UPON DUE CONSIDERATION, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED, ADJUDGED, AND DECREED that the judgment entered on March 19, 2013, is AFFIRMED.
Plaintiffs Matthew Valente and James Valente appeal from an award of summary judgment in favor of defendants Textron, Inc. and EZ Go Division of Textron, Inc., on Valente's strict liability and negligence design defect claims for damages allegedly sustained when Valente was operating a golf car manufactured by defendants.
We review a district court's decision regarding the admissibility of expert testimony for abuse of discretion, and will not reverse unless the decision is manifestly erroneous.
Valente contends that the district court abused its discretion in excluding Seluga's testimony that yaw instability—resulting from a design defect in the use of a two-wheel rear braking system as opposed to a four-wheel braking system—was responsible for Valente's accident. In fact, the district court's thoughtful and thorough explanation for excluding Seluga's testimony convincingly demonstrates that it acted well within its discretion.
Regardless of whether Seluga's simulation model was sufficiently validated, the district court concluded that his opinion testimony was inadmissible based on his use of a 0.53 coefficient of friction to support his conclusion. Although Valente argues that any concerns about this coefficient go to weight, and not admissibility, it is well-settled that where, as here, a trial judge finds that assumptions underlying expert testimony "are so unrealistic and contradictory as to suggest bad faith or to be in essence an apples and oranges comparison," it has the discretion to exclude the testimony.
There is no dispute that the coefficient of friction was the determining factor in Seluga's opinion that yaw instability was responsible for Valente's accident. But the 0.53 coefficient of friction used by Seluga, based on flat surface testing, was approximately 40% lower than the coefficient measured by Seluga and defendants' expert on the actual path, as well as the coefficient relied upon by Seluga in a 2006 peer-reviewed article where he concluded that his simulations "consistently" showed that "rear wheel only braking configuration does not lead to large yaw instabilities." J.A. 2942. Thus, the district court acted well within its discretion in concluding that Seluga's 0.53 coefficient derived from testing that was not comparable. Moreover, Seluga admitted that sand and dirt, both of which were present during the tests producing a 0.53 coefficient of friction, could have an impact on the coefficient of friction. Beyond his own observation that the accident path was near locations where sand and dirt were present, however, Seluga was only able to speculate that such conditions were present on the day of the accident. The district court's decision not to credit this speculation was not an abuse of discretion, particularly given Seluga's admission that his photographs of the accident site did not depict sand on the path.
Nor do we identify abuse of discretion in the district court's determination that Seluga's proposed opinion testimony was not supported by simulation results using the 0.53 coefficient of friction. Seluga admitted that he used the 0.53 coefficient because he "wanted to see if this accident could happen in a certain way and the lowest friction value that was measured is the most likely to see if it could happen." J.A. 414-15. Indeed, Seluga continued to use a 0.53 coefficient in his simulations despite acknowledging that the low end of the coefficient range was actually 0.54. Moreover, even assuming the reliability of the 0.53 coefficient, Seluga testified that his simulation would predict a rollover due to yaw instability somewhere between 25% and 50% of the time. The purpose for which Valente sought to offer Seluga's testimony, however, was not that under certain circumstances there was a 25% chance that the accident could have occurred as a result of the defect in the golf car, but rather that the design defect actually caused the accident "to a reasonable degree of engineering certainty." Seluga Expert Rep. 14, J.A. 273. Where, as here, data is "simply inadequate to support the conclusions reached,
Here, the district court reasonably concluded that Seluga's selection of a 0.53 coefficient of friction and the low prediction rate resulting from the use of this number rendered Seluga's opinion unreliable. Accordingly, we identify no abuse of discretion in the exclusion of Seluga's testimony.
We review an award of summary judgment
We have considered Valente's remaining arguments on appeal and conclude that they are without merit. Accordingly, the judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.