United States Court of Appeals
                       For the First Circuit

No. 05-2762

  EZRA CHARITABLE TRUST, MIRROR MANAGEMENT, LTD., ROBERT BOVIT,

                      Plaintiffs, Appellants,

                                 v.

            TYCO INTERNATIONAL, LTD., EDWARD D. BREEN,
       DAVID J. FITZPATRICK, PRICEWATERHOUSECOOPERS, LLP.,

                       Defendants, Appellees.


          APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

                 FOR THE DISTRICT OF NEW HAMPSHIRE

          [Hon. Paul J. Barbadoro, U.S. District Judge]


                               Before

              Selya, Lipez, and Howard, Circuit Judges.



     Kenneth J. Vianale, with whom Vianale & Vianale LLP, Biron L.
Bedard and Cook & Molan, P.A. were on brief, for appellants.
     Francis P. Barron, with whom Stephen S. Madsen, Cravath,
Swaine & Moore LLP, Edward A. Haffer and Sheehan, Phinney, Bass &
Green, were on brief for appellees, Tyco International LTD., Edward
D. Breen and David J. Fitzpatrick.
     Michael P. Carroll, with whom Michael S. Flynn, Davis Polk &
Wardwell, Arnold Rosenblatt, Cook, Little, Rosenblatt & Manson,
P.L.L.C., Christian M. Hoffman, Lisa C. Wood and Foley Hoag LLP
were on brief, for appellee PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP.



                         September 27, 2006
               HOWARD, Circuit Judge. Plaintiffs Ezra Charitable Trust,

Mirror Management, Ltd., and Robert Bovit brought this action

pursuant to Sections 10(b) and 20(a) of the Securities Exchange Act

of 1934, 15 U.S.C. §§ 78j(b) and 78t(a), against defendants Tyco

International,         Ltd.,   Edward    R.    Breen    (Tyco's   chief   executive

office), David J. Fitzpatrick (Tyco's chief financial officer), and

PricewaterhouseCoopers, LLP (Tyco's auditor)("PwC"). The district

court dismissed the action as to all defendants on the ground that

the amended class action complaint did not adequately allege

scienter       under   the     Private   Securities      Litigation   Reform    Act

("PSLRA"), 15 U.S.C. § 78u-4(b), and plaintiffs appealed. We

affirm.

                                          I.

               We present the facts as set forth in the amended class

action complaint and the SEC filings relied upon in the complaint.

See Gross v. Summa Four, Inc., 

, 991 & 994 n. 6 (1st

Cir. 1996).

               The context of this action -- viz., the travails of Tyco

-- is well-known.         Plaintiffs recount at some length the reported

abuses    of    Tyco's    past    officers     and     directors,   notably   chief

executive officer Dennis Kozlowski, chief financial officer Mark

Swartz, chief corporate counsel Mark Belnick, and director Frank

Walsh.    In 2002, as revelations of misconduct surfaced, there was

a major shake up at Tyco.            Tyco commissioned a massive internal


                                         -2-
investigation led by the law firm of Boies Schiller & Flexner,

which was aided by various accounting firms. All told, over 15,000

attorney hours and 50,000 accountant hours were invested.1            As a

consequence, Tyco disclosed the alleged misconduct of its prior

management and made necessary accounting adjustments.          The changes

were costly, as Tyco's Form 10-K report for fiscal 2002 showed a

net loss of over nine billion dollars, a stark contrast from its

nearly four billion dollars of profit in fiscal year 2001, and over

four and a half billion dollars profit in fiscal year 2000.             As

part of Tyco's clean-up, new senior officers and directors were

appointed.     Breen was made the chief executive officer in July

2002, and Fitzpatrick was made the chief financial officer in

September 2002.

             Plaintiffs' action focuses on the initial results of the

clean-up, spanning the period between December 30, 2002 and March

12, 2003.2     Plaintiffs allege that the clean-up fell well short of

sanitizing Tyco's books, and that new management perpetuated a

fraud   in    the   accounting   for     ADT,   one   of   Tyco's   largest

subsidiaries.



1
  The scope of the investigation was broad, and included the
integrity of the company's financial statements, the possible
existence of systemic fraud, and corporate governance issues. The
investigation yielded numerous recommendations regarding Tyco's
accounting and corporate governance practices.
2
  The misconduct during the prior period is the subject of other,
ongoing class-action law suits.

                                   -3-
             Plaintiffs     allege   that     ADT,    a   provider   of    security

systems, purchased customer contracts from its authorized dealers

and accounted for the transactions in the following improper

manner.      First, ADT would ostensibly agree to purchase a customer

contract from a dealer for $1000.                    Second, the dealer would

ostensibly     agree   to   pay   ADT   $200   as     reimbursement       for   ADT's

expenses in connection with acquiring the contract (the "connection

fee").    Third, ADT would remit the $800 net amount to the dealer

(the only cash that changed hands), record the acquisition of the

contract at the full price of $1000, and record a $200 expense

offset (income).       Significantly, ADT's actual expenses related to

each contract were de minimis - $5 for a credit check - and ADT

recorded the difference ($195) as income. Plaintiffs allege that

this   was    "Alice   in   Wonderland"       accounting     because      Generally

Accepted Accounting Principles ("GAAP") require that intangible

assets such as these contracts be recorded at their actual cost

(here $805), and because no income is to be recognized under such

circumstances.     Thus, according to plaintiffs, these transactions

permitted Tyco/ADT to fraudulently overstate ADT's income and

assets.

             Plaintiffs allege that the defendants made actionable

misrepresentations in connection with these transactions.                       First,

in its 12/30/02 Form 8-K filed with the SEC, Tyco's management

disclosed the results of the internal investigation and stated that


                                        -4-
Tyco was "not aware of any systemic or significant fraud related to

the Company's financial statements or of any clear accounting

errors    that     would    materially     adversely   affect   the    Company's

reported earnings or cash flow from operations for the year 2003

and thereafter."           The Form 8-K also purported to correct ADT's

accounting, noting that to the extent the connection fee exceeded

actual    costs,    it     "should   be   deferred   and   amortized   over    the

estimated useful life of an acquired customer relationship" (ten

years). As a consequence, the Form 8-K reported that 2002 earnings

would be reduced by $135 million, and that a $185.9 million charge

to earnings would be taken to adjust income improperly recognized

in fiscal years 1999 to 2001 (a $320.9 million adjustment in all).

Tyco's Form 10-K, filed on 12/30/02, largely echoed the Form 8-K's

representations.         Notably, it stated that "new senior management

has no reason to believe that the financial statements included in

this report are not fairly stated in all material respects."               As to

ADT's contract acquisitions, the Form 10-K noted that fees received

from   dealers,     in     excess    of   actual   costs   incurred,   would    be

amortized over ten years as a "deferred credit."                 The 10-K also

included PwC's audit opinion, dated December 23, 2002, which

stated:

                    In   our   opinion,   the   accompanying
            consolidated    balance   sheets   and   related
            consolidated statements of operations, of
            shareholders' equity and of cash flows present
            fairly,    in   all   material   respects,   the
            financial position of Tyco International, Ltd.

                                          -5-
            and its subsidiaries at September 30, 2002 and
            2001, and the results of their operations and
            their cash flows for each of the three years
            in the period ended September 30, 2002, in
            conformity    with    accounting    principles
            generally accepted in the United States of
            America . . . . We conducted our audits of
            these statements in accordance with auditing
            standards generally accepted in the United
            States of America . . . .


            Plaintiffs assert that these releases contained four

fraudulent misstatements by the Tyco defendants: (1) that Tyco's

accounting had been corrected; (2) that the financial statements

fairly presented Tyco's status; (3) that all material accounting

issues, particularly those involving ADT, had been corrected; and

(4) that ADT would receive a $320.9 million revenue stream over the

next ten years.     Plaintiffs maintain that these representations

were false because there were still major problems in ADT's books,

notably that the income recognized from dealer "connection fees" to

ADT was "imaginary," and that the contracts acquired were being

recorded at an artificially inflated cost.      Plaintiffs assert that

the defendants corrected only a technical, inconsequential error --

that the "imaginary" income was being recognized too quickly

(immediately rather than over the life of the contract) -- in their

initial   restatement,   but   knowingly   permitted   more   significant

errors --   the improper recognition of income and the inflation of

asset value -- to remain unaltered.        Plaintiffs also allege that




                                   -6-
PwC, knowing of the errors in ADT's books, nonetheless wrongfully

issued a "clean" audit opinion.

            Plaintiffs allege that the fraud was brought to light in

March 2003, when Tyco essentially admitted the fraud in a press

release and subsequent Form 10-Q.             In a March 12, 2003 press

release, Tyco stated that, pursuant to ongoing discussions with the

SEC, it expected "to take non-cash, pre-tax charges between $265

million and $325 million for issues identified primarily in [ADT]."

Tyco also announced that the president of ADT, Jerry Boggess, and

other senior ADT managers, had been fired.                Tyco stock dropped

significantly     on   the    news.      Plaintiffs     say   that    defendants

acknowledged in their 3/31/03 Form 10-Q that they had been in

ongoing discussions with the SEC about their accounting for the

dealer   fees   and    were   changing   their     accounting   for    the   non-

refundable dealer charges to treat them properly as a reduction in

ADT's costs in acquiring the contracts.3

            Plaintiffs also allege that Tyco falsely attributed the

March    2003   accounting    corrections     to    a   then-recently     issued

accounting requirement from the Financial Accounting Standards

Board's Emerging Issues Task Force ("EITF") -- EITF 02-16 -- which

had nothing to do with the relevant accounting issue.                 Plaintiffs



3
  Plaintiffs also note that the Form 10-Q announced over $900
million in additional charges to earnings to correct various
accounting problems unearthed by "intensified . . . internal audits
and detailed controls and operating reviews . . . ."

                                      -7-
assert that the proper accounting principle is and was located in

Accounting Research Bulletin ("ARB") 43, which has been in effect

since 1953.

          Plaintiffs also emphasize the actions of PwC's audit

engagement partner for Tyco, Richard Scalzo.      The SEC, in an

Accounting and Auditing Enforcement Action dated August 13, 2003,

barred Scalzo from practicing accounting before it based on its

finding that Scalzo had violated Section 10(b) and Rule 10b-5 and

committed improper professional conduct in connection with his

audits of Tyco for fiscal years 1997-2001.   See 

(SEC Release No. 1839). Essentially, the SEC concluded that Scalzo

was on notice of prior management's misconduct, failed to take the

necessary steps required by Generally Accepted Auditing Standards

("GAAS"), and recklessly permitted PwC to issue audit reports

stating that Tyco's books had been audited according to GAAS.

          Plaintiffs assert that the Tyco defendants had two basic

motivations for the alleged fraud. First, they wished to keep Tyco

viable as a going concern.   Plaintiffs allege that Tyco had over

four billion dollars in debt coming due in early 2003, and faced

imminent bankruptcy if it failed to meet these obligations.   Their

theory is that management misstated ADT's accounting to give the

false impression that Tyco had a $320.9 million revenue stream,




                               -8-
which permitted Tyco to obtain crucial financing.4        Second, they

wanted to preserve their own lucrative positions, which included

large salaries, bonuses, and stock options. Plaintiffs allege that

the Tyco defendants highlighted their deceit by providing false

explanations for the belated correction.

            As to PwC, plaintiffs allege that PwC's audit opinion was

fraudulent because PwC knowingly failed to comply with GAAS and was

aware that Tyco's accounting was not in compliance with GAAP.

Plaintiffs state that PwC's motive was straightforward. PwC looked

the other way on Tyco's new fraud, just as it allegedly had with

past frauds, to preserve its lucrative business relationship with

Tyco.

            The district court dismissed the complaint, concluding

that    scienter   was   inadequately    alleged.   As   to   Breen   and

Fitzpatrick, the court concluded that their financial stake in

Tyco's continued viability was inadequate, standing alone, to

create a strong inference of scienter, and that the balance of the

allegations amounted to nothing more than "fraud by hindsight," as

there was no basis for concluding that Breen and Fitzgerald knew

the disputed representations were false when made.       The court also

held that, because Tyco's liability was solely derivative of



4
 Plaintiffs note that the Tyco defendants did not fully correct
ADT's accounting until after Tyco had successfully placed an over
four billion dollar bond offering and obtained a one and a half
billion dollar line of credit.

                                   -9-
Breen's and Fitzpatrick's, the claims against the corporate entity

should be dismissed.       Finally, the court concluded that PwC's

financial stake in its continued business relationship with Tyco

was inadequate to create a strong inference of scienter, and that

the remaining allegations were either too vague or pertained only

to conduct outside the class period.

                                    II.

            Plaintiffs   argue   that     the   district    court    erred   in

evaluating in isolation their allegations of scienter on the part

of   the   Tyco   defendants   rather   than    assessing   the     collective

picture.    They further contend that the court erred in failing to

appreciate the import of the alleged GAAP and GAAS violations that

PwC countenanced, as well as the relevance of PwC's past misconduct

in auditing Tyco.

            We review the allowance of the defendants' motions to

dismiss de novo.      Aldridge v. A.T. Cross Corp., 

, 78

(1st Cir. 2002).     In reviewing a motion to dismiss, we take as true

all well-pleaded allegations and draw all reasonable inferences in

the plaintiff's favor; however, we are free to "disregard bald

assertions, unsupportable conclusions, and opprobrious epithets."

In re Credit Suisse First Boston Corp., 

, 45 (1st Cir.

2005).     Moreover, we "may affirm on any independently sufficient

ground."     Badillo-Santiago v. Naveira-Merly, 

, 5 (1st

Cir. 2004).


                                   -10-
             In general, a securities fraud claim has six elements:

(1) a material misrepresentation or omission; (2) scienter; (3)

connection with the purchase or sale of a security; (4) reliance;

(5) economic loss; and (6) loss causation.                   Dura Pharma., Inc. v.

Broudo, 

, 341-42 (2005).                    Our focus here is on the

adequacy of plaintiffs' allegations of scienter.                           Scienter is

defined as "a mental state embracing intent to deceive, manipulate,

or     defraud,"     and    a    plaintiff      must      allege    that   "defendants

consciously intended to defraud, or that they acted with a high

degree of recklessness."            

.

             Under    the       PSLRA,   the    complaint      must    first   provide

detailed     pleading       about    each      of   the    statements      challenged,

including     factual      allegations       illustrating          precisely   why   the

challenged statement is misleading. Greebel v. FTP Software, Inc.,

, 193-94 (1st Cir. 1999).5                 The PSLRA also requires the

complaint to plead particular facts that give rise to a strong

(rather than merely reasonable) inference of scienter.6                              This


5
     The PSLRA provides:

        [T]he complaint shall specify each statement alleged to
        have been misleading, the reason or reasons why the
        statement is misleading, and, if an allegation is made on
        information and belief, the complaint shall state with
        particularity all facts on which that belief is formed.

15 U.S.C. § 78u-4(b)(1).

6
    As to scienter, the PSLRA states:


                                         -11-
alters the usual Rule 12(b)(6) standard, in that while the "court

continues to give all reasonable inferences to plaintiffs, those

inferences     supporting    scienter      must   be   strong   ones."       In   re

Cabletron Sys., Inc.,        

, 28 (1st Cir. 2002).

              "We have interpreted [the PSLRA scienter] provision as

demanding a recitation of facts supporting a 'highly likely'

inference that the defendant acted with the required state of

mind."     In re Stone & Webster, Inc., Sec. Litig., 

, 195

(1st Cir. 2005).      In making this assessment, we have eschewed any

reliance on a rigid pleading formula, instead "preferring to rely

on   a    'fact-specific    approach'      that   proceeds      case   by   case."

.           "Scienter allegations do not pass the

'strong inference' test when, viewed in light of the complaint as

a whole, there are legitimate explanations for the behavior that

are equally convincing."          Credit 

; see also

("The plaintiff must show that his

characterization      of    the   events    and   circumstances        as   showing

scienter is highly likely.").              Pleading "fraud by hindsight,"

essentially      making    general    allegations      "that    defendants    knew


         In any private action arising under this chapter in which
         the plaintiff may recover money damages only on proof
         that defendant acted with a particular state of mind, the
         complaint shall, with respect to each act or omission
         alleged to violate this chapter, state with particularity
         facts giving rise to a strong inference that the
         defendant acted with the required state of mind.

15 U.S.C. § 78u-4(b)(2).

                                       -12-
earlier what later turned out badly," is not sufficient.                 

(internal citation and quotation omitted).

A. Tyco defendants

            As to the Tyco defendants, the plaintiffs argue that

several factors which, taken together, establish scienter: (1) the

significant GAAP violation in ADT's accounting; (2) defendants'

false exculpatory statement that the March restatement was mandated

by   EITF   02-16;   (3)   the    close    proximity   between     the   March

restatement   and    the   purported      December   2002   correction;     (4)

defendants' knowledge of Kozlowski's relationship with Boggess and

ADT; and (5) defendants' desire to save Tyco and maintain their

lucrative positions. We conclude that the district court correctly

dismissed the claims.

            We begin with context.         The plaintiffs assert that the

district court failed to view their allegations in their entirety.

But we think it is the plaintiffs who are being myopic.            Plaintiffs

pay too little heed to the circumstances in which the alleged fraud

was taking place:     Tyco had new management, was in the midst of a

massive clean-up of fraud, and had disclosed the wrongdoing of

prior management.      We think that it is important to bear this

context in mind as we evaluate plaintiffs' claims.

            Tyco's   statements    were     not   nearly    so   absolute    as

plaintiffs present them. For example, the statement in the Form 8-

K that management was currently unaware of systemic fraud was made


                                    -13-
in the context the Form 8-K's recounting of the investigation,

prior   management's   transgressions,   and   the   impossibility   of

correcting all errors:

                   Few, if any, major companies have ever
           been subjected to the corporate governance and
           accounting scrutiny entailed in Phase 2 of the
           Boies Firm's work.       However, despite the
           extent of the Boies Firm's work, the Company
           has not sought to go back and identify every
           accounting decision and every corporate act
           over a multi-year period that was wrong or
           questionable,    or   whether   there    was   a
           preferable accounting treatment among the
           alternative treatments available under [GAAP].
           Given the size and scope of the Company's
           operations,    such   a   task,   or    anything
           approaching it, would have been impossible
           within any plausible time-frame. Moreover, in
           part   because   of   the   passage   of   time,
           documentation was not always available; the
           documentation that was available was often
           dispersed; and neither the Boies Firm nor the
           Company had the benefit of information from
           prior senior management of Tyco because the
           former    Chief   Executive    Officer,    Chief
           Financial Officer, and Chief Corporate Counsel
           have all been under criminal indictment during
           the course of this review and analysis. All
           of these factors, as well as the Company's
           past failure to document many decisions
           contemporaneously, would have limited the
           conclusions that could have been drawn
           concerning individual accounting treatments in
           any event.      Nonetheless, for the actual
           purposes of the work, as discussed above, the
           Company believes that the scope and detail of
           the   review,   and   the   documentation    and
           information available, was sufficient to reach
           the conclusions discussed below.

                  The Company is not aware of any
           systemic or significant fraud related to the
           Company's financial statements or of any clear
           accounting   errors  that   would   materially
           adversely   affect  the   Company's   reported

                                -14-
          earnings or cash flow from operations for the
          year 2003 and thereafter.          However, as
          discussed    below,   certain    instances    of
          erroneous   accounting    entries    have   been
          identified and corrected.         In addition,
          current management has concluded that, in the
          past, the Company in general suffered from
          poor documentation; inadequate policies and
          procedures to prevent the misconduct of senior
          executives     that    occurred;      inadequate
          procedures       for     proper       corporate
          authorizations; inadequate approval procedures
          and documentation; a lack of oversight by
          senior management at the corporate level; a
          pattern of using aggressive accounting that,
          even when not erroneous, was undertaken with
          the purpose and effect of increasing reported
          results above what they would have been if
          more   conservative   accounting    were   used;
          pressure on, and inducements to, segment and
          unit managers to increase current earnings,
          including by decisions as to what accounting
          treatment to employ; and a lack of stated and
          demonstrable commitment by former         senior
          corporate   management   to   set    appropriate
          standards of ethics, integrity, accounting,
          and corporate governance. . . .

          Similarly,   the   Form   10-K's   representation   that   new

management believed the financial statements were fairly stated

included the caveat:

          There can be no assurances, however, that new
          problems will not be found in the future. We
          expect to continue to improve our controls
          with each passing quarter. It will take some
          time, however, before we have in place the
          rigorous controls that our Board of Directors
          and new senior management desire and our
          shareholders deserve.

          The Form 10-K sounded other cautionary notes as well.

Under "risk factors," in addition to cautioning that continuing

negative publicity and pending litigation could have a substantial

                                -15-
negative impact on Tyco, the Form 10-K warned that more bad news

could be on the horizon:

                  We and others have received various
          subpoenas and requests from the SEC, the
          District Attorney of New York, and the U.S.
          Attorney for the District of New Hampshire and
          others seeking the production of voluminous
          documents    in   connection     with   various
          investigations      into    our     governance,
          management, operations, accounting and related
          controls.     We cannot predict when these
          investigations will be completed, nor can we
          predict    what    the    results    of   these
          investigations may be. It is possible that we
          will be required to pay material fines,
          consent to injunctions on future conduct, lose
          the   ability   to    conduct   business   with
          government instrumentalities or suffer other
          penalties, each of which could have a material
          adverse effect on our business....

          Perhaps     most    significantly,      the    Form    10-K    also

specifically cautioned about on-going review by the SEC:

                 As of the filing date of this Form 10-
          K, we continue to be engaged in a dialogue
          with the SEC's Division of Corporation
          Finance, as part of a routine review of our
          periodic filings.   While we believe that we
          have resolved the material accounting issues
          prior to filings there can be no assurance
          that the resolution of the remaining comments
          issued by the Staff will not necessitate one
          or more amendments to this or prior periodic
          reports.

Essentially, the warned-of hazard came to pass regarding ADT's

contract accounting.       See Financial Acquisition Partners LP v.

Blackwell,   

,   288-89   (5th   Cir.   2006)   ("what   [the

company] warned might happen, did indeed happen"). All told, these

cautionary statements are far more concrete, in light of Tyco's

                                   -16-
circumstances, than vague "boilerplate" warnings.          Compare Plotkin

v. IP Axess Inc., 

, 697 (5th Cir. 2005).            Moreover,

attempts to provide investors with warnings of risks generally

weaken the inference of scienter. See Geffon v. Micrion Corp., 

, 37 (1st Cir. 2001).           From this context, we proceed to

plaintiffs' specific allegations.

            As to GAAP violations, there is nothing in the complaint

supporting an inference that Breen or Fitzgerald were directly

involved in these detailed accounting matters or had knowledge of

their alleged falsity.           See Stone & 

(nothing supporting inference that senior officers were involved in

details of accounting).           While Fitzgerald, as chief financial

officer, might be expected to have some general supervisory role

over the accounting issues, he appeared on the scene only weeks

before the Form 8-K was prepared, and there is no indication that

he   was   aware    of   any   impropriety.    See   

representations in Tyco's filings were, in essence, estimations of

whether the books still contained significant errors.         Plaintiffs'

allegations fall short of establishing that these estimations were

unreasonable in light of the massive internal investigation.            See

       In sum, there are no alleged facts that strongly

suggest that the defendants knew any of the challenged statements

were false when made.          See Credit 

-50; see

also 

(no factual allegations supporting


                                     -17-
inference that individual defendants knew true value of assets or

that discount rate or credit-loss assumption was improper).

           Plaintiffs' reliance on the defendants' allegedly false

attribution of the restatement to EITF 02-16 is similarly flawed.

Obviously, evidence of conscious wrongdoing may be shown by facts

demonstrating concealment.    See generally 

.   But the allegations fall short again here.   There is simply no

basis for concluding that the individual defendants were involved

in or had personal knowledge of this detailed accounting issue.

See Stone & 

.

           Plaintiffs are correct that a short time period between

an alleged misstatement and a later disclosure of inconsistent

information may be relevant to the question of scienter.    See Shaw

v. Digital Equip. Corp., 

, 1225 (1st Cir. 1996).      In

this case, however, the timing of the correction has limited

probative value, as the change appears to have been prompted by

SEC's Division of Corporation Finance.7      The simple fact of a


7
 Plaintiffs have moved the court to take judicial notice of the
SEC's 2006 complaint against Tyco in the United States District
Court for the Southern District of New York, the subsequent consent
decree, and the final judgment entered against Tyco (collectively
the "Consent Decree"). In the Consent Decree, Tyco agreed to pay a
50 million dollar civil fine and not to contest, inter alia, that
ADT's contract accounting was wrongful. We grant the motion.
      We note that the SEC describes ADT's accounting practices
somewhat differently than do the plaintiffs. According to the SEC,
in 1997, Tyco began charging dealers a $200 connection fee when ADT
purchased their contracts while simultaneously increasing the price
ADT paid to the dealers by $200 (from $800 to $1000). Tyco then
classified this premium "paid" to the dealers a "growth bonus."

                                -18-
correction is also not particularly probative; "[p]laintiffs may

not simply seize upon disclosures made later and allege that they

should have been made earlier."   

.

          That the defendants were generally aware of Kozlowski's

relationship with Boggess also does not suffice.   It is ordinarily

not sufficient to conclusorily allege "an overarching fraudulent

scheme or corrupt environment."    Credit 

.

Similarly, that there had been issues with ADT is not enough.

"Fraud cannot be inferred simply because [a parent corporation]

might have been more curious or concerned about the activity at [a

subsidiary]."   Chill v. Gen. Elec. Co., 

, 270 (2d Cir.

1996).   Moreover, plaintiffs fail to account for both Breen's and

Fitzgerald's general unfamiliarity with Tyco.8 Indeed, the fact of


The $200 connection fee was immediately recognized as income, but
the offsetting $200 growth bonus was amortized over 10 years.
Because the connection fee and growth bonus cancelled each other
out, they did not alter the economic substance of the contract
acquisition, should not have been recognized under GAAP, and
significantly inflated Tyco's income and cash flow. The SEC noted
that Tyco terminated the connection fee and restated its operating
income and cash flow in 2003 as a result of a review by the SEC's
Division of Corporation Finance.
     Plaintiffs assert that the SEC action validates their claims,
as the SEC found the same conduct that plaintiffs challenge to be
wrongful under the securities laws. However, the Consent Decree,
in addition to being three years after the fact, is of very limited
relevance. That the SEC concluded that an ADT accounting practice,
adopted in 1997 by past Tyco officers, was wrongful, adds little to
creating a strong inference of scienter on the part of current Tyco
officers.
8
 Interestingly, Tyco noted the presence of new management
unfamiliar with Tyco in the midst of a clean up as a "Risk Factor"
in its Form 10-K:

                               -19-
Breen's and Fitzpatrick's recent arrivals, and consequent lack of

involvement   in   past   dubious     decisions,   undermines   most   of

plaintiffs' allegations.

           This brings us to plaintiffs' allegations of motive and

opportunity. "'[C]atch-all allegations' which merely assert motive

and opportunity, without something more, fail to satisfy the

PSLRA."   

.       The question becomes whether

plaintiffs have alleged "more than the usual concern by executives

to improve financial results."       

motivation alleged is Breen's and Fitzgerald's

desperation to save Tyco from bankruptcy. Plaintiffs rely on three



          In the past few months, we have replaced our senior
     management with entirely new members and our entire board
     of directors determined not to stand for reelection at
     our next annual general meeting of shareholders. It will
     take some time for our new management team and our new
     board of directors to learn our various businesses and to
     develop strong working relationships with our cadre of
     operating managers at our various subsidiary companies.
     Our new senior management team's ability to complete this
     process is hindered by their need to spend significant
     time and effort dealing with internal and external
     investigations, developing effective corporate governance
     procedures, strengthening reporting lines and reviewing
     internal controls. During this period and in order to
     complete the process, our new executives will be in part
     dependent   on   advisors,   including   certain   former
     directors.     We cannot assure you that this major
     restructuring of our board of directors and senior
     management team will not adversely affect our results of
     operations, at least in the near term, especially in
     light of the significant attention they are required to
     devote to such other matters.



                                    -20-
factual allegations to support the inference that Tyco faced

imminent bankruptcy: (1) that Tyco had to repay or refinance nearly

four billion dollars in debt in February 2003; (2) that Breen

acknowledged that Tyco faced a liquidity gap in 2003 if it failed

to obtain a one and a half billion dollar line of credit; and (3)

that some suppliers had requested letters of credit from Tyco.

These allegations are rather limited and conclusory, particularly

when set against Tyco's enormous assets (well over sixty billion

dollars worth, per the Form 10-K), significant shareholder equity

(over twenty-five billion dollars), and          substantial going-concern

value   (despite    significant    continued     write-downs,      Tyco   earned

approximately a billion dollars in 2003 and its earnings have

climbed steadily since then).          This collection of facts does not

support a strong inference of imminent bankruptcy.              Cf. Baron v.

Smith, 

, 57 (1st Cir. 2004)(an event of default is

different from an actual default).

              Further, this case is different from those relied upon by

the plaintiffs.      Here, the defendants were not acting to conceal

their   own    errors   or   justify    their   past   strategic    decisions.

Compare 

-39; 

.

In addition, the defendants' compensation appears to be largely

"up-front" or otherwise guaranteed, perhaps as an acknowledgment of

risk.    As to their stock options, it is not at all clear why

defendants would prefer postponing profit reducing and stock price


                                       -21-
reducing write-downs to future years (when their options would have

vested) to swallowing the entire bitter pill in 2002.

            The dueling inferences, taken as wholes, break down as

follows.    Did the defendants, brought in to clean up a massive and

well-publicized       fraud   and    actively   scrutinized   by    the   SEC,

financial    media,    and    bar,   fraudulently   commit    an   accounting

violation (and fully document their fraud in Tyco's SEC filings) to

briefly delay recognition of an additional write-down in the ADT

books and present the illusion of a limited9 additional revenue

stream to obtain needed financing, only to reveal their wrongdoing

to all concerned (including their new creditors) in a subsequent

filing to the SEC shortly thereafter?           Or did the new management,

having been advised by an internal investigation of errors in ADT's

accounting that required a 320 million dollar adjustment, believe

their job was done as to that subsidiary (one of approximately

2300), only to subsequently discover (with the SEC's assistance)

that ADT's books had more mischief to address than first realized?

Under all the facts and circumstances alleged, the second inference

is at least as strong as the first and thus dooms plaintiffs'

claims.    See Credit 

.




9
  A 320 million dollar income stream to be recognized over ten
years (or 32 million dollars a year) would appear to be of limited
consequence in obtaining over four billion dollars in loans and
over an additional billion and a half dollars in credit, while
simultaneously recognizing a nine billion dollar loss.

                                      -22-
B. PwC

             Plaintiffs   emphasize    the       following     allegations      as

demonstrating PwC's scienter: (1) that the initial restatement of

the ADT books in 2002 was an "obvious" GAAP violation that resulted

in a significant second restatement less than three months later;

(2) that PwC committed a host of GAAS violations in connection with

its 2002 audit; (3) that Scalzo was intimately involved in the

creation of the 2002 financial statements; (4) that PwC was well

aware of prior bad acts by Tyco's former management and ignored the

numerous "red flags" implicated by those acts; and (5) that PwC had

an    enormous   financial   incentive      to   keep   Tyco    as    a    client.

Plaintiffs stress that PwC specifically reaffirmed the validity of

the 2001 financial statements in its 2002 audit opinion, rendering

the prior misconduct relevant to the instant action.                      We again

conclude that the district court reached the correct result.

             We first note, as did the district court, that plaintiffs

attempt to muddy the waters with their emphasis on 2001.                  The only

representations made by PwC challenged by plaintiffs in this action

are contained within PwC's 2002 audit opinion letter.                 While the

2002 audit opinion makes a passing reference to 2001, the fact

remains that plaintiffs' action targets representations, made at

the close of 2002, regarding ADT's contract acquisition accounting.

Plaintiffs have shown no connection between their current action

and    any   representations   in     the    2001    financial       statements.


                                    -23-
Moreover, the prior misconduct relating to prior years' financial

statements had been disclosed in Tyco's 2002 filings.                     As before,

plaintiffs have overlooked the most important circumstances of the

case:     that     new    management   had    been    appointed     and    Tyco   was

attempting to clean up its operations.

               For that reason, plaintiffs' reliance on Scalzo's conduct

is unavailing.           Indeed, the SEC's ruling banning Scalzo from

practicing      accountancy    before    it    specifically       refers     to   his

wrongful conduct in the 1997 through 2001 fiscal years.                        While

plaintiffs assert that Scalzo was still assigned to Tyco in 2002,

the climate had changed.          Given the internal investigation, new

management, massive restatements, and public scrutiny, it is not a

likely inference, based upon the factual allegations, that Scalzo

(to whatever extent that he remained involved) was still engaged in

the same wrongful conduct.         And in any event, plaintiffs fail to

provide any specific allegations regarding Scalzo's involvement in

the     2002     financial    statements.            Furthermore,     plaintiffs'

allegations that PwC disregarded various "red flags," based upon

its detailed knowledge of past misdeeds, is unavailing. Correcting

the past misstatements was the focus of the new management and the

internal investigation.         Significantly, the SEC's ruling banning

Scalzo does not mention the dealer accounting issue at ADT (or

anything like it), making it questionable whether PwC would have

been aware of difficulties there.            The presence of "red flags" not


                                       -24-
acted upon by an auditor is not sufficient to raise a strong

inference of scienter if there are no facts showing that the

auditor knew (or willfully blinded itself to the knowledge) that

the underlying facts, if properly accounted for, would result in

significant changes to audited financial statements.                    See Fidel v.

Farley, 

, 229 (6th Cir. 2005).

            Having     cleared     the    underbrush,    we     now     examine    the

plaintiffs' remaining allegations against PwC.                 We start with the

alleged GAAP violation. "Merely stating in conclusory fashion that

a company's books are out of compliance with GAAP would not itself

demonstrate      liability     under     section      10(b)    or     Rule   10b-5."

.          Moreover, the circumstances are more

complex than plaintiffs indicate -- that intangible assets like the

contracts are recorded at actual cost pursuant to ARB 43.                          One

complication, as plaintiffs concede, is that "ARB 43" has no

relevance   to    this    issue,    as    it    was   superceded      long   ago   by

Accounting Principles Board Opinion 17 and Financial Accounting

Standards Board Opinion 147 (although plaintiffs maintain that the

underlying principle has remained the same).                  Another is that the

ADT contract acquisitions also included a connection fee (and a

growth   bonus    in     the   SEC's     description).          These    additional

transactions make the accounting issue more complex, as ADT's

records create the impression that ADT in fact received cash from

a vendor, a circumstance that PwC notes is specifically dealt with


                                         -25-
in EITF 02-16.   See generally 

(GAAP can

tolerate a range of reasonable approaches).       Plaintiffs presume

that it should have been obvious to PwC that the connection fee and

growth bonus were bogus entries that essentially netted out of the

contract price.10   However, there do not appear to be any facts

supporting this presumption.11    Simply pleading that the defendant

knew of the falsity, without providing any factual basis for that

knowledge, does not suffice.     Stone & 

.

          Further, that ADT's accounting was ultimately restated in

March 2003 does not raise a significant inference of scienter.

"[T]hat a speaker changes his or her mind and decides after the

fact that an earlier opinion was ill-advised is insufficient to

support an averment of subjective falsity."       Credit 

.      Moreover, as noted above, Tyco was in ongoing

discussions with the SEC regarding its accounting practices, so

neither the change nor its timing adds to the scienter equation.



10
   Even if one deemed PwC's failure to discover the problem
negligent, or perhaps inexcusably negligent, that is well short of
the conscious misconduct or extreme recklessness necessary to
allege scienter. See Geffon v. Micrion Corp., 

, 35-36
(1st Cir. 2001).    Alleging a poor audit is not equivalent to
alleging an intent to deceive. See Ferris Baker Watts, Inc. v.
Ernst & Young, LLP, 

, 856 (8th Cir. 2005).
11
  In their opening brief, plaintiffs state that prior "management
was corrupt, systematically bilking Tyco, and concealing its fraud
from public scrutiny." (Emphasis added). The disclosure statements
also note prior management's propensity towards making false
booking entries and failing to record material events that should
have been recorded.

                                 -26-
Similarly, the conclusorily presented "laundry list" of alleged

GAAS violations, which lack any specific ties to the alleged fraud

at issue, do not get plaintiffs far in creating a strong inference

of scienter.    See Stone & 

.

            Lastly, we come to allegations of PwC's financial motive.

"[A]bsent     truly   extraordinary     circumstances,   an   auditor's

motivation to continue a profitable business relationship is not

sufficient by itself to support a strong inference of scienter."

   Because the balance of plaintiffs' allegations have

washed out, the less than extraordinary financial ties between PwC

and Tyco do not suffice.12

                                 III.

            For the reasons stated above, we affirm the judgment of

the district court.




12
 As to the remaining claims, a Rule 10b-5 violation by the
controlled entity is an essential element of a § 20(a) controlling
person claim. See In Re Stone & Webster, Inc. Sec. Litig., 

, 27 (1st Cir. 2005). Our rejection of the § 10(b) claims
therefore dooms the plaintiffs' claims against the defendants under
§ 20(a). See Credit 

.

                                 -27-