MEMORANDUM

MATTHEW W. BRANN, District Judge.

In a May 2, 2013 Order, the Court gave defendant Bruce Smith (hereinafter, "Smith") leave to file a motion for partial summary judgment with respect to plaintiff M. Young's claim that Smith, a former history teacher, is liable under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 because he created a sexually hostile classroom environment that deprived M. Young, Smith's former pupil, of the equal protection of the laws. (ECF No. 445). The circumstances leading to, and the rationale for, that Order were set forth in a previous Memorandum and are not repeated here.1

Smith filed a motion for partial summary judgment and papers in support on May 6, 2012 (respectively, ECF Nos. 456 & 457); M. Young filed papers in opposition on May 24, 2013 (ECF No. 467); and Smith filed papers in reply on June 17, 2013 (ECF No. 470). On July 2, 2013, the Court issued an Order granting Smith's motion. (ECF No. 480). This Memorandum explains the Court's reasons.

I. Summary Judgment Standard

Summary judgment is appropriate where "the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law." Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(a). A fact is "material" where it "might affect the outcome of the suit under the governing law." Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986). A dispute is "genuine" where "the evidence is such that a reasonable jury," giving credence to the evidence favoring the nonmovant and making all reasonable inferences in the nonmovant's favor, "could return a verdict for the nonmoving party." Id.

For movants and nonmovants alike, the assertion "that a fact cannot be or is genuinely disputed must" be supported by "citing to particular parts of materials in the record," or by "showing that the materials cited do not establish the absence or presence of a genuine dispute, or that an adverse party cannot produce admissible evidence to support the fact." Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(c)(1). "If a party fails to properly support an assertion of fact or fails to properly address another party's assertion of fact as required by Rule 56(c), the court may... consider the fact undisputed for purposes of the motion." Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(e)(2).

Thus, where the moving party's motion is properly supported and his evidence, if not controverted, would entitle him to judgment as a matter of law, the nonmoving party, to avoid summary judgment in his opponent's favor, must answer by setting forth "genuine factual issues that properly can be resolved only by a finder of fact because they may reasonably be resolved in favor of either party." Anderson, 477 U.S. at 250, 106 S.Ct. 2505. In the face of the moving party's evidence, the nonmoving party's mere allegations, general denials or vague statements will not create a genuine factual dispute. Bixler v. Cent. Pennsylvania Teamsters Health & Welfare Fund, 12 F.3d 1292, 1302 (3d Cir.1993). Only citation to specific facts is sufficient to show a need for trial. Anderson, 477 U.S. at 250, 106 S.Ct. 2505.

II. Hostile Environment Standard

This is an unusual case. M. Young alleges that Smith is liable under 42 U.S.C. § 19832 because he created a sexually hostile classroom environment that deprived M. Young of the equal protection of the laws in violation of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. There is no serious dispute that Smith's allegedly improper classroom speech occurred while he, a public school teacher, was acting under color of state law, but the parties dispute whether M. Young can prove that Smith deprived her "of any rights, privileges, or immunities secured by the Constitution."

The strange twist in the case involves the law to be applied. Whether Smith created a hostile classroom environment that deprived M. Young of the equal protection of the laws is determined by applying standards developed not for the classroom, but in the employment arena under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. (See Mem. & Order, May 18, 2012, 2012 WL 1827194, ECF No. 333 at 23) (noting that the Honorable James M. Munley held in this case that "Title VII standards should be used in determining whether a sexually hostile educational environment existed in violation of Plaintiff's equal protection rights."). See also Hayut v. State Univ. of New York, 352 F.3d 733, 744 (2d Cir.2003) ("Section 1983 sexual harassment claims that are based on a `hostile environment' theory ... are governed by traditional Title VII `hostile environment' jurisprudence."). This is noteworthy because courts applying Title VII are to give "careful consideration [to] the social context in which particular behavior occurs and is experienced by its target." Oncale v. Sundowner Offshore Serv., Inc., 523 U.S. 75, 81, 118 S.Ct. 998, 140 L.Ed.2d 201 (1998).

In any case, to survive summary judgment M. Young must set forth enough admissible evidence to permit a reasonable jury to conclude that Smith created "a sexually objectionable environment ... both objectively and subjectively offensive, one that a reasonable person would find hostile or abusive, and one that the victim in fact did perceive to be so." Faragher v. City of Boca Raton, 524 U.S. 775, 787, 118 S.Ct. 2275, 141 L.Ed.2d 662 (1998). See also Caver v. City of Trenton, 420 F.3d 243, 262 (3d Cir.2005) (quoting Cardenas v. Massey, 269 F.3d 251, 260 (3d Cir.2001)) (stating the formulation developed by the Third Circuit: "Under Title VII, the evidence must establish that: (1) [plaintiff] suffered intentional discrimination because of [sex]; (2) the discrimination was pervasive and regular; (3) it detrimentally affected [plaintiff]; (4) it would have detrimentally affected a reasonable person of the same protected class in [plaintiff's] position; and (5) there is a basis for vicarious liability."). Determining whether an environment is "hostile" or "abusive" is a holistic endeavor that requires looking at "all the circumstances ... includ[ing] the frequency of the discriminatory conduct; its severity; whether it is physically threatening or humiliating, or a mere offensive utterance; and whether it unreasonably interferes with an employee's work performance," among other relevant factors. Harris v. Forklift Sys., Inc., 510 U.S. 17, 23, 114 S.Ct. 367, 126 L.Ed.2d 295 (1993). "[A] showing of some minimal level of harassment is necessary before a case is submissible to a jury [and a] court ... may decide this issue of submissibility on summary judgment." Jackson v. Flint Ink N. Am. Corp., 382 F.3d 869, 869 (8th Cir.2004). See also Vera v. McHugh, 622 F.3d 17, 27 (1st Cir.2010) (citations and internal quotation marks omitted) (explaining that "[i]t is the jury's job to weigh [the relevant] factors and decide whether the harassment was of a kind or to a degree that a reasonable person would have felt that it affected the conditions of her employment. The court's role in evaluating such claims [on summary judgment] is to polic[e] ... the outer bounds.")

Because hostile environment claims risk turning Title VII into a "general civility code," in a number of opinions the Supreme Court has reminded lower courts of the limitations that govern such claims. First, "[c]onduct that is not severe or pervasive enough to create an objectively hostile or abusive work environment — an environment that a reasonable person would find hostile or abusive — is beyond Title VII's purview." Harris, 510 U.S. at 23, 114 S.Ct. 367.

Second, sexually hostile environment claims are actionable only because Title VII prohibits discrimination in the "terms" or "conditions" of employment, and "conduct must be extreme to amount to a change in the terms and conditions of employment." Faragher, 524 U.S. at 788, 118 S.Ct. 2275.

Third, "Title VII does not prohibit all verbal or physical harassment in the workplace; it is directed only at `discriminat[ion]... because of ... sex.'" Oncale, 523 U.S. at 80, 118 S.Ct. 998 (alteration in original) (quoting Title VII). Thus our Supreme Court has "never held that workplace harassment, even harassment between men and women, is automatically discrimination because of sex merely because the words used have sexual content or connotations." Id. However, the inference of discrimination because of sex can be based on evidence of "explicit or implicit proposals of sexual activity" because it is reasonable to assume the proposer would not have made the same solicitation if the recipient was a man instead of a woman or a woman instead of a man. Id. It would also be reasonable to infer discrimination because of sex when the "victim is harassed in such sex-specific and derogatory terms [so] as to make it clear that the harasser is motivated by general hostility to the presence of [the victim's sex] in the workplace." Id.3 These are just examples, but "[w]hatever evidentiary route the plaintiff chooses to follow, he or she must always prove that the conduct at issue was not merely tinged with offensive sexual connotations, but actually constituted `discrimina[tion] ... because of ... sex.'" Oncale, 523 U.S. at 81, 118 S.Ct. 998.

III. Factual Background4

(a) The Evidence at the Conclusion of the First Trial

The claims of M. Young and her co-plaintiff parents, Patricia Young and William Young, were tried before a jury nearly two years ago. On August 26, 2011, the jury returned a verdict for the Young plaintiffs on two of their claims, one alleging that teacher Bruce Smith was liable under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 because he created a sexually hostile classroom environment that deprived M. Young of equal protection of the laws, and another alleging that defendant Pleasant Valley School District (hereinafter "Pleasant Valley") violated the First Amendment rights of M. Young and her parents when it retaliated against the Youngs for reporting Smith's wrongdoing. On May 18, 2012, the Honorable Yvette Kane (who presided over the trial) issued a Memorandum & Order in which she vacated judgment and ordered a new trial. (ECF No. 333) (hereinafter "Ct. Mem. & Order in re New Trial").

Although Chief Judge Kane determined that the resulting verdict was defective, the evidence adduced at the first trial remains part of the record to be considered on summary judgment. Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(c)(1)(A) & (c)(3). Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to M. Young — as the Court must, see Sheridan v. NGK Metals Corp., 609 F.3d 239, 250 n. 12 (3d Cir.2010) (the Court considering a summary judgment motion must "draw all inferences in a light most favorable to the nonmoving party") — the trial transcript and previously filed papers on record reveal the facts as follows.

In 2007, Smith taught a Twentieth Century History course at Pleasant Valley High School. (Def.'s Facts, May 24, 2013, ECF No. 456-1 ¶ 1) (hereinafter, "Def.'s Facts"). He taught in an unorthodox manner — without a textbook, in reverse chronological order, and making departures from the prescribed curriculum — using a combination of lecture, powerpoint, and video and audio clips. (Pl.'s Facts, May 24, 2013, ECF No. 466 ¶ 5 (hereinafter, "Pl.'s Facts 2013"); M. Young Trial Test. at 174; M. Young Dep. at 32). He had shown some of the allegedly offensive images at issue in this litigation (images, at least, of the Manson family and Ed Gein murder victims) to his classes for five consecutive years when M. Young joined his course. (Pl.'s Facts 2013 ¶ 10; Pl.'s Facts, June 3, 2009, ECF No. 96 ¶¶ 4-5). Smith was a popular teacher, and M. Young (a Pleasant Valley student) and her peers looked forward to joining his class, having learned "how great a teacher [Smith] was" from one of Smith's colleagues, (M. Young Trial Test. at 209; M. Young Dep. at 19), although today M. Young believes that "Smith was only popular because he talked about sex" (Pl.'s Facts 2013 ¶ 1).

When she was age sixteen, M. Young was assigned to Smith's course for the second semester of her junior year, which began at the end of January or beginning of February 2007. (M. Young Trial Test. at 172-74; M. Young Dep. at 16). To say the least, her expectations met with disappointment.

M. Young's quarrels with Smith's manner and methods are manifold. But many of these disagreements are irrelevant to her claim to have been discriminated against because of sex.5 Facts falling under the "irrelevant" heading are the decor of Smith's classroom — it was painted black and had a large Nazi flag on the wall (Pl.'s Facts 2013 ¶ 4; M. Young Trial Test. at 174); Smith's telling of a story about himself as a high school student hosting a "keg party" as a prom fund-raiser (M. Young Trial Test. at 179); his exhibition of a home video of a "keg party from when he was in high school" (Id. at 185); his discussion of the "homosexuality of the Third Reich" and "Adolf Hitler's personal life"6 (Id. at 180); Smith's distribution (to a course e-mail list) of an article reporting that it was Osama Bin Laden's birthday (Id. at 181); Smith's exhibition of a video showing "someone being decapitated" (M. Young Aff., May 6, 2013, ECF No. 456-1 ¶ 12) (hereinafter, "M. Young Aff."); and Smith's assignment requiring his students to write an essay about the "riskiest or craziest things" they had ever done and his recommendation to students who would write about things they did not "want [their] parents to see" to not "leave [the essay] out on the kitchen counter" (M. Young Trial Test. at 181). The Court fails to see how these facts make it more probable that Smith's classroom was objectionable because of sex.

A number of M. Young's allegations, on the other hand, are relevant to her claim. In the course of his lectures, Smith displayed photos of the female victims — naked, mutilated, beheaded, and defiled7 — of the infamous murderer and grave robber Ed Gein. Most, if not all, of these images were in black and white. (M. Young Trial Test. at 176, 178). Smith also mentioned that Gein's mother "took care of his teenage urges." (Id. at 179).

Smith taught "about the undercurrent of the hippies" (M. Young Trial Test. at 180), displaying Tate-LaBianca crime scene photos of 1969, specifically one of Sharon Tate "with a rope tied around her neck, bloody,"8 and another of her "bloodied, pregnant body right as they found her in her living room." (Id. at 177-78). One of these photographs was in color (id.) and one (perhaps the same one — the record is not clear) was a "very well known photo that was in Time or Newsweek Magazine." (Yozwiak Trial Test. at 318). One or both photographs were printed from the Discovery Channel's website. (Def.'s Facts ¶ 11; Pl.'s Facts 2013 ¶ 11). Tate had been a model and actress, and prior to displaying images of Tate's dead body, Smith displayed "one of her modeling pictures..., and he asked if the boys in the class thought she was hot or if she was pretty." (M. Young Trial Test. at 177).

Prior to showing the photographs of the victims of Manson and Gein, Smith warned that they were graphic and gave students permission to look away or leave the room. (Smith Trial Test. at 617, 622).9

M. Young was also offended by Smith's display of "an individual in a Nazi Sturmabteilung uniform and an individual in plain clothes burning books, two of which appear to have images of a woman with her breasts exposed on the cover." (Ct. Mem. & Order in re New Trial at 25). But "neither of the two objectionable book covers ... [was] larger than approximately one hundredth of the total area of the photograph" (Id. at 27), and the picture — which shows Nazis "burning porn" and, in the context of Smith's lesson, was evidence of the Nazis's "hypocri[sy]" — was just one picture shown during "an entire week about the Nazis." (P. Young Trial Test. at 266-67).

Smith admitted that all of the nude images displayed in his classroom were of females. (Smith Trial Test. at 8).

In addition to these offensive images, M. Young asserts that Smith's in-class comments manifested disrespect of women. According to her:

• He voiced that he "didn't believe women should be president because [they] get [their] monthly visitor each month." (M. Young Trial Test. at 179).

• He "commented [that] cars in the 1920s [were] prostitution on wheels" and showed an illustrative cartoon — entitled "Flaming Youth" — drawn by artist John Held, a well-known magazine illustrator of the 1920s. (Id.) (the cartoon is described in n. 19 infra).

• He explained that the flapper of the 1920s was a woman who "drank, ... smoked, [and had] sex when she want[ed] it." (Id. at 179). The "comments about drinking and sex were not appropriate," according to M. Young, although she admitted that more liberal attitudes towards drinking and sex were aspects of the changing societal role of women "to an extent." (Id. at 206-07).

• Making a comparison with the popular standard of beauty typified by the "Gibson Girl" of the early twentieth century, Smith "discussed Victoria's Secret models and pushup bras," asking students if they thought one model's "breasts were firm enough," and inquiring generally "what the ideal woman would be for the men in the class" and "what the ideal size of a breast should be," reporting that "a boy in another class said that one handful was enough." (Id. at 179; P. Young Trial Test. at 248-49). He asked the female students if "these pushup bras [are] comfortable? Because they don't look it." (P. Young Dep. at 46).

M. Young also recalls Smith making a number of sexualized remarks:

• In connection with a lesson covering the Clinton-Lewinsky affair, Smith explained that the President reasoned "oral sex isn't sex." (M. Young Aff. ¶ 18). Smith then offered students a questionable homework assignment: "go home and have oral sex and make sure [your] parents [are] watching." (Id. at 179, 213-15).

• He "talked about glow-in-the-dark condoms and seeing in the dark while having sex." (Id. at 179).

• He distributed (to a course e-mail list) an article "about HIV and AIDS," which reported that it is "not as easy to get as you think," and which discussed unprotected sex. (Id. at 181).

• He directly asked M. Young "what [she] was wearing during a pillow fight, if [she] was in [her] underwear."10 (Id. at 179; Pl.'s Facts 2013 ¶ 20).

Finally, M. Young also recalls Smith remarking on his personal sexual history:

• He "talked about how he would skip class to bang the cheerleader in college." (Id. at 179).

• He "talked about a girl who slept around at school with all of his guy friends and he knew about it and ... he didn't want to stick his where all theirs was." (Id. at 179).

• He recommended and then supplied a copy of his autobiographical "Memoirs of a Class President" to M. Young (and six other students) with the intent that she would read the unpublished manuscript to partially fulfill Pennsylvania System of School Assessment course reading requirements. (Id. at 182; M. Young Dep. at 22). M. Young requested a copy "because students said that they started reading it and it seemed really good, so I thought, okay, it might be worth a shot," but she was disappointed.11 (M. Young Trial Test. at 182). Page six of Smith's "Memoirs" included a particularly bothersome passage — "I didn't like the guy I caught my mom having sex with. He was planning to marry her and move us to Stroudsburg. I was ten years old and pissed off at the world." (Id. at 184). The manuscript, which is 739 pages long, features a number of salacious passages, but M. Young put the book down early on when she "noticed something was weird about it" and nowhere avers that she learned of them while she was in Smith's course.12 (Id. at 201; M. Young Dep. at 22).

In general, M. Young claimed of her experience in Smith's course: "[I]t always came back to women. It was always degrading women." (M. Young Trial Test. at 180).

M. Young's parents brought some of Smith's materials and methods to the attention of Pleasant Valley administrators on March 8, 2007.13 (See Pl.'s Ex. 28a, ECF No. 467-6). After an investigation, Smith was suspended for thirteen days, ten without pay; administrators began previewing his lesson plans; his class sessions were monitored (although M. Young disputes the adequacy of the monitoring); and he received an unsatisfactory evaluation for the year. (Def.'s Facts ¶¶ 30-32; Pl.'s Facts 2013 ¶¶ 30-32). For the most part, these measures appear to have put a damper on Smith, but M. Young claims that he — on suspension at the end of March, 2007 — retaliated against her by having a substitute show a DVD on "the Nixon scandal and whistleblowing [i.e., Daniel Ellsberg] and if it's really worth it" (M. Young Trial Test. at 232), and the photo of Nazis burning pornography slipped past the censors on April 20, 2007. (W. Young Trial Test. at 410). The Young's filed their lawsuit at the beginning of May, 2007.

All of this evidence was before Chief Judge Kane when she concluded that, "[u]pon a review of all of the evidence of alleged sexually offending material and resolving all doubts in favor of Plaintiff, the Court cannot find that Defendant Smith's actions meet the high legal standard for a sexually hostile educational environment." (Ct. Mem. & Order in re New Trial at 26). In the view of Chief Judge Kane, "the totality of the allegations, even viewed out of context and in a light most favorable to Plaintiff, d[id] not reasonably support a finding that the environment was `permeated with discriminatory intimidation, ridicule, and insult,' such that it changed the terms and conditions of Plaintiff's education." (Id. at 31).

(b) Evidence Introduced by M. Young after Trial

In response to Smith's motion for partial summary judgment, M. Young had the opportunity to proffer additional evidence of a sexually hostile classroom environment. To this end, she offered by way of affidavit that:

• Smith gave an off-color example of the supposed implications of communism: "When we were discussing communism,... [Smith] used two guys in the class and asked[,] `[H]ow would you like to swap girlfriends for the night'? Under communism what's yours is mine and what's mine is yours. [He was] [t]reating girls like an object. And then [he] said, `Oh, is one girl not hot enough, how about if I throw in two cases of beer?'" (M. Young. Dep. at 37; M. Young Aff. ¶¶ 13-14).17

In further support of her position, M. Young offered as exhibits Smith's Powerpoint slides related to flappers,18 the social impact of the automobile,19 and the opening of "Storyville" in New Orleans. (Ex. 80, ECF No. 467-12). She also offered Smith's Clinton/Lewinsky-related Powerpoint slide20 and gave another example of Smith's too-graphic description of the affair.21 A final slide appears to include overarching questions Smith expected or hoped students would consider in relation to his course: "Smith, how are you gonna relate history to my world? Why does any of this matter to me? Who the hell do I believe? What can be done about anything? How did this whole mess begin? Does ... 1/3 of the world really hate us? Why are people so f***** stupid?!"22

M. Young's response to Smith's motion is also noteworthy for what it did not include. She submitted no evidence to dispute Smith's testimony regarding the context in which Tate-LaBianca crime scene photos were shown.23 (Smith Trial Test. at 616; Pl.'s Facts 2013 ¶ 9). She submitted no evidence to dispute that Smith showed the photos of the Gein victims in the context of a lesson communicating that the 1950s were "not as `sanitary' as `Leave It to Beaver' or Happy Days' would suggest."24 (Def.'s Facts ¶ 12; Pl.'s Facts 2013 ¶ 12). Likewise, in relation to Smith's questionable Clinton/Lewinsky-related homework assignment, M. Young admitted that Smith discussed President Clinton's quibbling over sex versus oral sex and submitted no evidence to dispute that "Smith told [students] to go home and have oral sex in front of their parents" so that students would see "if their parents would say `that's okay because it's not sex.'"25 (Def.'s Facts ¶ 13; Pl.'s Facts 2013 ¶ 13). She submitted no evidence to dispute that "Smith discussed Victoria's Secret and push-up bras in the context of the pressures American society places on women and has placed on women throughout the twentieth century," or to dispute that the discussion also touched on Barbie Dolls and Marilyn Monroe.26 (Def.'s Facts ¶ 16-17; Pl.'s Facts 2013 ¶ 16-17; Smith Trial Test. at 628-). Instead of submitting specific facts disputing the context in which she experienced Smith's speech, M. Young merely reiterated her opinion that Smith's speech was inappropriate, asserted that his lessons departed from the curriculum, and reckoned that Smith was motivated by a desire to discuss sex rather than by bona fide educational objectives. These facts are deemed admitted for the purposes of this motion pursuant to Fed. R.Civ.P. 56(e)(2).

IV. Discussion

(a) The Court Agrees that M. Young's Trial Evidence was Insufficient as a Matter of Law on her § 1983 Claim

Since the Court agrees with Chief Judge Kane's thoughtful consideration of the trial evidence (Ct. Mem. & Order in re New Trial at 21-33), as well as her conclusion that "the totality of the allegations, even viewed out of context and in a light most favorable to Plaintiff, do not reasonably support" M. Young's § 1983 claim against Smith, the Court will only revisit the issues considered by Chief Judge Kane summarily (and as necessary thereafter).

To M. Young's assertion that Chief Judge Kane's analysis "was a product of her assessment of Defendant Smith's credibility and believability" (Pl.'s Opp'n Br., May 24, 2013, ECF No. 467 at 42-48) (hereinafter, "Pl.'s Opp'n Br."), the Court can only reply that this ignores the plain import of Chief Judge Kane's words. In any case, to the extent Chief Judge Kane adverted to Smith's testimony in discussing the context of his speech, in only two instances does M. Young genuinely dispute that context,27 and the Court will resolve the dispute in M. Young's favor for purposes of this motion (as the Court believes Chief Judge Kane did in the first place).

These two instances aside, the statement of facts supra, which is based on the Youngs's own testimony, admissions, and exhibits, fully supports Chief Judge Kane's view that the images (i.e., photos of Manson's and Gein's victims; Nazi's burning pornography) shown by Smith "ha[d] historical value" in the context of his course (Ct. Mem. & Order in re New Trial at 26-27), and that a number of Smith's questionable comments (i.e., comments respecting Clinton/Lewinsky, flappers, the automobile, women's body image, Manson and Gein) were expressed in the context of making observations about history and society (Id. at 29-30), while other comments and materials (references to personal sexual exploits and glow-in-the-dark condoms; Smith's "Memoirs") were only tangentially relevant or unarguably irrelevant to Smith's Twentieth Century History course (Id. at 28-31).28 Considering the totality of images and comments M. Young found troubling, Chief Judge Kane concluded, no reasonable jury could conclude that Smith created a sexually hostile classroom environment.

In reaching this conclusion, the relationship between Smith's speech and defensible course content was important to Chief Judge Kane because "the Court [was] wary of the chilling effect of subjecting legitimate — or even borderline — decisions regarding curriculum to routine federal judicial review." (Id. at 31). Ultimately, as summarized by Chief Judge Kane:

(Id. at 32). The Court agrees with the Chief Judge that, with or without Smith's testimony, no reasonable person who experienced Smith's questionable classroom speech (as reflected in the trial evidence construed in M. Young's favor) could have considered it so sexually hostile or abusive that she was disadvantaged (relative to the opposite sex) in her ability to benefit from the edifying aspects of a semester in his Twentieth Century History course. See Oncale v. Sundowner Offshore Serv., Inc., 523 U.S. 75, 80, 118 S.Ct. 998, 140 L.Ed.2d 201 (1998) (quoting Harris v. Forklift Sys., Inc., 510 U.S. 17, 25, 114 S.Ct. 367, 126 L.Ed.2d 295 (1993)) (Ginsburg, J., concurring) ("`The critical issue, Title VII's text indicates, is whether members of one sex are exposed to disadvantageous terms or conditions of employment to which members of the other sex are not exposed.'").29

(b) Even Considering the Evidence Newly Introduced by M. Young, Summary Judgment in Smith's Favor is Warranted

Before the Court determines whether M. Young's post-trial evidence (considered cumulatively with the evidence Chief Judge Kane found inadequate) introduces a genuine dispute of material fact in relation to her § 1983 claim, the Court stresses that M. Young's claim is based completely on Smith's classroom expression. Taking notice of the classroom context is of paramount importance to understanding a reasonable person's experience of the images and statements M. Young found so troubling. See Oncale, 523 U.S. at 81-82, 118 S.Ct. 998 (the hostile environment "inquiry requires careful consideration of the social context in which particular behavior occurs and is experienced by its target.... The real social impact of workplace behavior often depends on a constellation of surrounding circumstances, expectations, and relationships which are not fully captured by a simple recitation of the words used or the physical acts performed.").

Smith taught a course in Twentieth Century History, "a subject that," Chief Judge Kane recognized, "is fraught with complex, and at times uncomfortable, questions of race, religion, violence, and also sex and sexuality." (Ct. Mem. & Order in re New Trial at 31). More broadly, "free speech rights apply in the classroom," and federal anti-discrimination laws are "not [intended] to regulate the content of speech"; they must, rather, be applied "so as to protect academic freedom and [the] free speech rights" of "students and teachers."30 U.S. Dept. of Educ., Office for Civil Rights, Revised Sexual Harassment Guidance: Harassment of Students By School Employees, Other Students, or Third Parties (Title IX) 22 (2001) (hereinafter "Revised Sexual Harrassment Guidance"). Needless to say, offensive speech is generally protected. See Sypniewski v. Warren Hills Reg'l Bd. of Educ., 307 F.3d 243, 265 (3d Cir.2002) ("As a general matter, protecting expression that gives rise to ill will — and nothing more — is at the core of the First Amendment"). See also "First Amendment: Dear Colleague" letter from the Assistant Secretary of the Office of Civil Rights of the Department of Education, ED.gov, (July 28, 2003), http://www2.ed.gov/about/offices/list/ocr/firstamend.html ("Harassment, however, to be prohibited by the statutes within OCR's jurisdiction, must include something beyond the mere expression of views, words, symbols or thoughts that some person finds offensive.").

Two decisions from the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit are useful for illustrating the unique complex of values, interests, and understandings that govern the classroom context where Smith's expression took place. The first, Cohen v. San Bernardino Valley Coll., 92 F.3d 968 (9th Cir.1996), a case cited with approval in the U.S. Department of Education's Revised Sexual Harrassment Guidance (at 22 n. 116), involved a female student's claim that her English professor had violated her community college's31 sexual harassment policy, which prohibited "verbal, written, or physical conduct of a sexual nature ... [that] has the purpose or effect of unreasonably interfering with an individual's academic performance or creating an intimidating, hostile, or offensive learning environment," Cohen, 92 F.3d at 971. The student was offended "by Cohen's repeated focus on topics of a sexual nature, his use of profanity and vulgarities, and by his comments which she believed were directed intentionally at her and other female students in a humiliating and harassing manner." Id. at 970. Cohen's speech included beginning "a class discussion on the issue of pornography and play[ing] the `devil's advocate' by asserting controversial viewpoints"; assigning "provocative essays such as Jonathan Swift's `A Modest Proposal' and discuss[ing] subjects such as obscenity, cannibalism, and consensual sex with children in a `devil's advocate' style"; "stat[ing] in class that he wrote for Hustler and Playboy magazines and [reading] some articles out loud in class"; and assigning an essay in which student were required to "defin[e] pornography." Id. The college agreed with the student that Cohen had violated its sexual harassment policy and sanctioned Cohen; the district court held that the college had not violated his First Amendment rights in doing so.

The Ninth Circuit reversed. Conceding that Cohen "use[d] a confrontational teaching style designed to shock his students" by discussing "controversial" and "provocative" issues, employing "vulgarities and profanity in the classroom," and "plac[ing] substantial emphasis on topics of a sexual nature," the Ninth Circuit held that the college's sexual harrassment policy was "simply too vague as applied to Cohen." Id. at 972. The Ninth Circuit was especially concerned that "the College, on an entirely ad hoc basis, applied the [sexual harassment] Policy's nebulous outer reaches to punish teaching methods that Cohen had used for many years," and which "had apparently been considered pedagogically sound and within the bounds of teaching methodology permitted at the College" before Cohen was punished. Id.

In a second case, Monteiro v. Tempe Union High Sch. Dist., 158 F.3d 1022 (9th Cir.1998), an African-American student claimed she was discriminated against when the required reading in her high school English course included Twain's The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn and Faulkner's A Rose for Emily, each of which includes frequent use (over 200 times in Huckleberry Finn) of the word n***** — "the most noxious racial epithet in the contemporary American lexicon" — to refer to African-Americans. Id. at 1024, 1029, 1034. The student sought removal of the works from the curriculum's mandatory reading list. Id. at 1026.

In holding that "the requirement that students read books that were determined by the appropriate school authorities to have educational value" could not form the basis for a discrimination suit under the Equal Protection Clause and Title VI, the Ninth Circuit was guided by its concern that such suits would "severely restrict" the First Amendment rights of students to receive material that the "school board or other educational authority determines to be of legitimate educational value." Id. at 1028. The mechanism by which restriction would occur would be the "the threat of future litigation" against schools and school officials, which "would inevitably lead many ... to `buy their peace' by avoiding the use of books or other materials that express messages — or simply use terms — that could be argued to cause harm to a group of students." Id. at 1029. The Ninth Circuit noted that the "range of literary products that might be considered injurious or offensive" to various groups is "extremely wide — if not unlimited." Id. at 1030. As a result,

Id. Moreover, by removing books from the curriculum, school authorities "would likely be vulnerable to First Amendment actions brought by students desiring to study those books .... Schools could be caught between those seeking to remove Huckleberry Finn and those seeking to study it." Id. at 1030-31. Finally, the Ninth Circuit reasoned that courts were simply the wrong forum for legitimate debates about the appropriateness of course materials — "[s]uch judgments are ordinarily best left to school boards and educational officials charged with educating young people and determining which education materials are appropriate for which students, and under what circumstances." Id. at 1031-32.32

This Court gleans a number of principles from these decisions. First, as recognized in Cohen, the law of "hostile environments" is a blunt instrument to apply to classroom speech that colorably serves pedagogical goals. The spectrum of "pedagogically sound" teaching styles is broad, and unorthodox methods should not be ensnared by the "nebulous outer reaches" of the law.33 In this regard the Court notes that creating pointed discomfort — or, put differently, a "hostile environment" — for pupils is a bona fide pedagogical approach that a simplistic application Title VII addresses inadequately. One need look no further than this case, where in support of her claim M. Young testified that Smith's lecture on the Gibson Girl, Victoria's Secret Models, Marilyn Monroe, Barbie Dolls, and his associated comments on sagging breasts and the uncomfortable appearance of push-up bras made M. Young feel "[in]adequate," and "horrible" because it caused her to "look around and compare [her]self to everyone else constantly, more self-aware and just thinking about [her] body image more and more." (M. Young Trial Test. at 179-80; Def.'s Facts ¶ 16-17; Pl.'s Facts 2013 ¶ 16-17; M. Young Aff. ¶ 26).

But creating that discomfort could be precisely the point in the context of what was admittedly a lesson raising the issue of whether American society has placed unrealistic, unnecessary, and unhealthy pressures on women historically and today. Having created such discomfort does not constitute evidence of a sexually hostile environment just because the attempt at "consciousness raising" did not succeed in moving students to the point where they, having recognized their shackles, shook off the chains.34

Second, applying Title VII to instruction in the arts, humanities and social sciences without giving due regard to the "classroom [being] peculiarly the `marketplace of ideas,'" Keyishian v. Bd. of Regents of Univ. of State of N.Y., 385 U.S. 589, 603, 87 S.Ct. 675, 17 L.Ed.2d 629 (1967), will eliminate much that is valuable in education. Even the threat of litigation promises to stifle the employment of innovative, challenging, and stimulating classroom material and methods, and is likely to distort the presentation of any course of study that explores diverse ways of life and conflicting viewpoints. A teacher less dedicated to the quality of the curriculum than wary of avoiding lawsuits might altogether omit lessons on, for example, flappers — or present flappers as something less than they were — rather than guess the point at which a student will decide when the subject has been discussed excessively (see M. Young Trial Test. at 206 (Q: "So it was okay to talk about flappers?" A: "Not as much as it was in the classroom.")), or that certain aspects of the flapper lifestyle were "not appropriate" for class discussion (id. at 207 (Q: "He talked too much about flappers. Is that what you're saying?" A: "The comments about drinking and sex were not appropriate. I feel like it could have been addressed in a more appropriate manner.")).

Third, not giving due regard to the nature of pedagogical decisionmaking puts teachers in a bind, with the possibility that they will embroil themselves and their institutions in litigation initiated by students seeking to eliminate course materials and methods on one side, and students claiming the right to learn from them on the other. See also Seyfried v. Walton, 668 F.2d 214, 218-19 (3d Cir.1981) (Rosenn, J., concurring) (recognizing the "right of students to challenge on first amendment grounds actions of school officials which circumscribe the range of ideas to which students are exposed."). Again, one need look no further than this case — where Smith was admittedly a very popular, respected teacher (Pl.'s Facts 2013 ¶ 1; M. Young Trial Test. at 209; M. Young Dep. at 19) whose students nearly unanimously rallied in his support when M. Young's allegations were publicized35 — to recognize the reality of this possibility. As another Pleasant Valley parent whose daughter was in Smith's course testified at trial (under subpoena, to defense counsel's question — "Why did you send an e-mail to [the Pleasant Valley principal]?"): "I was really upset by the fact that one parent [i.e., the Youngs] could decide what the teaching of the other 200 kids should be and that Mr. Smith was a great teacher." (Dalmas Trial Test. at 574).

Finally, in all but extraordinary circumstances, teachers, administrators and school boards (with the assistance of parents and pupils), as opposed to litigants, judges, and juries, are the proper decisionmakers when it comes to the appropriateness of classroom materials and methods, as well as the level of freedom teachers with different interests and abilities are permitted in the classroom. See also Sypniewski, 307 F.3d at 267 (quoting Hazelwood Sch. Dist. v. Kuhlmeier, 484 U.S. 260, 273, 108 S.Ct. 562, 98 L.Ed.2d 592 (1988)) ("the education of the Nation's youth is primarily the responsibility of parents, teachers, and state and local school officials, and not of federal judges"); Epperson v. State of Arkansas, 393 U.S. 97, 104, 89 S.Ct. 266, 21 L.Ed.2d 228 (1968) ("By and large, public education in our Nation is committed to the control of state and local authorities. Courts do not and cannot intervene in the resolution of conflicts which arise in the daily operation of school systems and which do not directly and sharply implicate basic constitutional values."); Seyfried, 668 F.2d at 217 (quoting Epperson, 393 U.S. at 104, 89 S.Ct. 266) (affirming school authorities's decision where it did not "`directly and sharply implicate'" First Amendment rights of students).

Indeed in Smith's case, prompted by a March 8, 2007 meeting with M. Young's parents, Pleasant Valley investigated Smith's conduct and by March 15, 2007 concluded that Smith, among other things, had provided students with "inappropriate reading material [i.e., his "Memoirs"]," that included "profanity, sexual and drinking experiences [sic] and foul language," and that "failed to follow the social studies reading initiative" and had "no link to the curriculum," and that Smith also took "inappropriate literal liberties in developing and referencing events in history," even if the references related to "time periods in the curriculum." (Pl.'s Ex., ECF No. 467-6 (Smith's "inappropriate literal liberties" related to his overly graphic descriptions of Manson Family's activities and the Clinton-Lewinsky affair)). Smith was suspended a total of thirteen days, ten without pay; administrators previewed his lesson plans and subjected his classes to monitoring (although M. Young disputes whether the monitoring was adequate); and he received an "unsatisfactory" evaluation for the school year. (Def.'s Facts ¶¶ 30-32; Pl.'s Facts ¶¶ 30-32).

A jury in this case would act as a sort of `super school board' with the power to enhance — based on jurors's views of proper course subject matter — the sanctions imposed on Smith by Pleasant Valley's administrators.36 Unsurprisingly, portions of the previous trial read like debates over the proper makeup of a Twentieth Century History course curriculum.37

Collectively, these principles govern the specific context in which M. Young experienced Smith's speech. Guided by them and the notion that "[t]he real social impact of ... behavior often depends on a constellation of surrounding circumstances, expectations, and relationships which are not fully captured by a simple recitation of the words used or the physical acts performed," Oncale v. Sundowner Offshore Serv., Inc., 523 U.S. 75, 81-82, 118 S.Ct. 998, 140 L.Ed.2d 201 (1998), the Court holds that no reasonable person in M. Young's shoes could experience Smith's speech — to the extent that it bore a colorable relationship to understanding aspects of Twentieth Century History over the course of a semester — as having contributed significantly to the creation of a sexually hostile classroom environment.38 To hold otherwise — that is, to hold that students may expect that much of what society values in education generally, and modern history education in particular, can be bought at a price less than students's provocation or offense — would be to ignore the nature of democratic education in a pluralistic society, and would result in the replacement of decisionmaking by educators with decisionmaking of an inexpert Court. The Court believes that its holding in this regard demonstrates the appropriate exercise of judicial restraint.

Smith's speech bearing a colorable relationship to the curriculum includes much of the evidence considered by Chief Judge Kane, see supra Section IV.(a), as well as certain averments in M. Young's post-trial affidavit: Smith's overly vivid recounting of Manson Family member Sexy Sadie's exploits; his comment on "women's breasts ... sag[ging] halfway down their chests as they age" in the context of discussing the Gibson Girl and other icons of female beauty; and his discussion of FDR's mistress.

M. Young argues strenuously that the intent behind this expression — which includes much of what M. Young found most troubling in his classroom — was Smith's alleged desire to demean women and discuss sex, but that does not alter the Court's holding that no reasonable person in M. Young's shoes could experience the speech as significantly hostile or abusive, since the very same speech could be justified by legitimate educational objectives and advance a student's understanding of Twentieth Century History. At the very least, Smith's expression falls within the "breathing room" that must be allowed in the classroom in order not to stifle speech of value. Rosenbloom v. Metromedia, Inc., 415 F.2d 892, 894 (3d Cir.1969) ("First Amendment guarantees must be applied broadly lest they suffocate for lack of breathing room"). For much the same reason, M. Young's objection that Smith strayed from what she understood to be the Twentieth Century History curriculum is of little moment. Departing from the curriculum is cause for professional discipline; it does not necessarily violate the United States Constitution, and so long as the Smith's speech could be incorporated into a bona fide Twentieth Century History course curriculum, the Court cannot hold that M. Young could experience it as significantly hostile or abusive.

This leaves the Court to consider Smith's speech that was not colorably connected to his history course. Construing the evidence in M. Young's favor, this includes Smith's:

Taking up the analysis of this speech (considered cumulatively with, and in relation to, Smith's speech related to Twentieth Century History), the Court first notes what is not at issue. See Gleason v. Mesirow Fin., Inc., 118 F.3d 1134, 1145 (7th Cir.1997) ("[W]e think it important to take into account what [defendant] did not do"). The record before the Court reveals that Smith never touched M. Young or any other student in a sexual manner. He did not ask her or any other student to have sex with him, or even suggest the possibility. He did not display pornography, see supra n. 29, except for two diminutive images from the first half of the 20th century within a larger image that foregrounded fully-dressed Nazis. M. Young's claim is completely based on Smith's in-class lectures and his distribution of reading materials, the most offensive of which Chief Judge Kane found consisted "mostly [of] stories about a young child coping with moving to a new school and finding a father figure." (Ct. Mem. & Order in re New Trial at 32).

That said, construing the facts in M. Young's favor, Smith did disparage women's intelligence and abilities, as well as discuss sex and topics with sexual overtones, and it is well settled sexual innuendo and "pervasive use of derogatory and insulting terms relating to women generally and addressed to female employees personally may serve as evidence of a hostile environment." Andrews v. City of Philadelphia, 895 F.2d 1469, 1485 (3d Cir.1990).

Nevertheless, the Court holds that a reasonable person in M. Young's shoes would not find Smith's questionable speech so sexually hostile or abusive that she was disadvantaged (relative to the opposite sex) in her ability to benefit from the edifying aspects of a semester in Smith's Twentieth Century History course.

The Court reaches this conclusion largely because, in all but one instance, M. Young was never the target of Smith's comments, and his generalized comments were directed to a classroom of students, not to her (or any other student, apparently) individually. Andrews contemplates the plaintiff's cognizance of offensive statements "relating to women generally and addressed to female employees personally,"41 id. at 1485 (emphasis added), and the caselaw shows that courts generally take the view that statements either not addressed to the plaintiff individually, or not about the plaintiff, are less significant contributors to a hostile environment. See Caver v. City of Trenton, 420 F.3d 243, 263 (3d Cir.2005) (citing Heitzman v. Monmouth Cnty. 321 N.J.Super. 133, 728 A.2d 297, 304-305 (1999) for the proposition that "[A] derogatory comment about another person generally does not have the same sting as an ethnic slur directed at a minority group member."); Paris v. Christiana Care Visiting Nurse Ass'n, 197 F.Supp.2d 111, 117-19 (D.Del.2002) (comments to plaintiff were "not severe in an objective sense" because they were not about plaintiff; explicit comment about Monica Lewinsky was "directed at Ms. Lewinsk[y], not [plaintiff]"); Gautney v. Amerigas Propane, 107 F.Supp.2d 634, 644 (E.D.Pa. 2000) (emphasis added) (although co-worker "discussed the size of his sex organs and his escapades with other women," court noted that "[u]nlike other cases involving hostile work environments, there is no evidence here that [plaintiff] was subjected to extensive inquiries into her sex life or that comments were made about her physical sexual anatomy"); Cooper-Nicholas v. City of Chester, 1997 WL 799443, *4 (E.D.Pa. Dec. 30 1997) (granting summary judgment for defendant, noting "Cooper — Nicholas has submitted no evidence that the comments were made to her directly or that she was the subject of those comments."); Gleason, 118 F.3d at 1145 ("the impact of `second-hand harassment' is obviously not as great as the impact of harassment directed at the plaintiff"). Discounting the offensiveness of speech that is not targeted makes sense because the Supreme Court in Harris v. Forklift Sys., Inc., 510 U.S. 17, 114 S.Ct. 367, 126 L.Ed.2d 295 (1993), referred to a continuum of defendants's behavior ranging in seriousness from that which is "physically threatening or humiliating" to "a mere offensive utterance," and speech that is not targeted is, without more, the latter. Id. at 22, 114 S.Ct. 367. Cf. Jennings v. Univ. of North Carolina, 482 F.3d 686, 695-98 (4th Cir.2007) (defendant coach serially "singled out individual players to find out whether, with whom, an how often they were having sex," which "provoked in several players acute feelings of humiliation and degradation that were directly linked to their gender").

Moreover, in the circumstances of this case, where Smith's comments were generally directed towards an audience and did not single out students, the First Amendment limits the scope of the law of hostile environments. "Harassment law generally targets conduct, and it sweeps in speech as harassment only when consistent with the First Amendment." Rodriguez v. Maricopa Cnty. Cmty. Coll. Dist., 605 F.3d 703, 710 (9th Cir.2010) (Kozinski, J.) (the Honorable Sandra Day O'Connor, retired Associate Justice of the Supreme Court, sat on the Rodriguez three-judge panel by designation). When speech is directed at an audience and does not single out audience members, it is least likely to be offensive because of its non-expressive aspects (if any), and most likely to be offensive because of its message. See id. See also Saxe v. State Coll. Area Sch. Dist., 240 F.3d 200, 208 (3d Cir.2001) (Alito, J.) (reasoning from R.A.V. v. City of St. Paul, 505 U.S. 377, 112 S.Ct. 2538, 120 L.Ed.2d 305 (1992), "that government may constitutionally prohibit speech whose non-expressive qualities promote discrimination," and giving the example of "a supervisor's statement `sleep with me or you're fired,' which "may be proscribed not on the ground of any expressive idea that the statement communicates, but rather because it facilitates the threat of discriminatory conduct.""); DeJohn v. Temple Univ., 537 F.3d 301, 317 (3d Cir.2008) (noting that speech on "gender politics and sexual morality" is "core" political speech). M. Young's claim is explicitly based on her dislike of what Smith expressed and how he expressed it, not on the non-expressive aspects of his speech.

In addition to not being targeted, Smith's comments about his sexual past and sexual matters generally were tepid in comparison with defendants who have said much worse, and much more frequently, and have nevertheless been granted summary judgment in their favor. See Hancock v. Barron Builders & Mgmt. Co., Inc., 523 F.Supp.2d 571, 574 (S.D.Tex. 2007) (allegations that defendant, on an at least weekly basis over a 3-5 month period, sometimes several times each week, "described the use of sex toys and demonstrated which sexual positions he preferred; discussed the sexual relations he had with his wife, often referring to her in demeaning terms; talked about videotaping his sexual encounters; talked about the number of sex partners he had and the occasions on which he had sex; graphically described situations in which he date-raped women in college; once, asked for an opinion on Hispanics as sex partners"). Again, it makes sense for courts to view a defendant's non-directed discussion of sex, either in the abstract or engaged in with other people (i.e., not the plaintiff), as less serious in that such speech is generally "merely tinged with offensive sexual connotations," not "discrimina[tion] ... because of ... sex." See Oncale v. Sundowner Offshore Serv., Inc., 523 U.S. 75, 81, 118 S.Ct. 998, 140 L.Ed.2d 201 (1998). The Court agrees with M. Young that a number of Smith's comments in this regard were inappropriate, but they did not create a sexually hostile environment.

The one instance in which M. Young alleges she was addressed personally, when it comes down to it, was relatively innocuous. Smith allegedly asked her if she was pillow-fighting in her underwear. There is no allegation that Smith was using this query as a segue to more explicit conversation. The most M. Young can say of the comment is that Smith "did not say it sarcastically but rather to get me to tell him about whether I was in my underwear." (M. Young Aff. ¶ 31). But it is simply not that troubling to have to admit or deny (to the extent M. Young felt coerced) that a non-sexual activity such as pillow-fighting was performed in underwear.

Smith's most unfortunate comments are those that disparage women's intelligence and abilities. But these comments were few and far between and could not have bothered M. Young terribly. See Faragher v. City of Boca Raton, 524 U.S. 775, 788, 118 S.Ct. 2275, 141 L.Ed.2d 662 (1998) (teasing, offhand comments, and isolated incidents (unless extremely serious) will not amount to discriminatory changes in the terms and conditions of employment). She was living proof of their falsity: a respected member of her church and one of the best students at Pleasant Valley, with a bright future ahead at one of our nation's finest universities.

It is regrettable that M. Young's experience in Bruce Smith's Twentieth Century History was neither as she anticipated or desired. Be that as it may, the Court holds that no reasonable jury considering the totality of the circumstances could find that Mr. Smith sexually harassed her.

V. Conclusion

For the foregoing reasons, the Court grants defendant Smith's motion for partial summary judgment on M. Young's Section 1983 claim.