MADSEN, J.

¶ 1 This case addresses the adequacy of the parole remedy available under ROW 9.94A.730, the Miller1 "fix" statute. Consistent with the Supreme Court's decision in Montgomery v. Louisiana, ___ U.S. ___, 136 S.Ct. 718, 193 L.Ed. 2d 599 (2016), we hold that RCW 9.94A.730's parole provision is an adequate remedy for a Miller violation, rendering unnecessary the resentencing of a defendant who long ago received a de facto life sentence as a juvenile.

FACTS

¶ 2 Jai'Mar Scott was convicted by a jury in 1990 of first degree premeditated murder for killing his neighbor, a 78-year-old-woman who suffered from Alzheimer's disease. See State v. Scott, 72 Wn.App. 207, 210, 866 P.2d 1258 (1993), aff'd sub nom. State v. Ritchie, 126 Wn.2d 388, 894 P.2d 1308 (1995). Scott was 17 years old when he committed the murder. The juvenile court declined jurisdiction, and Scott was tried, convicted, and sentenced as an adult.

¶ 3 At sentencing, the parties agreed that the standard range was 240 to 320 months, with 240 months being the mandatory minimum sentence that could be imposed. The State requested an exceptional sentence above the standard range. The defense requested the low end of the standard range. The trial court sentenced Scott to an exceptional sentence of 900 months based on four independent findings: (1) that Scott's conduct constituted deliberate cruelty, (2) that his conduct was an abuse of trust, (3) that the crime involved multiple injuries, and (4) that the victim was particularly vulnerable.

¶ 4 On direct appeal, the Court of Appeals held that the 900-month sentence imposed was not clearly excessive because the "aggravating factors are both numerous and individually and collectively egregious." Id. at 222, 866 P.2d 1258. The Court of Appeals also rejected Scott's assertion that his exceptional sentence was improper in light of his youth at the time of the crime. This court affirmed in Ritchie, 126 Wash.2d at 399, 894 P.2d 1308, which held that the sentencing court had properly relied on "four horrid aggravating factors" in imposing the 900-month sentence.

¶ 5 As Scott served his sentence, the law of juvenile sentencing changed dramatically, and in 2012 the Supreme Court decided Miller, 567 U.S. at 465, 132 S.Ct. 2455, which held that a sentence imposed on a juvenile of mandatory life without parole violates the prohibition on cruel and unusual punishment under the Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution. Following Miller, this court, in State v. O'Dell, 183 Wn.2d 680, 696, 358 P.3d 359 (2015), held that a trial court must be allowed to consider youth as a mitigating factor when imposing a sentence on a person who was barely 18 years old at the time of his crime. Two months later, Division One held, in State v. Ronquillo, 190 Wn.App. 765, 774-77, 361 P.3d 779 (2015), that Miller applied to juveniles receiving aggregate sentences that resulted in the equivalent of life without parole, that is, de facto life sentences.2

¶ 6 In May 2016, Scott filed a motion for relief from judgment requesting a new sentencing hearing. The State asked the superior court to transfer the untimely motion to the Court of Appeals for consideration as a personal restraint petition (PRP) pursuant to CrR 7.8. The court denied the State's motion and granted Scott's motion for relief from judgment. The State appealed.

¶ 7 The Court of Appeals reversed the trial court's grant of a new sentencing hearing, finding, "The constitutional violation identified in the Miller line of cases is the failure to allow a juvenile offender the opportunity for release when his or her crime was the result of youthful traits." State v. Scott, 196 Wn.App. 961, 971, 385 P.3d 783 (2016). The Court of Appeals concluded, "In Montgomery, the Supreme Court expressly approved of statutes that provide the opportunity for parole as remedies for a Miller violation." Id. The Court of Appeals concluded that due to the enactment of "Washington's Miller fix statute," RCW 9.94A.730,3 "Scott is no longer serving a sentence that is the equivalent of life without parole. As such, Miller is not a significant change in law that is material to his sentence." Id. at 972, 385 P.3d 783. Scott sought review, which this court granted. State v. Scott, 188 Wn.2d 1001, 393 P.3d 362 (2017).

ANALYSIS

Standard of Review

¶ 8 Constitutional interpretation is a question of law reviewed de novo. State v. MacDonald, 183 Wn.2d 1, 8, 346 P.3d 748 (2015). Questions of statutory interpretation are also reviewed de novo. State v. Bunker, 169 Wn.2d 571, 577, 238 P.3d 487 (2010).

¶ 9 A collateral attack on a sentence generally must be brought within one year after the judgment and sentence become final. RCW 10.73.090(1), (2). A collateral attack4 filed more than one year after the underlying judgment will not be considered time barred by RCW 10.73.090 when it is based on a retroactively applicable "significant change in the law, whether substantive or procedural, which is material to the conviction, sentence, or other order entered." RCW 10.73.100(6). Here, there is no dispute that Miller constituted a retroactively applicable, significant change in the law. See Scott, 196 Wash. App. at 965, 385 P.3d 783. Nevertheless, the Court of Appeals held that RCW 10.73.100(6) did not apply because Miller was not "material" to Scott's unconstitutional sentence and thus, Scott's motion for resentencing was time barred. Id. at 972, 385 P.3d 783.

¶ 10 This court has previously explained:

In re Pers. Restraint of Greening, 141 Wn.2d 687, 697, 9 P.3d 206 (2000) (footnote omitted). Further, in In re Personal Restraint of Thomas, 180 Wn.2d 951, 953, 330 P.3d 158 (2014), we dismissed a PRP as mixed, but acknowledged, "We recognize that Thomas's claim premised on Miller may not be time barred; if we agreed with Thomas that the rule in Miller applies retroactively, then that claim satisfies the exception to the one-year time bar in RCW 10.73.100(6) and we could reach its merits."

¶ 11 The Supreme Court has recently declared in Montgomery that Miller applies retroactively. Nevertheless, as discussed infra, Montgomery also identifies an adequate remedy for a Miller violation in the form of providing a parole opportunity for juvenile defendants. 136 S.Ct. at 736. Consequently, because an adequate remedy is available to Scott, this court cannot grant him the collateral relief (via a PRP) that he seeks. See RAP 16.4(d) ("The appellate court will only grant relief by a personal restraint petition if other remedies which may be available to petitioner are inadequate under the circumstances."). Accordingly, we hold that the collateral relief Scott seeks (i.e., resentencing) is unavailable because he has an adequate remedy, which is to seek parole under RCW 9.94A.730.

¶ 12 Scott and amici5 contend that in light of the Miller violation here, the appropriate remedy is to remand for resentencing and an individualized consideration of youth. We reject the contentions that resentencing is warranted.

¶ 13 In Miller, the Supreme Court observed, "The Eighth Amendment's prohibition of cruel and unusual punishment `guarantees individuals the right not to be subjected to excessive sanctions.'" 567 U.S. at 469, 132 S.Ct. 2455 (quoting Roper v. Simmons, 543 U.S. 551, 560, 125 S.Ct. 1183, 161 L.Ed. 2d 1 (2005)). Accordingly, justice requires that "`punishment for crime should be [appropriately] graduated and proportioned' to both the offender and the offense." Id. (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting Roper, 543 U.S. at 560, 125 S.Ct. 1183). In other words, "`[t]he concept of proportionality is central to the Eighth Amendment.'" Id. (alteration in original) (quoting Graham v. Florida, 560 U.S. 48, 59, 130 S.Ct. 2011, 176 L.Ed. 2d 825 (2010)). And that concept is viewed "less through a historical prism than according to `the evolving standards of decency that mark the progress of a maturing society.'" Id. at 469-70, 132 S.Ct. 2455 (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting Estelle v. Gamble, 429 U.S. 97, 102, 97 S.Ct. 285, 50 L.Ed. 2d 251 (1976)). The Court in Miller built on its prior decisions in Roper and Graham6 in concluding that "mandatory life-without-parole sentences for juveniles violate the Eighth Amendment." Id. at 470, 132 S.Ct. 2455.

¶ 14 In Miller, the Court was considering "the constitutionality of mandatory sentencing schemes — which by definition remove a [sentencing] judge's ... discretion." Id. at 483 n.10, 132 S.Ct. 2455. The Court explained, "Our decision does not categorically bar a penalty for a class of offenders or type of crime .... Instead, it mandates only that a sentencer follow a certain process — considering an offender's youth and attendant characteristics — before imposing a particular penalty." Id. at 483, 132 S.Ct. 2455 (emphasis added).

¶ 15 While Miller held that "the Eighth Amendment forbids a sentencing scheme that mandates life in prison without possibility of parole for juvenile offenders," the Court reiterated that "`[a] State is not required to guarantee eventual freedom,' but must provide `some meaningful opportunity to obtain release based on demonstrated maturity and rehabilitation.'" Id. at 479, 132 S.Ct. 2455 (emphasis added) (quoting Graham, 560 U.S. at 75, 130 S.Ct. 2011).

¶ 16 The Court's discussion in Miller, which rejected the State's argument that sufficient discretion is exercised in the course of the juvenile transfer decision, is instructive here. The Court explained as follows:

Id. at 488-89, 132 S.Ct. 2455 (emphasis added) (citations omitted). Notably, the circumstance that the Miller court cites with approval in the above passage is precisely the circumstance Scott finds himself in by operation of the Miller fix statute in this case — he has a de facto lifetime prison term with the possibility of parole. This meets Miller's requirement that the State provide "`some meaningful opportunity to obtain release based on demonstrated maturity and rehabilitation.'" Id. at 479, 132 S.Ct. 2455 (quoting Graham, 560 U.S. at 75, 130 S.Ct. 2011).

¶ 17 Scott argues that this court's recent decision in State v. Houston-Sconiers, 188 Wn.2d 1, 20, 391 P.3d 409 (2017), supports resentencing in his case. We disagree. Applying Miller, this court held that "[t]rial courts must consider mitigating qualities of youth at sentencing and must have discretion to impose any sentence below the otherwise applicable SRA [(Sentencing Reform Act of 1981, ch. 9.94A RCW)] range and/or sentence enhancements." Id. at 21, 391 P.3d 409 (emphasis added). This court explained in Houston-Sconiers, "Critically, the Eighth Amendment requires trial courts to exercise this discretion at the time of sentencing itself, regardless of what opportunities for discretionary release may occur down the line." Id. at 20, 391 P.3d 409 (emphasis added). In Houston-Sconiers, this court was addressing the appeal of a juvenile offender's sentence that was not yet final. The Houston-Sconiers court acknowledged that the Supreme Court had approved a postsentencing Miller fix of extending parole eligibility to juveniles as a remedy where an offending juvenile conviction and sentence are "long final."7 Id. at 20, 391 P.3d 409 (citing Montgomery, 136 S.Ct. at 736).

¶ 18 Further, as noted, Montgomery held that Miller announced a new substantive rule of constitutional law that is "retroactive in cases on collateral review." 136 S.Ct. at 732. The Montgomery Court acknowledged that "Miller held that mandatory life without parole for juvenile homicide offenders violates the Eighth Amendment's prohibition on `cruel and unusual punishments.'" Id. at 726 (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting Miller, 567 U.S. at 465, 132 S.Ct. 2455). The Montgomery Court stated:

Id. at 726 (emphasis added) (citation omitted) (quoting Miller, 567 U.S. at 479-80, 132 S.Ct. 2455 (quoting Roper, 543 U.S. at 573, 125 S.Ct. 1183)). The Montgomery Court explained

Id. at 734. The Montgomery Court explained that procedurally, "Miller requires a sentencer to consider a juvenile offender's youth and attendant characteristics before determining that life without parole is a proportionate sentence." Id. (emphasis added). Such a hearing "where `youth and its attendant characteristics' are considered as sentencing factors is necessary to separate those juveniles who may be sentenced to life without parole from those who may not." Id. at 735 (quoting Miller, 567 U.S. at 465, 132 S.Ct. 2455).

¶ 19 The Montgomery Court observed, "Miller's conclusion that the sentence of life without parole is disproportionate for the vast majority of juvenile offenders raises a grave risk that many are being held in violation of the Constitution." Id. at 736. While acknowledging the potential scope of the Court's retroactive application of Miller, the Montgomery Court proceeded to explain the appropriate remedy, stating:

Id. at 736 (emphasis added). Thus, Montgomery provides that the Washington Miller fix statute's parole provision cures the Miller violation in Scott's case. Accordingly, as discussed above, under Miller, Montgomery, Houston-Sconiers, and State v. Ramos, 187 Wn.2d 420, 387 P.3d 650, cert. denied, ___ U.S. ___, 138 S.Ct. 467, 199 L.Ed.2d 355 (2017), remand for resentencing is not required by the Eighth Amendment in this case.

¶ 20 Nevertheless, Scott argues that the Wyoming statute approved in Montgomery is distinguishable. But while the Wyoming and Washington Miller fix statutes are not identical, they do not differ in any substantive way relevant to the present inquiry. Both provide a parole avenue to juvenile offender inmates after a set period of time. Notably, the Washington statute, RCW 9.94A.730, provides more advantages to the inmate by providing a right to petition for early release after serving 20 years (5 years earlier than under the Wyoming statute) and provides the petitioner with a presumption of early release (Wyoming's Miller fix statute has no such presumption). See RCW 9.94A.730(1), (3); WYO. STAT. ANN. § 6-10-301.

¶ 21 Scott and amicus also complain that while RCW 9.94A.730 provides for parole eligibility, it does not provide for consideration of a defendant's diminished capacity due to attributes of youth. First, the Wyoming statute that Montgomery expressly approved also lacks the considerations that Scott complains are missing. See WYO. STAT. ANN. § 6-10-301. Second, Montgomery expressly approved the extension of "parole eligibility" to juvenile offenders as sufficient to address a Miller violation on collateral review, precisely as RCW 9.94A.730 provides. 136 S.Ct. at 736. Third, while Miller requires that at the sentencing of a juvenile, the court must consider the juvenile's youth before imposing a sentence, Miller also acknowledged that the State "must provide `some meaningful opportunity to obtain release based on demonstrated maturity and rehabilitation.'" 567 U.S. at 479, 132 S.Ct. 2455 (quoting Graham, 560 U.S. at 75, 130 S.Ct. 2011). Here, RCW 9.94A.730 does so.

¶ 22 We note that contemporaneously with Scott's present collateral attack he petitioned the Department of Corrections Indeterminate Sentencing Review Board (ISRB) for early release under RCW 9.94A.730.8 Although the ISRB decision does not expressly focus on Scott's diminished culpability based on his juvenile status at the time of the crime, the transcript of the ISRB hearing establishes that the ISRB specifically inquired of Scott about his circumstances, environment, and mind set at the time of the crime, and how and to what extent he had matured into a different person by the time of the parole hearing.9 Taken together, the ISRB transcript and decision10 show that the ISRB did consider Scott's youth at the time of the crime and how he purportedly has changed since that time, but the ISRB was persuaded by other evidence (i.e., the psychologist's evaluation) that Scott should not yet be released.

¶ 23 Scott and amicus next contend that the passage in Montgomery approving parole eligibility as a Miller violation fix is merely dicta and not precedential. In State v. Williams-Bey, a Connecticut appellate court addressed and persuasively rejected the same argument as follows:

We first address the defendant's claim that the United States Supreme Court's statement that parole eligibility will remedy a Miller violation is dicta .... We are not persuaded.

167 Conn.App. 744, 764-65, 144 A.3d 467 (2016) (most alterations in original) (citations omitted). We agree.

¶ 24 Finally, Scott raises a new argument in his supplemental brief, asserting that the Court of Appeals decision conflicts with State v. Fain, 94 Wn.2d 387, 617 P.2d 720 (1980). Fain is distinguishable. In Fain, the defendant had written unauthorized checks, depriving his victims of a total of less than $407, but as an habitual offender he received a life sentence. Id. at 401, 617 P.2d 720. This court held that the defendant's life sentence as an habitual offender was disproportionate under the Washington Constitution. Id. at 402, 617 P.2d 720. Fain is simply too different to have any impact on the present case. It was decided on state constitutional grounds, but here the state constitution has not been asserted. The Fain court noted particularly that any parole possibility in that case was highly speculative, see id. at 394-95, 617 P.2d 720, but here RCW 9.94A.730 provides a specific right to petition and a presumption of early release, and imposes a standard for the ISRB to apply. See RCW 9.94A.730(3). And finally, this case concerns a Miller violation of the Eighth Amendment. "The United States Supreme Court is the ultimate authority on the requirements of the federal constitution, and has emphasized that parole eligibility is a constitutionally adequate remedy for sentences that violate Miller in light of that case's retroactive application." Williams-Bey, 167 Conn. App. at 767-68, 144 A.3d 467.

CONCLUSION

¶ 25 The Court of Appeals reversal of the trial court order granting a new sentencing hearing is affirmed because Scott has an adequate remedy as directed by the Supreme Court in Montgomery — he may seek early release under RCW 9.94A.730. Because he has an adequate remedy, collateral relief via a personal restraint petition is not available under RAP 16.4(d). Accordingly, we affirm the reversal of the trial court's order.

WE CONCUR:

Johnson, J.

Owens, J.

Stephens, J.

Wiggins, J.

Yu, J.

FAIRHURST, C.J. (concurring)

¶ 26 I agree with the majority that the parole provision of RCW 9.94A.730 is an adequate remedy for a Miller1 violation. Majority at 1183. In Miller, the United States Supreme Court built on its prior decisions in Roper2 and Graham,3 concluding that "`mandatory life-without-parole sentences for juveniles violate the Eighth Amendment.'" Majority at 1185 (quoting Miller, 567 U.S. at 470, 132 S.Ct. 2455); U.S. CONST. amend. VIII. I may be overstating the obvious, but Miller does not control the interpretation of article I, section 14 of our state constitution. See State v. Bartholomew, 101 Wn.2d 631, 639, 683 P.2d 1079 (1984) (our interpretation of article I, section 14 "is not constrained to the Supreme Court's interpretation" of the Eighth Amendment); State v. Roberts, 142 Wn.2d 471, 506, 14 P.3d 713 (2001) (we have "repeated[ly] recogni[zed] that the Washington State Constitution's cruel punishment clause often provides greater protection than the Eighth Amendment"). And for that reason, I write separately to clarify the Fain4 issue.

¶ 27 In his supplemental brief, Jai'Mar Eli Scott raised a new argument that Fain controls, and the Court of Appeals decision effectively overturned that case. First, the majority fails to acknowledge that "this court will generally not address arguments raised for the first time in a supplemental brief." Cummins v. Lewis County, 156 Wn.2d 844, 851, 133 P.3d 458 (2006). Instead, the majority distinguishes Fain. Majority at 1188-89. I would follow our general rule and refrain from addressing Scott's Fain argument entirely. As such, I agree with Justice Gordon McCloud that we have an "open question under Washington law" as to whether "the possibility of parole after 20 years rather than the certainty of a full resentencing" comports with article I, section 14. Concurrence at 1190. Justice Gordon McCloud proceeds to answer that "open question." I refrain from doing so because the argument is not properly before us.

GORDON McCLOUD, J. (concurring)

¶ 28 The majority holds that Jai'Mar Scott's de facto life sentence is unconstitutional under Miller v. Alabama, 567 U.S. 460, 132 S.Ct. 2455, 183 L.Ed. 2d 407 (2012). Majority at 1186-87 & n.7. I agree.

¶ 29 The majority also holds that Scott's challenge to his unconstitutional sentence was timely, and that Miller's Eighth Amendment protections constitute a significant change in the law that is retroactively applicable to Scott and material to his sentence. Id. at 1184, 1186-87; U.S. CONST. amend. VIII. I agree with that also.

¶ 30 The majority denies Scott relief for a different reason. A personal restraint petition may be granted only when there is no other adequate relief available. RAP 16.4. The majority concludes that under current Eighth Amendment precedent, RCW 9.94A.730 — which provides Scott with a chance for parole rather than a right to resentencing — provides an adequate remedy for the Miller violation. Id. at 1183. I agree with that conclusion also.

¶ 31 But we have "repeated[ly] recogni[zed]" that the Washington Constitution's article I, section 14 is more protective of individual rights at sentencing than the Eighth Amendment. State v. Roberts, 142 Wn.2d 471, 506, 14 P.3d 713 (2000). The majority does not address the impact of our more protective article I, section 14 on this case at all. Instead, it asserts that Scott did not properly present a state constitutional argument. Majority at 1188-89.

¶ 32 The majority is correct about that too. Despite the fact that amicus briefs filed in support of Scott's position did address that issue, the majority certainly has the discretion to decline to reach arguments raised solely by amici.1

¶ 33 I therefore write to clarify that the adequacy of the statutory remedy available to Scott — the possibility of parole after 20 years rather than the certainty of a full resentencing now — remains an open question under Washington law. This is important because our court has held that any Miller "fix" must include an individualized hearing and "`take into account how children are different [from adults].'"2 See State v. Ramos, 187 Wn.2d 420, 428, 387 P.3d 650 (quoting Miller, 567 U.S. at 480, 132 S.Ct. 2455), cert. denied, ___ U.S. ___, 138 S.Ct. 467, 199 L.Ed.2d 355 (2017). RCW 9.94A.730 fails to provide those two requirements — it does not give the offender a resentencing hearing, and it provides no similar forum for a judge to evaluate the offender's age-related deficits at the time of the crime. The result of the majority's limited Eighth Amendment approach is that juveniles convicted of aggravated first degree murder3 get more protections post-Miller than juveniles, like Scott, who were convicted of lesser crimes — and that result would likely change under our own state's law.

¶ 34 I therefore respectfully concur.

ANALYSIS

RCW 9.94A.730, the legislature's Miller "fix" applicable to nonaggravated murder offenses, is not an "adequate" remedy under Washington law

¶ 35 The Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution compels us to recognize that children are different. See, e.g., Miller, 567 U.S. at 480, 132 S.Ct. 2455; Graham v. Florida, 560 U.S. 48, 68-70, 130 S.Ct. 2011, 176 L.Ed. 2d 825 (2010); Roper v. Simmons, 543 U.S. 551, 569-70, 125 S.Ct. 1183, 161 L.Ed. 2d 1 (2005); State v. Houston-Sconiers, 188 Wn.2d 1, 18, 391 P.3d 409 (2017); Ramos, 187 Wash.2d at 428, 387 P.3d 650. In Houston-Sconiers, we noted that the United States Supreme Court has "explained how the courts must address those differences in order to comply with the Eighth Amendment: with discretion to consider the mitigating qualities of youth."4 Based on this line of cases, we explained,

Houston-Sconiers, 188 Wash.2d at 19 n.4, 391 P.3d 409. But our own constitution and case law require more than the framework offered by RCW 9.94A.730.

A. Under State v. Fain,5 the opportunity for parole cannot cure an unconstitutional sentence

¶ 36 The first reason that our own constitution and case law compel a different result from that provided by the Eighth Amendment is our holding in Fain. RCW 9.94A.730 gives the offender the chance to ask the Indeterminate Sentence Review Board (ISRB) — basically a parole board — for release — basically parole. But Fain holds that the possibility of parole cannot be considered akin to a real resentencing under our state constitution.

¶ 37 In Fain, the defendant argued that his mandatory life sentence was unconstitutionally disproportionate to his nonviolent crimes. The State responded by arguing that this court should treat a sentence of life with the possibility of parole as a lesser (and more proportionate) sentence than a sentence of life without parole because the former provides for "the availability of parole and `good behavior' credits." 94 Wash.2d at 393, 617 P.2d 720 (citing RCW 9.95.110, .070). This court rejected the State's distinction because "[i]t is clear to us that `parole is simply an act of executive grace.'" Id. at 394, 617 P.2d 720 (quoting Rummel v. Estelle, 445 U.S. 263, 293, 100 S.Ct. 1133, 63 L.Ed. 2d 382 (1980) (Powell, J., dissenting)). We continued by explaining that "[a] prisoner has no right to parole, which is merely a privilege granted by the administrative body."6 Thus, for purposes of our analysis, Scott's sentence, like Fain's sentence, must be treated as a true life sentence. Id. at 395, 617 P.2d 720.

¶ 38 Following Fain, the majority's argument that RCW 9.94A.730 provides Scott with a "de facto lifetime prison term with the possibility of parole," majority at 1186, is irrelevant under state law. RCW 9.94A.730 provides no more than a possibility of parole, an act of executive privilege, and it therefore "`creates an unacceptable risk' that a substantive constitutional rule will be violated." Ramos, 187 Wash.2d at 442, 387 P.3d 650 (quoting Hall v. Florida, 572 U.S. ___, 134 S.Ct. 1986, 1990, 188 L.Ed. 2d 1007 (2014)).

B. Under In re Personal Restraint of McNeil,7 Miller "fixes" must include both substantive and procedural requirements to be adequate

¶ 39 Further, our prior decisions make clear that Miller "fixes" must include both substantive and procedural protections. Ramos and Houston-Sconiers emphasized these two protections — those decisions explain both the constitutional limits on sentence length8 and the constitutionally required discretion in the consideration of mitigating factors.9

¶ 40 We explained the importance of incorporating both constitutional requirements into any Miller "fix" type of resentencing in McNeil. McNeil addressed one of the legislature's two Miller "fixes" — RCW 10.95.030(3). RCW 10.95.030(3) describes the initial sentencing procedure for certain juveniles convicted of aggravated murder. RCW 10.95.035(1) makes this Miller "fix" fully retroactive and applicable to resentencing. See McNeil, 181 Wash.2d at 591, 334 P.3d 548 (citing LAWS OF 2014, ch. 130, § 11(1)).

¶ 41 In McNeil, two juveniles were tried as adults and convicted of aggravated first degree murder. Both were given the mandatory minimum of life in prison without the possibility of early release, and both challenged that sentence based on Miller. Id. at 585, 334 P.3d 548. Like the majority in this case, McNeil held that "[t]he Miller fix remedies the unlawfulness of the petitioners' sentences by providing they must be resentenced in a manner that does not violate the Eighth Amendment, consistent with Miller." Id. at 590, 334 P.3d 548.

¶ 42 But the McNeil-referenced Miller "fix," RCW 10.95.030(3) (sentences for aggravated first degree murder), differs significantly from RCW 9.94A.730, the "fix" statute at issue here. The RCW 10.95.030(3) Miller "fix" is far more protective of the defendant's constitutional rights. RCW 10.95.030(3) states in relevant part,

(Emphasis added.) As the emphasized language shows, this RCW 10.95.030(3) Miller "fix," unlike the RCW 9.94A.730 Miller "fix" at issue here, specifically incorporates Miller's requirements — both substantive and procedural — by providing a limit on the sentence length and by requiring that a sentencing "court" — not parole board — must "take into account mitigating factors that account for the diminished culpability of youth." RCW 10.05.030(3)(b).

¶ 43 Unlike McNeil, who was convicted of aggravated first degree murder, Scott was convicted of the less serious crime of first degree murder. See State v. Scott, 72 Wn.App. 207, 210, 866 P.2d 1258 (1993). He is therefore eligible for the Miller "fix" of RCW 9.94A.730 — rather than the Miller "fix" of RCW 10.95.030(3). RCW 9.94A.730 (early release for persons convicted of one or more crimes committed prior to 18th birthday) details a very different Miller "fix," stating,

Obviously, this does not provide for a "resentencing" in a "court," with consideration of Miller factors, as RCW 10.95.030(3) (which applies to aggravated first degree murderers) does.

¶ 44 But our Washington cases do not require one set of heightened protections for juveniles committing aggravated first degree murders and a lesser set of protections for juveniles committing less culpable murderers. Instead, our state case law holds that in both cases, "`a sentencer follow[s] a certain process — considering an offender's youth and attendant characteristics — before imposing a particular penalty.'" McNeil, 181 Wash.2d at 588, 334 P.3d 548 (quoting Miller, 567 U.S. at 483, 132 S.Ct. 2455). As we held in McNeil, the legislature met the requirements of Miller in its enactment of RCW 10.95.030(3) — because of the full resentencing requirements discussed above. 181 Wash.2d at 590, 334 P.3d 548. The legislative "fix" available to Scott, in contrast, fails to meet this standard. See RCW 9.94A.730. There is no resentencing requirement in RCW 9.94A.730, the review is not conducted by a court, and, most importantly, the ISRB is not required to consider the offender's youth and its characteristics. Compare RCW 9.94A.730, with RCW 10.95.030(3).

C. The United States Supreme Court's holdings in Miller and Montgomery do not bar this postconviction remedy

¶ 45 As noted by the majority, the Montgomery Court cited with approval a post-Miller Wyoming statute that permitted juvenile homicide offenders to be considered for parole after 25 years, rather than requiring resentencing. 136 S.Ct. at 736 (citing WYO. STAT. ANN. § 6-10-301); majority at 1187. The Court's brief reference to the Wyoming statute, however, was dictum. The questions presented for review in Montgomery were (1) "Did Miller v. Alabama, 567 U.S. 460, 132 S.Ct. 2455, 183 L.Ed.2d 407 (2012) adopt a new substantive rule that applies retroactively to cases on collateral review" and (2) "[d]oes this Court have jurisdiction to decide whether the Supreme Court of Louisiana correctly refused to give retroactive effect in this case to this Court's decision in Miller v. Alabama?" Br. of Pet'r, Montgomery v. Louisiana, No. 14-280, at i (U.S. July 22, 2015). The respondent phrased the questions slightly differently. But neither party presented — and the Court did not accept review of — the question of a specific state's statutory compliance with Miller.

¶ 46 Further, Washington courts would not be bound by the United States Supreme Court's statement about available state court remedies even if it were not dictum. This is clear from Danforth v. Minnesota, in which the United States Supreme Court stated that its limitations on the availability of relief for violations of new rules of constitutional law do not "limit a state court's authority to grant relief for violations of new rules of constitutional law when reviewing its own State's convictions." 552 U.S. 264, 280-81, 128 S.Ct. 1029, 169 L.Ed. 2d 859 (2008). And our state's constitution and case law, described above, states that Washington requires more than the Montgomery dictum does. Thus, under Washington law, RCW 9.94A.730 does not provide adequate protections.

CONCLUSION

¶ 47 I agree with the majority's conclusion that under the Eighth Amendment, RCW 9.94A.730 is constitutionally adequate. But over the almost 30-year history of this case, Scott's youthfulness has never been considered as a mitigating factor. RCW 9.94A.730 does not provide for the Fain and McNeil compliant resentencing that would remedy this constitutional problem. For that reason, it is not an adequate "fix" for that problem under our state constitution and case law.

¶ 48 I therefore concur.

Yu, J.

González, J.