, McKee Dep. at 86-87; Doc. 83-8, Kracht Dep. at 65-67; Doc. 83-2, Frenz Dep. at 121). Kracht felt safe to approach White because he presumed that White was dead. (Doc. 83-8, Kracht Dep. at 67). Merino could hear White gasping for air and could see blood pumping out of White's chest. (Doc. 83-9, Merino Dep. at 28). Merino stated that he held White's leg while Kracht removed the knife from White's hand and helped Kracht turn White over. (Id. at 30-31). Merino could tell that White was still breathing when he was on his stomach being handcuffed. (Id.). At 5:45:49, an officer tells dispatch the officer is going to need a medic. (Doc. 56, Columbus Audio # 413). In the same recording an officer aired that they were going to get a squad to the suspect at 5:45. (Doc. 56, Columbus Audio # 413).
No officer attempted to provide medical aid to White. (Doc. 83-9, Merino Dep. at 33-34; Doc. 83-6, Shaw Dep. at 24; Doc. 83-2, Frenz Dep. at 121). Merino left White and secured the scene to make sure that all necessary evidence could be collected. (Doc. 83-9, Merino Dep. at 35). Merino understood that he was leaving White to die in the grass when he got up and walked away.
Plaintiff, White's mother and administrator of his estate, filed this suit in 2014 alleging that Alderman, Frenz, and McKee used excessive force in violation of 42 U.S.C. § 1983, and that Alderman, Frenz, and McKee were deliberately indifferent to White's serious need for medical care in violation of 42 U.S.C. § 1983. (Doc. 1, Compl. at ¶¶ 37-49). Plaintiff also sued the City of Columbus and Chief of Police Kim Jacobs for failure to properly train or supervise the officers and for having customs or policies ratifying constitutional violations under 42 U.S.C. § 1983. (Id. at ¶¶ 50-58). Plaintiff also brought wrongful death, assault and battery, and intentional infliction of emotional distress claims against each of the defendants. (Id. at ¶¶ 59-72). Plaintiff dismissed Chief Jacobs on July 7, 2015, and Alderman on September 18, 2015. (Docs. 34, 36). The remaining Defendants now move for summary judgment on all of Plaintiff's remaining claims.
Defendants moved for summary judgment pursuant to Rule 56 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. Summary judgment is appropriate "if the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law." Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). The Court's purpose in considering a summary judgment motion is not "to weigh the evidence and determine the truth of the matter" but to "determine whether there is a genuine issue for trial." Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 249, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986). A genuine issue for trial exists if the Court finds a jury could return a verdict, based on "sufficient evidence," in favor of the nonmoving party; evidence that is "merely colorable" or "not significantly probative," however, is not enough to defeat summary judgment. Id. at 249-50, 106 S.Ct. 2505.
The party seeking summary judgment shoulders the initial burden of presenting the court with law and argument in support of its motion as well as identifying the relevant portions of "`the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any,' which it believes demonstrate the absence of a genuine issue of material fact." Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323, 106 S.Ct. 2548, 91 L.Ed.2d 265 (1986) (quoting Fed. R. Civ. P. 56). If this initial burden is satisfied, the burden then shifts to the nonmoving party to set forth specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue for trial. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(e); see also Cox v. Ky. Dep't of Transp., 53 F.3d 146, 150 (6th Cir. 1995) (after burden shifts, nonmovant must "produce
Defendants moved for summary judgment, arguing that Frenz and McKee are entitled to qualified immunity on Plaintiff's excessive force and deliberate indifference claims. Defendants further argue that there is no municipal-liability claim because there were no underlying constitutional violations, that Plaintiff cannot identify a specific custom or policy which caused a violation of White's constitutional rights, and that Columbus' training of its officers was more than adequate. Last, Defendants argue that Frenz, McKee, and Columbus are immune from Plaintiff's state-law claims under Ohio Revised Code § 2744. Plaintiff's specific responses to each argument will be discussed below after other preliminary matters are decided.
Before the Court addresses the merits of these defenses, Plaintiff argues that the affidavits relied upon by Defendants should be stricken or given little weight and moved for leave to file a surreply. It is true—and time-consuming for the Court—that Defendants did not cite a single deposition in the Motion for Summary Judgment. However, Defendants are not legally obligated to rely on deposition testimony where the only questions asked in those depositions were those asked by Plaintiff's counsel.
As for Plaintiff's Motion for Leave to File a Surreply, this Court grants such requests "for good cause shown." S.D. Ohio Civ. R. 7.2(a)(2). It is common for this
It is well-established that "[p]olice officers are immune from civil liability unless, in the course of performing their discretionary functions, they violate the plaintiff's clearly established constitutional rights." Mullins v. Cyranek, 805 F.3d 760, 765 (6th Cir. 2015) (citing Messerschmidt v. Millender, 565 U.S. 535, 546, 132 S.Ct. 1235, 182 L.Ed.2d 47 (2012)). Qualified immunity protects all but "the plainly incompetent or those who knowingly violate the law." Messerschmidt, 565 U.S. at 546, 132 S.Ct. 1235 (internal quotations omitted). If officers of reasonable competence could disagree on the issue, then qualified immunity should be recognized. Mullins, 805 F.3d at 765 (quoting Malley v. Briggs, 475 U.S. 335, 341, 106 S.Ct. 1092, 89 L.Ed.2d 271 (1986)).
In order to determine if an officer's actions are entitled to qualified immunity, the Court employs a two part test: "(1) whether the facts, when taken in the light most favorable to the party asserting the injury, show the officer's conduct violated a constitutional right; and (2) whether the right violated was clearly established such that a reasonable official would understand that what he is doing violates that right." Mullins, 805 F.3d at 765 (internal quotations omitted). Although the Court views the facts in the light most favorable to the Plaintiff, the Court must not give "plaintiff the benefit of inferences and suppositions that are not . . . supported by the record facts." Chappell v. City of Cleveland, 585 F.3d 901, 911 (6th Cir. 2009). Courts are free to analyze the prongs in either order as both must be met for qualified immunity to apply. Id. (citing Pearson v. Callahan, 555 U.S. 223, 236, 129 S.Ct. 808, 172 L.Ed.2d 565 (2009)).
In determining the reasonableness of an officer's actions, the Sixth Circuit uses a "`totality of the circumstances'" test. Mullins, 805 F.3d at 765 (quoting Livermore v. Lubelan, 476 F.3d 397, 404 (6th Cir. 2007)). The Sixth Circuit has identified three non-exhaustive factors to consider: "(1) the severity of the crime at issue; (2) whether the suspect poses an immediate threat to the safety of the officers or others; and (3) whether the suspect is actively resisting arrest or attempting to evade arrest by flight." Sigley v. City of Parma Heights, 437 F.3d 527, 534 (6th Cir. 2006) (citing Dunigan v. Noble, 390 F.3d 486, 493 (6th Cir. 2004)). While the Sixth Circuit has described these factors as non-exhaustive, it has stated that "[i]n excessive force cases, the threat factor is `a minimum requirement for the use of deadly force,' meaning deadly force `may be used only if the officer has probable cause to believe that the suspect poses a threat of severe physical harm.'" Mullins, 805 F.3d at 766 (quoting Untalan v. City of Lorain, 430 F.3d 312, 314 (6th Cir. 2005) (emphasis in original)).
The right to be free from excessive force is clearly established as a protection
The Sixth Circuit employs a segmented approach to excessive force claims where the reasonableness of each shooting is analyzed independently of the other shootings Greathouse v. Couch, 433 Fed. Appx. 370, 372 (6th Cir. 2011). The Sixth Circuit has warned that "`[w]hen an officer faces a situation in which he could justifiably shoot, he does not retain the right to shoot at any time thereafter with impunity.'" Dickerson v. McClellan, 101 F.3d 1151, 1162 n. 9 (6th Cir. 1996) (quoting Ellis v. Wynalda, 999 F.2d 243, 247 (7th Cir. 1993)). Accordingly, the Court must separate each set of shots by Frenz and McKee to determine if the circumstances at the time of each shooting warranted the force used.
Defendants argue that Plaintiff cannot satisfy either prong of the qualified immunity test for Frenz's interaction with White because Defendants allege Frenz acted reasonably when he fired his weapon at White. Plaintiff argues that Frenz's shooting was not reasonable because there is a question of fact about whether White posed a significant immediate threat.
Before considering the legal merits of Frenz's immunity, the Court notes that it relies on the facts as stated above and to the extent there was any doubt in the facts, those were construed in favor of the Plaintiff. However, the Court is wary that Plaintiff cannot create a question of material fact "by asserting as a fact that the defendant did not have a requisite reasonable state of mind, or that the victim, in hindsight, did not in fact present a danger." Murray-Ruhl v. Passinault, 246 Fed.Appx. 338, 350 (6th Cir. 2007). The Court is only concerned with the objective reasonableness of Frenz's actions, not his subjective state of mind. Smith v. City of Wyoming, 821 F.3d 697, 709 (6th Cir. 2016), as amended (May 18, 2016) ("we consider the specific factual circumstances known to the officer to determine whether a reasonable officer would have known that her conduct violated that right.") (citing Matalon v. Hynnes, 806 F.3d 627, 633 (1st Cir. 2015)); see also Brosseau v. Haugen, 543 U.S. 194, 199-200, 125 S.Ct. 596, 160 L.Ed.2d 583 (2004) (finding a court must consider qualified immunity by analyzing the situation the officer confronted).
With that in mind, Defendants argue that the three reasonableness factors—(1) severity of the crimes; (2) whether White was actively resisting arrest or fleeing; and (3) immediacy of the threat—all favor Frenz, and note the specific factual circumstances of which Frenz knew at the time. The Court will first address each of the three factors in turn.
Defendants argue that this factor weighs in favor of Frenz because Frenz was aware that White had likely committed
The Court finds that the appropriate method to analyze the severity of the crimes by White is to consider the information available to the reasonable officer at the time of the shooting and which crimes the officer had probable cause to believe the suspect committed based on the information obtained before the shooting. Goodrich v. Everett, 193 Fed.Appx. 551, 555 (6th Cir. 2006). This factor is evaluated to determine if the severity of the crime makes it more or less likely that an officer would have to use force to apprehend the suspect. Id. (finding that reasonable belief that suspect committed aggravated domestic assault weighed in favor of the use of force). As this factor is ultimately designed to instruct the Court on the reasonableness of the officer's decision at the time he made it, a post hoc accounting of the crimes actually committed would require the Court to use hindsight when every case in the Sixth Circuit and in the Supreme Court warns against just such an approach. The Court agrees that at the time Frenz encountered White, based on the information he had at the time, it was reasonable for Frenz to believe that White had committed aggravated burglary under Ohio Revised Code § 2911.11(B) and aggravated assault under Ohio Revised Code § 2901.11(A)(2), two potentially violent crimes. This factor weighs in favor of the use of force.
Defendants argue this also weighs in favor of Frenz because White had "attacked Alderman with his knife, and he had already evaded arrest by flight when he ran away from Alderman." (Doc. 57, Mot. Summ. J. at 28).
The Court agrees with Defendants that this factor weighs in favor of the use of force by Frenz. Again, Frenz was aware that Alderman had some sort of confrontation with White, that White then ran away
Plaintiff repeatedly states that "a reasonable fact finder could find that Jason White was merely moving away from Frenz and Kracht and posed no imminent deadly or serious threat to anyone." (Doc. 86, Mem. Opp. at 41). However, there is no evidence that rebuts the testimony of both Kracht and Frenz that White first moved in Frenz's direction holding a knife, refusing orders to drop the knife and show his hands. While it is certainly possibly that White was merely attempting to leave the enclosure, it is undisputed that his first move—once confronted by Frenz and Kracht—was a move toward Frenz. In the Sixth Circuit, in the absence of overt statements by White to the officers, White's actual motives for his movements are not relevant to this inquiry because they are not known to the reasonable officer at the time of the incident. See Murray-Ruhl, 246 Fed.Appx. at 350 ("the subjective intent of the victim—unavailable to the officers who must make a split-second judgment—is irrelevant to the question whether his actions gave rise to a reasonable perception of danger."); see also United States v. Serrata, 425 F.3d 886, 905 (10th Cir. 2005) (holding the victim's "state of mind is irrelevant, as the force would have been excessive regardless of [the victim's] subjective state of mind."); Palmquist v. Selvik, 111 F.3d 1332, 1339 (7th Cir. 1997) (finding that "evidence out-side the time frame of the shooting is irrelevant and prejudicial" and excluding the victim's subjective intent to commit suicide by police).
The same analysis applies to the evidence provided by Plaintiff regarding White's mental history and previous history that day. Although the Court understands the possibility that White may have been in some sort of mental distress, his past history is irrelevant to the officer's use of force unless they knew of his past history. The Sixth Circuit has discussed this specific issue and found that where the officers are not affirmatively aware of a suspect's actual mental disability, "the actual mental illness of [a suspect] cannot be considered [in an excessive force analysis] except to the extent that it seemed that he could have been mentally disturbed." Sheffey v. City of Covington, 564 Fed.Appx. 783, 795 (6th Cir. 2014). Notably, in collecting cases, the Court found that the defining characteristic of the cases in which courts found that mental health was important were that the officers definitively knew of the mental illness, that the arrestee was known to be unarmed in most of the cases, and that the arrestee had made no attempt to resist or attack the officers. Id. at 795-96 (collecting cases). The Court finds that the same analysis in Sheffey applies here: "the mental illness of [White] should be considered . . . from the viewpoint of what the officers knew and could perceive at that time of the incident." Id. at 796. The Court is hesitant to require a police officer to recognize mental illness or distress, to identify its type, and to determine if a person will be violent or not on the basis of the person's speech (or lack thereof) or the look of the person's eyes. There are too many different types of mental illness which affect people in numerous different ways for the Court to demand that an officer be able to recognize mental distress and determine if a suspect will be non-violent on the minor visual and auditory cues present in this case.
As to immediacy, the Court agrees with Defendants that Lopez v. City of Cleveland is inapplicable to Frenz's shooting. In Lopez, the Sixth Circuit analyzed a case
Plaintiff argues Frenz was never in danger because White was not within striking distance at the time Frenz shot, that Frenz had cover from the fence, and that there were twenty to thirty officers in the area. (Doc. 86, Mem. Opp. at 42). There is nothing in the record which rebuts Frenz's testimony that White was six to eight feet from Frenz when Frenz fired. (Doc. 83-2, Frenz Dep. at 70, 78). Plaintiff does not cite to any case law which requires that a victim be within striking distance before an officer fires his weapon. In fact, in Chappell, the Sixth Circuit explicitly held that a knife wielding suspecting moving toward an officer with the knife, "held up while ignoring their commands to drop the knife; and that they believed he was trying to attack them and, at a distance of less than seven feet, posed an imminent threat of serious bodily harm." Chappell, 585 F.3d at 910. The decedent in Chappell also had a mattress between him and the officers but the Sixth Circuit applied qualified immunity anyway, noting that the mattress would have posed "little impediment to a knife-wielding assailant." Id. at 911. The Court finds that those circumstances are sufficiently similar to the case at hand to warrant a finding of reasonableness.
Plaintiff's argument regarding the presence of other officers in the area is not relevant to whether White was a threat to Frenz when White closed to between six and eight feet. Plaintiff does not explain how twenty to thirty other officers in the area who were not present for the encounter could have stopped White from reaching Frenz if White was attacking Frenz. The Court finds that Frenz was under no duty to wait for assisting officers to arrive before firing his weapon because the totality of the circumstances support that, at a minimum, reasonable officers could have differed about the use of force. Plaintiff also argues that Kracht did not find it reasonable to fire at White and argues that Kracht was "faced with the identical circumstances as Frenz." (Id.). As previously noted, Kracht was not faced with the same circumstances as Frenz because when White started moving from within the enclosure, he moved toward Frenz and away from Kracht.
Based on the similarities in Chappell, even if Frenz's use of force was unreasonable, when the Court is in a legal gray area, "the proper course is to grant summary
Officer McKee's interaction with White occurred in three distinct circumstances and the Court agrees with Plaintiff that each must be segmented and analyzed individually. However, the Court notes that at each stage, the Court must analyze each incident with an eye on McKee's knowledge of Alderman's encounter with White, of Frenz's encounter with White, and McKee's own previous encounter(s) with White.
It is undisputed that McKee first shot White in the back while White was running away from McKee, Frenz, and Kracht. The Court notes that for McKee's first set of shots, only one of the three factors contains analysis that is significantly different than the analysis the Court completed for Frenz's shots. McKee was aware of the same facts regarding the potential crimes committed by White and there is no doubt that White was actively fleeing from Frenz, McKee, and Kracht at the time McKee fired his first set of shots. The first two elements again weigh in favor of reasonableness. Accordingly, only the immediacy of the threat factor need be analyzed in depth.
Defendant relies on Tennessee v. Garner for the proposition that "where the officer has probable cause to believe that the suspect poses a threat of serious physical harm, either to the officer or to others, it is not constitutionally unreasonable to prevent escape by using deadly force." 471 U.S. 1, 11, 105 S.Ct. 1694, 85 L.Ed.2d 1 (1985). Plaintiff again relies on Lopez as controlling in this case, stating that similar to Lopez, this case involves a suspect who was not an immediate threat to McKee or others. (Doc. 86, Mem. Opp. at 43).
In Garner, the Supreme Court held that an officer who shot and killed an unarmed teenage fleeing suspect solely to prevent escape was an unreasonable seizure and violated the teenager's constitutional rights. 471 U.S. at 20-22, 105 S.Ct. 1694. The Court held that the officer "did not have probable cause to believe that [the teenager], whom he correctly believed to be unarmed, posed any physical danger to himself or others." Id. The question for this Court is whether McKee had probable cause to believe that White posed immediate physical danger to others as McKee admits White posed no threat to McKee at the time of McKee's first shooting. There are major factual differences between the officer's use of force in Garner and McKee's use of force. In Garner, the officer correctly believed that the teenager was unarmed and was responding as one of two officers. Id. The officer believed that teenager would escape if he did not shoot him before he jumped a fence. Id. In this case, McKee was one of twenty to thirty officers on the scene, White was armed while he was fleeing, and had previously had two encounters with other officers who had fired their weapons at him.
This case is not as clear-cut as Garner where the officer subjectively knew that the fleeing suspect was unarmed, nor is it as obvious as cases in this circuit and others where Courts held that deadly force against a fleeing suspect was reasonable or those where an officer acted with deadly force in the defense of others. See Plumhoff v. Rickard, ___ U.S. ___, 134 S.Ct. 2012, 2023-24, 188 L.Ed.2d 1056, (2014) (finding no constitutional violation where officer ended a "lengthy, high-speed pursuit that indisputably posed a danger both to the officers involved and to any civilians who happened to be nearby."); Livermore, 476 F.3d at 401-06 (finding officer's use of deadly force was reasonable where officer fired at suspect who had helped caused a standoff and had a rifle drawn after agreeing to surrender); see also Troupe v. Sarasota County, 419 F.3d 1160, 1168 (11th Cir. 2005) (finding qualified immunity applied to the use of deadly force to stop someone who previously endangered police even if, in hindsight, the facts show that the police could have escaped unharmed); Cole v. Bone, 993 F.2d 1328, 1333 (8th Cir. 1993) (finding that defendant officer had probable cause to believe that a suspect fleeing in a truck posed an imminent threat of serious physical harm when the officer had seen the truck run motorists of the road and threaten the safety of others); but see Bouggess v. Mattingly, 482 F.3d 886, 890 (6th Cir. 2007) (holding that an officer was not entitled to qualified immunity where he fired on fleeing suspect where officer did not believe the suspect was armed and the alleged crimes were resisting arrest and dealing crack cocaine).
This case comes down to whether a reasonable officer would believe—or that reasonable officers could differ—that White was an immediate threat to others in the area. The Supreme Court has cautioned that an officer's actions may fall "in the `hazy border between excessive and acceptable force.'" Brosseau, 543 U.S. at 200-01, 125 S.Ct. 596 (quoting Saucier, 533 U.S. at 206, 121 S.Ct. 2151). This is such a case. In Plumhoff, the Supreme Court found the use of force reasonable during a high speed chase where, "at the moment when the shots were fired, all that a reasonable police officer could have concluded was that [the suspect] was intent on resuming his flight and that, if he was allowed to do so, he would once again pose a deadly threat for others on the road." Plumhoff, 134 S.Ct. at 2022. Thus, the Court finds that even though there were no other officers or civilians in the immediate vicinity of White, McKee's first use of force was reasonable because reasonable officers could differ on whether or not White posed an immediate danger to those in the area. Mullins, 805 F.3d at 765. Further, this case falls into the sort of gray area that means it would not be "clear to a reasonable officer that his conduct was unlawful in the situation he confronted," and thus that the right was not clearly established. Saucier, 533 U.S. at 202, 121 S.Ct. 2151. McKee is entitled to qualified immunity for his first set of shots. Summary judgment as to that claim is
At the time of the second shooting by McKee, White had stopped running and turned to face McKee as he came through a breezeway. Defendants argue that White's presence was an immediate threat because he was refusing to drop the knife, was holding it with the blade up, and was glaring at McKee. Defendants argue that White could have closed the 10 to 15 feet in "fractions of a second" and that "McKee could not fully rely on his firearm to stop a
Again, only a cursory review of the first two elements is necessary at this juncture. The first element regarding the alleged crimes still weighs in favor of McKee's use of force. The second element in this situation does not. White had stopped running and turned to face McKee while standing still but still refused to obey any commands. The second factor favors neither party.
On reasonableness, the Court again looks to Lopez which held that there was a question of fact about whether or not the suspect had turned toward a bystander before the police shot him. Although the Court did not explicitly hold that the officers' actions were unreasonable, the Court essentially held that had the machete-wielding suspect not moved toward the bystander, the shots would have been unreasonable. It is undisputed that in this case, White did not move towards McKee before McKee shot him.
In Mace v. City of Palestine, the Fifth Circuit held that an officer did not act unreasonably when he shot a suspect holding a sword. 333 F.3d 621, 625 (5th Cir. 2003). The suspect was brandishing the sword and making punching motions with the sword while eight to ten feet from the officers. Id. at 623. While still eight to ten feet away, the suspect turned toward the officers and raised the sword. Id. At that time, an officer shot him in his right arm. Id. The suspect then attempted to flee, fought off an attack dog, was pepper sprayed, and eventually passed away from his wounds. Id. The Fifth Circuit noted that the suspect refused commands, was acting agitated and continued to make punching motions with the sword. Id. at 624. The court also noted that the relatively tight quarters of the scene reduced the officers' ability to retreat or keep the suspect from harming others in the area. Id.
This case shares similarities with both Lopez and Mace. Similar to Mace, White was holding the knife in an aggressive manner and White was not obeying any of McKee's commands to drop the knife. Like Lopez and Mace, there is no dispute that White never moved toward McKee at the time of the second shooting. But material differences also exist. Unlike Mace, McKee was not in a confined space, was fifteen feet away, and he did have room to retreat. Unlike Lopez, McKee was aware that White had already had two confrontations with police earlier in the night. The Court notes that the time between McKee's second set of shots and his arrival on the scene was very short and that he did not have a great deal of time to make a decision. However, the fact that the situation unfolds quickly does not by itself legitimize the use of deadly force. Mullins, 805 F.3d at 768 (citing Kirby v. Duva, 530 F.3d 475, 483 (6th Cir. 2008)). Yet, the Court is again reminded that "officers may use deadly force even if in hindsight the facts show that the persons threatened could have escaped unharmed." Untalan, 430 F.3d at 315-16 (finding that even if the suspect had dropped the knife he was holding, officers had to make a split second decision if suspect was a threat).
The Court finds that based on the evidence and the Court's obligation not to impose hindsight on split-second decisions, a reasonable officer could reasonably have believed that White was an immediate threat even though he was fifteen feet away and standing still. Although other officers were in the area, there is no evidence
Regarding the third set of shots fired by McKee—while White was either on the ground or attempting to stand back up—Defendants argue that a reasonable officer would have recognized that White was still not subdued and therefore, the threat was not yet over. Defendants rely on a footnote from San Francisco v. Sheehan for the proposition that the position of a suspect on the ground is not material if the suspect is not subdued. ___ U.S. ___, 135 S.Ct. 1765, 1771 n. 2, 191 L.Ed.2d 856 (2015).
In Boyd v. Baeppler, the Sixth Circuit analyzed a case where an officer shot a suspect who was already on the ground due to shots from another officer. The Court found that the officer was entitled to qualified immunity where he shot the decedent seven times even after the decedent had been already brought down by another officer. 215 F.3d 594, 602-04 (6th Cir. 2000). However, the facts in that case are distinct from this case. In Boyd, the suspect, while down on the ground, "lifted his torso and turned to point his [gun]" at another officer before he was shot while on the ground. Id. Although McKee stated that White continued to stare at him while attempting to get up, there is no comparison between a suspect pointing a gun at an officer and a suspect holding a knife while staring at an officer.
In Sheehan, the Supreme Court analyzed a case where the plaintiff was in a mental health facility when she threatened to kill an employee. Sheehan, 135 S.Ct. at 1769-70. The police came and entered her room where the plaintiff then threatened them with a kitchen knife. Id. at 1770. The officers retreated and called for backup then re-entered the room because they feared she would gather more weapons or flee out of a window. Id. The officers re-entered the room and the plaintiff admitted she was intending to resist arrest using the knife. Id. at 1771. One officer pepper sprayed the plaintiff but she did not drop her knife. Id. As she closed on the second officer, he shot her twice and she may have fallen to the ground. Id. While the plaintiff was on the ground, she continued to threaten the second officer with the knife while he was cornered in the small room. Id. The first officer then shot her again. Id. The Court found the dispute about whether the plaintiff was on the ground was immaterial because "she was certainly not subdued." Id. at 1771 n. 2 (quoting Sheehan v. City & Cty. of San Francisco, 743 F.3d 1211, 1230 (9th Cir. 2014)).
The Court acknowledges that the footnote in Sheehan states that the position of a suspect on the ground does not make the use of force unreasonable per se, but this case shares few important similarities. Id. In this case, McKee had witnessed Frenz
Further, as Plaintiff correctly argues, Lopez confirmed that on November 17, 2013, "the law was clearly established that officers could not use deadly force unless they had probable cause to believe that an individual posed a serious risk of harm to officers or others." Lopez, 625 Fed.Appx. at 747 n. 2 (citing Ciminillo v. Streicher, 434 F.3d 461, 468 (6th Cir. 2006)). Accordingly, McKee is not entitled to qualified immunity for his third set of shots fired at White and summary judgment as to that claim is
Defendants next argue that McKee and Frenz are entitled to qualified immunity on Plaintiff's deliberate indifference claims. Defendants argue that this claim arises under the Fourteenth Amendment Due Process Clause which only requires the summoning of medical help. (Doc. 57, Mot. Summ. J. at 34-35). Defendants further argue that White passed away from the lethal gunshot within a minute of being shot for the final time and that no amount of medical care by the officers would have saved him. (Id. at 35). Plaintiff argues that the officers knew of and disregarded a substantial risk of harm to White and that causation is not an element for a claim of deliberate indifference.
The Constitution forbids the "deliberate indifference to serious medical needs of prisoners" under the Eighth Amendment. Estelle v. Gamble, 429 U.S. 97, 104, 97 S.Ct. 285, 50 L.Ed.2d 251 (1976). Although not explicit in the Eighth Amendment, this restriction is evident when deliberate indifference is considered the "`unnecessary and wanton infliction of pain.'" Id. (quoting Gregg v. Georgia, 428 U.S. 153, 173, 96 S.Ct. 2909, 49 L.Ed.2d 859 (1976)). Accordingly, "intentionally denying or delaying access to medical care" violates the constitutional rights of a prisoner. Id. at 104-05, 97 S.Ct. 285. Pretrial detainees are also protected from deliberate indifference via the Fourteenth Amendment. Watkins v. City of Battle Creek, 273 F.3d 682, 685-86 (6th Cir. 2001) (citing City of Revere v. Mass. Gen. Hosp., 463 U.S. 239, 244, 103 S.Ct. 2979, 77 L.Ed.2d 605 (1983)).
The Court evaluates a deliberate indifference claim by reviewing both subjective and objective components because "[d]eliberate indifference requires that the defendants knew of and disregarded a substantial risk of serious harm to [the plaintiff's] health and safety." Watkins, 273 F.3d at 686 (citing Farmer v. Brennan, 511 U.S. 825, 835-37, 114 S.Ct. 1970, 128 L.Ed.2d 811 (1994)). "The objective component is that the plaintiff must `show the existence of a sufficiently serious medical need.'" Linden v. Piotrowski, 619 Fed.Appx. 495, 500 (6th Cir. 2015) (quoting Phillips v. Roane Cty., 534 F.3d 531, 539 (6th Cir. 2008) (internal quotations omitted)). The subjective component consists of three parts which Plaintiff may show by circumstantial evidence: (1) that the officers subjectively perceived facts from
Plaintiff relies on both Scozzari v. Miedzianowski, 454 Fed.Appx. 455 (6th Cir. 2012) and Eibel v. Melton, 904 F.Supp.2d 785 (M.D. Tenn. 2012) for the proposition that an officer does not discharge his duty to render medical aid solely by calling for aid for a victim of the police use of force. Defendants rely on Rich v. City of Mayfield Heights, 955 F.2d 1092, 1098 (6th Cir. 1992), arguing that a police officer discharges his duty to render medical aid by promptly calling for medical help.
In Rich, a prisoner hung himself in his prison cell. 955 F.2d at 1094. An officer came into the cell, saw the prisoner hanging and called for medical assistance. Id. Paramedics arrived in the cell one minute after the call for medical help was logged but the decedent was still hanging. Id. The paramedics got the prisoner on the ground but he had already suffered permanent mental and physical damage. Id. The Court found that the officer was entitled to qualified immunity because the police officers did not intentionally deny or delay the prisoner's access to medical care. Id. at 1098. Further, the Court noted that "[t]he record in this case clearly supports the conclusion that upon discovering [the prisoner] hanging in his cell, the defendant police officers reacted immediately by calling for the paramedics, and that the paramedics arrived within minutes." Id.
Before Scozzari, the Sixth Circuit had another opportunity to consider a deliberate indifference claim where the officers in question struck a suspect with a baton in his back, legs, and arms, pinned him down with his arms under his chest, placed him in a head wrap, and used a shoulder pressure point "compliance technique" to subdue him. Estate of Owensby v. City of Cincinnati, 414 F.3d 596, 600 (6th Cir. 2005). After Owensby was handcuffed and prone, one of the officers kneed Owensby in the back, lifted his head up, and another officer sprayed mace into Owensby's eyes and nose from six inches away. Id. At least one of the officers continued to repeatedly strike Owensby in the back. Id. As they placed Owensby in a cruiser, one of the officers continued to beat Owensby. Id. The officers locked the doors and although one officer questioned whether or not Owensby could breathe, they made no attempt to render aid and instead greeted each other, secured dropped items, checked their uniforms, and talked about how Owensby appeared to be hurting a great deal. Id. at 600-01. Six minutes later, a new officer arrived and checked on Owensby, removed him from the car, and called EMTs which arrived four minutes later. Id. at 601. The Sixth Circuit denied the officers qualified immunity, finding that there was evidence of their indifference in the six minutes where they did anything but help Owensby even though they had viewed him in significant distress. Id. at 603. Further, the Court found that the right to care was clearly established and stated that Owensby's prior flight and confrontation with the police was irrelevant to the analysis. Id. at 604.
In Scozzari, the Sixth Circuit considered a case where an officer shot the plaintiff's decedent then called for medical care. 454 Fed.Appx. at 465. However, when the ambulance arrived, the officers had not secured the scene and were preventing the medics from accessing the decedent. Id. The officers then asked the medics to work around the evidence on the ground once they had arrived. Id. The Sixth Circuit held that "[r]easonable officers would have known, based on this Circuit's precedent, that the obligation to provide adequate
Defendant argues that reliance on Scozzari is misplaced because the officers in that case did not secure the scene and thus did not discharge their duties to the decedent. Defendant does not discuss Owensby or Scozzari's implicit finding that there is a duty to both summon and provide medical care. The Sixth Circuit recently considered a case which is not entirely analogous to this case but the Sixth Circuit's analysis of Owensby is still helpful. Linden, 619 Fed.Appx. at 502. In Linden, officer Piotrowski and officer Zayto arrived on a scene where multiple persons were suffering from gunshot wounds. Id. at 496-97. The officers allegedly failed to direct paramedics to Ronald Black, one of the gunshot wound victims who later passed away. Id. The Court noted the defining characteristics of Owensby that were not present in Linden: (1) "Black, unlike Owensby, had no visible manifestations of his injury;" and (2) "[u]nlike the officers in Owensby, Piotrowski and Zayto did not cause the decedent's injuries and did not have the same reason to know about their extent." Id. at 503. Both of those factors in this case are similar to Owensby. McKee saw his final shot enter White's chest and saw blood coming out of the wound and Frenz saw White smear blood on the wall after his volley of shots. Further, both officers were responsible for White's wounds. Last, the delay between the final shots in this case and the arrival of paramedics—around ten to fifteen minutes—is at least as long as or longer than each of the cases cited above and both officers still chose not to provide medical care.
Although Defendants argue that Frenz and McKee did not have the subjective state of mind to determine that White was in serious need of medical care, Defendants cite no evidence in the depositions or affidavits of McKee and Frenz that they knew their medical care would be futile. A medical examiner's post hoc opinion that medical care which was not actually rendered would not have been effective is not relevant in evaluating the state of mind of Frenz and McKee when both admitted they knew White was injured and that both officers knew they shot him. (Doc. 83-2, Frenz Dep. at 113; Doc. 83-3, McKee Dep. at 86-87). Despite Defendants assertions, the futility of their help has no relevance to Frenz and McKee's subjective belief at the time, but rather improperly asks the Court to graft a causation element into the analysis by assuming that the medical examiner's futility determination constitutes the officers' subjective state of mind at the time they chose not to provide medical care. There is sufficient circumstantial evidence to show that both officers perceived facts allowing them to infer a substantial risk to White, that both drew the inference that the risk could cause harm, and then that both disregarded the risk.
As to the right being established, Owensby held that "in general, the Fourteenth Amendment right of pretrial detainees to adequate medical care is, and has long been, clearly established." 414 F.3d at 604. The facts in this case are sufficiently similar to Owensby for the Court to hold that a reasonable officer would have
Next, Columbus moves for summary judgment on Plaintiff's municipal liability claims under Monell v. New York City Dep't of Soc. Servs., 436 U.S. 658, 98 S.Ct. 2018, 56 L.Ed.2d 611 (1978). Plaintiff argues that Columbus is liable for both its failure to train/supervise the officers and for having customs or policies which caused the alleged constitutional violations. Columbus argues that Plaintiff has not identified any policy which caused the violations and that Monell liability should not attach to any claim based on acts the Court found constitutional.
The Monell decision made clear that local government units could be held liable for § 1983 claims, but that "§ 1983 did not support respondeat superior liability, reasoning that `Congress did not intend municipalities [and other local government units] to be held liable unless action pursuant to official municipal policy of some nature caused a constitutional tort.'" Moldowan v. City of Warren, 578 F.3d 351, 394 (6th Cir. 2009) (quoting Monell, 436 U.S. at 691, 98 S.Ct. 2018). A plaintiff can identify one of four methods "[t]o show the existence of a municipal policy or custom leading to the alleged violation:" "(1) the municipality's legislative enactments or official policies; (2) actions taken by officials with final decision-making authority; (3) a policy of inadequate training or supervision; or (4) a custom of tolerance of acquiescence of federal violations." Baynes v. Cleland, 799 F.3d 600, 621 (6th Cir. 2015), cert. denied, ___ U.S. ___, 136 S.Ct. 1381, 194 L.Ed.2d 361 (2016) (citing Thomas v. City of Chattanooga, 398 F.3d 426, 429 (6th Cir. 2005)).
"A city's custom or policy can be unconstitutional in two ways: 1) facially unconstitutional as written or articulated, or 2) facially constitutional but consistently implemented to result in constitutional violations with explicit or implicit ratification by city policymakers." Gregory v. City of Louisville, 444 F.3d 725, 752 (6th Cir. 2006) (citing Monell, 436 U.S. at 692-94, 98 S.Ct. 2018). "In other words, the risk of a constitutional violation arising as a result of the inadequacies in the municipal policy must be `plainly obvious.'" Id. (citing Bd. of County Comm'rs v. Brown, 520 U.S. 397, 412, 117 S.Ct. 1382, 137 L.Ed.2d 626 (1997)).
Plaintiff alleges that McKee's shots at White while White was on the ground were due to the Columbus' policy, custom, practice, and/or training directive to shoot suspects who are on the ground. Plaintiff points to a passage from Thomas Paige's deposition
To the extent Plaintiff seeks Monell liability against Columbus for the officers' failure to provide medical care, summary judgment as to that claim is
Frenz and McKee next move to dismiss Plaintiff's state-law claims, arguing that Frenz and McKee are immune under Ohio law. Frenz and McKee argue that Ohio Revised Code § 2744.03(A)(6) provides presumptive immunity and that none of the three exceptions to that immunity apply. Plaintiff argues that their actions fall under Ohio Revised Code § 2744.03(A)(6)(b), which removes an officer's immunity if he acted "with malicious purpose, in bad faith, or in a wanton or reckless manner."
The Sixth Circuit has held that when a plaintiff fails "to demonstrate that defendants' conduct was objectively unreasonable, it follows that she has also failed to demonstrate that defendants acted with `malicious purpose, in bad faith, or in a wanton or reckless manner,' such as is required to avoid statutory immunity under Ohio law." Chappell, 585 F.3d at 916 (citing Ohio Rev. Code § 2744.03(A)(6)(b); Ewolski v. City of Brunswick, 287 F.3d 492, 517 (6th Cir. 2002)). Accordingly, the Court finds that Frenz is entitled to immunity for his use of force, that McKee is entitled to immunity for his first and second uses of force, and therefore
However, because the Court found that qualified immunity did not apply to McKee's third use of force or McKee and Frenz's decision not to provide medical care, immunity also does not attach to the analogous state law claims. Defendants agreed that Plaintiff's state-law claims rise and fall with the Court's qualified immunity analysis. (Doc. 95, Reply at 37). Accordingly, summary judgment as to Plaintiff's state-law claims against Frenz and McKee which are based on the failure to provide medical care and against McKee for the third use of force is
Columbus argues that it is immune from Plaintiff's state-law claims under Ohio Revised Code § 2744 which grants political subdivisions presumptive
Defendant is correct that policing is a governmental function, that Columbus is a political subdivision, and that this claim involves injury or death such that presumptive immunity applies. See Ohio Rev. Code § 2744.02(A)(1); Ohio Rev. Code § 2744.01(C)(2)(a) ("A `governmental function' includes . . . the provision . . . of police . . . services or protection"). Ohio Revised Code § 2744.02(B) sets forth the exceptions to that immunity and Columbus is again correct that none of the following apply: (1) injury caused by the negligent operation of a motor vehicle; (2) injury caused by negligent performance with respect to proprietary (not governmental) functions; (3) injury caused by failure to keep roads in good repair; (4) injury caused by negligence on grounds of building used for governmental function, i.e. courthouses, jails, and office buildings; and (5) injury where liability is specifically imposed on the subdivision by another Ohio Revised Code section. Ohio Rev. Code §§ 2744(B)(1)-(5). Accordingly, Columbus is immune from Plaintiff's state-law claims and summary judgment as to those claims is
Based on the foregoing, Defendants' Motion for Summary Judgment is
The claims remaining in this case are an excessive force claim against McKee, the deliberate indifference claims against McKee and Frenz, the Monell claim against Columbus for McKee's use of force, the state-law claims against McKee arising out of his third use of force, and the state-law claims against Frenz and McKee arising from their failure to provide medical care. In light of this decision, the parties shall contact Magistrate Judge Deavers within
