DENISE COTE, District Judge.
Pursuant to the judgments entered against them on consent, the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC") seeks an assessment of civil penalties against three individuals — Angelique de Maison, Trish Malone, Louis Mastromatteo — and one entity, Traverse International. For the reasons that follow, the four defendants are ordered to pay disgorgement, prejudgment interest, and civil penalties.
The above-captioned case, first brought by the SEC on September 18, 2014, arises out of a series of fraudulent schemes conducted by the defendants — masterminded by defendant Izak Zirk de Maison F/K/A/ Izak Zirk Engelbrecht ("Engelbrecht") — between 2008 and 2014.
On October 22, 2014, after a conference held with the SEC and counsel representing three defendants,
Judgment against Malone was entered October 8, 2015. Judgment was entered against de Maison on December 23, 2015. Judgment was entered against Mastromatteo and Traverse on January 4, 2016. Along with each respective judgment, the Court so ordered a Consent between the SEC and each settling defendant.
Pursuant to the terms of their respective Judgment and Consent, Malone and de Maison agreed to eventually pay disgorgement of their ill-gotten gains, along with prejudgment interest, and a civil penalty. Mastrometteo and Traverse's Judgment noted the following:
(Emphasis supplied.) In the Consent signed by Mastromatteo (in his individual capacity and in his representative capacity on behalf of Traverse), defendants "agree[d] that the Court
On January 26, 2018, the SEC moved for monetary relief against de Maison, Malone, Traverse, and Mastromatteo.
De Maison, Engelbrecht's wife, sought out investors to purchase unregistered securities in two of the Fraudulent Issuers, Kensington and Casablanca. She raised approximately $1 million for Kensington, and $3.5 million for Casablanca. De Maison did not transfer all proceeds from those investments to the companies as promised, but used some of the proceeds to pay her own personal expenses and diverted other proceeds to other entities associated with the scheme. De Maison advised investors on the merits of potential investments and the companies she was advertising. Investors lost their entire investments in Casablanca and Kensington. She also arranged for the execution of the governing agreements and the mailing of stock certificates to investors. The SEC identifies $748,000 in ill-gotten gains from investments related to Kensington, and $3,456,049.30 from investments related to Casablanca, for a total of $4,240,049.30.
De Maison made materially misleading statements concerning another company of which she was an officer, Gepco. De Maison provided quotes concerning the sale and purchase of diamonds for a Gepco press release. De Maison omitted material facts, including that she was personally involved with the relevant purchases and sales. The SEC does not, in the instant motion, identify any ill-gotten gains from de Maison's involvement with Gepco.
On December 23, 2015, the Court entered a partial judgment against de Maison, accompanied by her signed Consent. In that Consent, she agreed to be enjoined from violating Sections 5, 17(a)(1), and 17(a)(3) of the Securities Act; and Sections 10(b), 15(a), and 16(a) of the Exchange Act, and Rule 10b-5 thereunder.
Malone served as the Chief Financial Officer ("CFO") for several of the Fraudulent Issuers — Lustros, Kensington, Wikifamiles, and Gepco — and also held positions at a number of the other companies alongside Engelbrecht. In her role as CFO, Malone engaged in multiple unregistered securities offerings. The SEC seeks ill-gotten gains in the form of Malone's salary during the periods she served as an officer of the Fraudulent Issuers during unregistered offerings.
Malone was at the center of many of Engelbrecht's schemes and fraudulent transactions. For example, Malone helped to merge Wikifamilies, at the time a shell company, into new company, rename it, and conduct a "reverse merger," allowing the shell company to issue over 30 million shares of common stock, including to herself and other co-defendants. Malone also served as president, CFO, and secretary of Gepco and facilitated the issuance of shares to Jason Cope, a co-defendant in this action, and other individuals to liquidate in the open market. Neither Gepco nor Wikifamilies, at the time, had registered any of their securities with the SEC and no exemption from the standard registration requirements applied.
The SEC has calculated $394,741.24 in ill-gotten gains from the salary payments Malone received for her service as CFO of the various companies. Specifically, the SEC requests disgorgement of $4,615.39, Malone's pay for a week in May 2011, during which Wikifamilies issued 31.5 million shares of unregistered securities; disgorgement of $309,783.85, the sum of Malone's pay between June 2012 and January 2014, during which time she was involved in the offering of unregistered shares of Lustros; and disgorgement of $80,342.00, Malone's pay between February and September 2014, during which time she participated in the unregistered offerings of Gepco securities.
On October 8, 2015, the Court entered a partial judgment against Malone, accompanied by her signed Consent. In that Consent she agreed to be enjoined from violating Sections 5, 17(a)(1), and 17(a)(3) of the Securities Act; and Section 10(b) of the Exchange Act, and Rule 10b-5 thereunder.
Mastromatteo, individually and through his corporation Traverse, participated in a fraudulent scheme to acquire and sell more than 2.5 million shares of Gepco stock in an unregistered offering, after which Mastromatteo funneled most of the proceeds to Cope. Cope used the proceeds to pay a judgment to the SEC that had previously been entered against him by this Court in the
On January 5, 2016, the Court entered a partial judgment against Mastromatteo and Traverse, accompanied by a signed Consent. In the Consent, they agreed to be enjoined from violating Sections 5(a), 5(c), and 17(a) of the Securities Act; and Section 10(b) of the Exchange Act, and Rule 10b-5 thereunder.
The instant motion was filed on January 26, 2018. Malone, who is appearing
"Once the district court has found federal securities law violations, it has broad equitable power to fashion appropriate remedies, including ordering that culpable defendants disgorge their profits."
"The district court has broad discretion not only in determining whether or not to order disgorgement but also in calculating the amount to be disgorged."
"[B]ecause of the difficulty of determining with certainty the extent to which a defendant's gains resulted from his frauds. . . the court need not determine the amount of such gains with exactitude."
The SEC bears the burden "of establishing a reasonable approximation of the profits causally related to the fraud," but once it has met this burden, "the burden shifts to the defendant to show that his gains were unaffected by his offenses."
Additionally, an order which only accounts for the profits retained by the wrongdoer is an inadequate measure of disgorgement.
As with disgorgement, an award of prejudgment interest lies within the discretion of the court.
It is within the "discretion of a court to award prejudgment interest on the disgorgement amount for the period during which a defendant had use of [its] illegal profits."
The Securities Act and the Exchange Act authorize three tiers of civil penalties.
Beyond these restrictions, the amount of the penalty is within "the discretion of the district court."
While the SEC requests the imposition of a civil money penalty for each defendant, it does not request a specific penalty amount for any defendant. Instead, the SEC proposes alternative methods of calculating a penalty: a penalty based on a defendant's pecuniary gain, a penalty assessed weighing the defendant's role in an illegal scheme, or a penalty based on the number of statutory or regularity violations the defendant has committed.
The SEC seeks $4,240,049.30 in disgorgement, with prejudgment interest in the amount of $938,201.13, and the imposition of a money penalty.
De Maison argues that a disgorgement order is inappropriate. She argues that Engelbrecht, her husband at the time of the fraudulent scheme, had complete control over her financial accounts. She claims she did not understand that she was part of a fraud and that she simply carried out instructions given to her by Engelbrecht. De Maison signed her Consent on November 5, 2015. That document states "[d]efendant agrees that the Court shall order the payment of sums by which she has been unjustly enriched, disgorgement ill-gotten gains, prejudgment interest thereon and a civil penalty." That Consent further states, the "defendant will be precluded from arguing that she did not violate the federal securities laws as alleged in the complaint" and that for the purposes of the remedies motion that "the complaint shall be accepted as and deemed true by the Court." She is precluded from contesting her liability here.
With respect to the amount of disgorgement sought, de Maison does not dispute that she raised that amount of money in unregistered offerings. She argues instead that she did not receive $4.2 million in ill-gotten gains for her personal benefit. Further, she argues that the investment money was immediately diverted into other accounts over which she had no control. These arguments are unavailing. Disgorgement need not be tied to the direct benefit of the defendant, nor does the SEC need to demonstrate that the defendant exercised full control over the ill-gotten gains.
Finally, de Maison argues she returned over $1 million to the investors, so ill-gotten gains have been repaid. $1 million is significantly less than the amount of disgorgement the SEC seeks. In any event, de Maison has not carried her burden to demonstrate that any of the ill-gotten gains were repaid to the investors. De Maison submitted many pages reflecting financial transactions which do not demonstrate what she argues they do. The SEC has examined those documents and has discovered no evidence of a repayment for the investments at issue here. In fact, de Maison's largest claimed "return" to an investor of $300,000 is actually a promissory note for that amount, which she defaulted on.
Even when the documents de Maison submitted in opposition to the SEC's motion reflect payment by de Maison to an investor, there is no evidence of linkage to Kensington or Casablanca. For example, de Maison offers a September 20, 2013 transfer for $10,000 to investor Frank Mastronuzzi. The memorandum line on the transfer, however, reads "Refund final pmt of purchase of LSTS stock." "LSTS" is the ticker symbol for another Fraudulent Issuer, Lustros. The disgorgement the SEC seeks from de Maison is not related to investments in Lustros.
The same is true for other documents de Maison submitted. For example, the instructions for a March 11, 2013 wire transfer to Todd Williamson read "For The Blue Painting." Other documents simply include information that transfers were made, but include nothing to suggest that the transfers were made as reimbursement for the investments at issue here.
De Maison never actually argues that the payments reflected in these documents were related to the transactions for which the SEC seeks disgorgement. Instead, she broadly argues that the investors were "repaid" and therefore her disgorgement amount should be reduced. The documents she includes for that proposition do not support an inference that she "repaid" or refunded investors, let alone for the fraudulent investments at issue in the SEC's motion.
In addition to disgorgement, de Maison should pay prejudgment interest to prevent her from obtaining a benefit of what amounts to an interest free loan procured as a result of illegal activity. The SEC seeks prejudgment interest running from Malone's last-received payment from each issuer — Kensington and Casablanca — from which she received improper payments to the present day.
Prejudgment interest will not be collected, however, on any assets that were frozen from the date those assets were frozen. When a defendant's funds have been frozen in connection with an enforcement action, and are now available to satisfy the disgorgement order, the defendant should not be ordered to pay prejudgment interest on those funds.
Finally, De Maison's violations of the securities laws support the imposition of a third-tier civil penalty. De Maison had a principal role in a fraudulent scheme that deprived investors of over $4 million. This alone warrants imposition of a third-tier penalty under the relevant statutes, satisfying the requirement that the violations involved fraud and resulted in substantial losses. In de Maison's case, considering the seriousness of the fraud, the significant role she played, and considering the personal benefits that she received from the violations of the securities laws, the maximum fine — an amount equal to the disgorgement sum of $4,240,049.30 — is appropriate.
De Maison urges the Court not to impose a civil penalty or, if a penalty is imposed, it should be "minimal." She argues that she has cooperated with the SEC and Department of Justice throughout the SEC's enforcement action. She also reiterates that she is destitute. While consideration of a defendant's financial consideration is a factor to be considered in assessing a civil penalty, it is but one of many a court considers when exercising its discretion. De Maison's conduct was egregious and recurrent. It resulted in substantial losses to investors. The seriousness of her wrongdoing justifies a serious punitive response. A civil penalty equal to the disgorgement sum is appropriate.
The SEC seeks $394,741.24 in disgorgement of the documented wages and payments Malone received for her services to Engelbrecht and the Fraudulent Issuers, prejudgment interest of $55,539.30, and a civil penalty. $394,741.24 is a reasonable approximation of the extent to which Malone profited from violations of the federal securities laws to which she has admitted for purposes of this motion. The SEC's disgorgement request is reasonable.
Like de Maison, Malone may not contest her liability here. A Section 5 claim is a strict liability claim; any argument that Malone did not intend to help carry out fraudulent transactions is not germane.
Malone resists disgorgement with several arguments. First, Malone argues that she signed the Consent because the SEC represented that she would not have to pay a penalty.
Malone next argues that the money the SEC seeks does not constitute ill-gotten gains because it reflects a salary she earned for her legitimate work for the Fraudulent Issuers. She alleges that she had no knowledge of the scheme perpetrated by her co-defendants and was simply and dutifully carrying out instructions. As a threshold matter, Malone is precluded from contesting her liability given the Consent she signed. Further, the allegations in the Amended Complaint, taken as true for the purposes of this motion, belie Malone's protestations. Malone, in her capacity as an officer of Kensington, Wikifamilies, and Gepco, helped further illegal activities, including unregistered securities offerings and a reverse merger of a public shell company.
Malone finally contends that the amount sought by the SEC is financially crippling. First, the SEC seeks no disgorgement beyond documented payments Malone received. Second, courts in this District have generally agreed that financial hardship does not preclude the imposition of an order of disgorgement.
The imposition of prejudgment interest on Malone is appropriate. The SEC seeks prejudgment interest of $55,429.30, running from Malone's last-received salary payment in connection with work performed for each Fraudulent Issuer — Wikifamilies, Lustros, and Gepco.
Finally, Malone's violations of the securities laws support the imposition of a second-tier civil money penalty. Her unlawful actions involved fraud, deceit, manipulation, or deliberate or reckless disregard of the securities laws and regulations. Malone should be subject to a severe penalty, but not the maximum one. She is ordered to pay $25,000 per violation, totaling $125,000.
The SEC seeks $58,753 in disgorgement from Mastromatteo and Traverse (together, "Mastromatteo"), $7,461.69 in prejudgment interest, and a civil penalty. Disgorgement is appropriate here, and the SEC's request is a reasonable approximation of the extent to which Mastromatteo profited from violations of the federal securities laws to which he has admitted for purposes of this motion.
$58,753 in disgorgement is a reasonable approximation of Mastromatteo's ill-gotten gains. This amount is documented in bank deposits to accounts in Mastromatteo's own name and in the name of Traverse, an entity he controlled. The payments were made by Cope directly or were proceeds of the sales of Gepco stock. Mastromatteo has not opposed the SEC's motion. He has not attempted to show that the payments were unaffected by his offenses. Mastromatteo and Traverse are jointly and severally liable for the civil money penalty.
The SEC seeks $7,461.69 in prejudgment interest, calculated at the IRS underpayment rate from August 1, 2014, immediately following the last month Mastromatteo and Traverse received illegal payments from Cope, through to the present. The imposition of prejudgment interest on Mastromatteo and Traverse is appropriate. While prejudgment interest should not be collected on any assets that were frozen, no party has made a showing that any of Mastromatteo or Traverse's assets were actually frozen pursuant to the Freeze Order. Mastromatteo and Traverse failed to respond to the SEC's instant motion. As such, the SEC may collect prejudgment interest from August 1, 2014.
Finally, the imposition of a second-tier civil money penalty is appropriate. Mastromatteo, individually and through Traverse, knowingly and deliberately disregarded the securities laws and regulations by acquiring millions of shares of Gepco stock in an unregistered offering, and then channeling the proceeds to Cope. Mastromatteo benefitted directly from this scheme through kick-backs from Cope. Mastromatteo is fully culpable for his violations, from which he profited. Given the relatively small amount of pecuniary gains, a penalty equal to that amount, $58,753, is appropriate, which is well within the statutory range given the number of violations. Mastromatteo and Traverse are jointly and severally liable for the civil money penalty.
For the above reasons, it is hereby
ORDERED that de Maison shall disgorge her ill-gotten gains in the amount of $4,240,049.30, plus prejudgment interest.
IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that the SEC shall recalculate the amount of prejudgment interest owed by de Maison in accordance with the instructions in this Opinion and file a letter with its calculations by July 30. Any response, limited to discussions of the calculations alone, is due August 3.
IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that de Maison shall pay a civil penalty of $4,240,049.30.
IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that Malone shall disgorge her illgotten gains in the amount of $394,741.24, plus prejudgment interest to be calculated at the IRS underpayment rate, running from the date of the last received payment from Wikifamilies, Lustros, and Gepco, through to the present.
IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that Malone shall pay a civil penalty of $125,000.
IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that Mastromatteo and Traverse shall disgorge their ill-gotten gains in the amount of $58,753, plus prejudgment interest to be calculated at the IRS underpayment rate, running from August 1, 2014 through to the present. Mastromatteo and Traverse are jointly and severally liable for the disgorgement payment.
IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that Mastromatteo and Traverse shall pay a civil penalty of $58,753. Mastromatteo and Traverse are jointly and severally liable for the civil money penalty.
IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that by August 6, 2018, the SEC shall submit a proposed order implementing the Court's rulings as to all four defendants.
