Opinions of the United
2006 Decisions                                                                                                             States Court of Appeals
                                                                                                                              for the Third Circuit


6-12-2006

Smith v. Dept Gen Ser PA
Precedential or Non-Precedential: Non-Precedential

Docket No. 05-3405




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NOT PRECEDENTIAL

                  IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                           FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT

                                  Case No: 05-3405

                                    KENT SMITH,

                                          Appellant
                                           v.

                 DEPARTMENT OF GENERAL SERVICES OF PA;
                  PENNSYLVANIA CAPITAL POLICE BUREAU
                        a/k/a Capital Police Harrisburg;
                   MICHAEL SHIPP; EUGENE V. MARZULLO;
                             RICHARD SHAFFER


                   On Appeal from the United States District Court
                       for the Middle District of Pennsylvania
                             District Court No.: 04-CV-997
                   District Judge: The Honorable Sylvia H. Rambo


                  Submitted Pursuant to Third Circuit L.A.R. 34.1(a)
                                   May 11, 2005

              Before: BARRY, SMITH, and TASHIMA, Circuit Judges*

                                 (Filed: June 12, 2006)


                                       OPINION


SMITH, Circuit Judge.

      Kent Smith was a police officer with the Capitol Police in Harrisburg,


  *
   The Honorable A. Wallace Tashima, Senior Circuit Judge for the Court of Appeals of
the Ninth Circuit, sitting by designation.
Pennsylvania. Before his shift began on December 10, 2003, he was leaning against a

wall in a hallway immediately outside of the administrative offices of the Capital Police

waiting to talk to some of the administrative staff. One of his superior officers, Sergeant

Michael Shipp, grabbed his right elbow and said, “come on - you have been here long

enough.” Smith “went forward, and spun around and ripped [his] arm out of [Shipp’s]

hand.” Smith “got out of there as quick as [he] could [and] . . . . went back to [his]

workplace.” After Smith changed into his uniform, he reported for duty. Later that

evening, he complained of pain in his right arm and shoulder and sought treatment at the

local emergency room. He was diagnosed with a sprain/strain, and was off work for a

week.

        In January of 2004, Richard Shaffer, the Director of the Bureau of Police and

Safety in the department, advised Smith that an investigation was being conducted to

determine whether he provided any false and misleading information to department

personnel regarding the December incident with Sgt. Shipp. Smith denied providing any

false or misleading information and asserted that the investigation was retaliation for his

reporting Sgt. Shipp’s conduct. On March 5, 2004, Shaffer advised Smith that, based

upon the information provided at the pre-disciplinary conference, the allegation of

providing false and misleading information was unsupported.

        Although Smith had returned to work, he continued to experience a “toothache

pain” in his shoulder and returned to his physician three months after sustaining the initial

incident. He received a steroid injection and was instructed to avoid repetitious lifting.

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Smith admitted that he received no other physical injury as a result of the incident with

Sgt. Shipp. Smith claimed, however, that he suffered from mental distress as a result of

ongoing harassment. He alleged that others on the police force accused him of lying and

being a troublemaker and a “snitch.”

       On April 20, 2004, Smith requested a transfer to the 10 p.m. to 6 a.m. shift because

of a conflict with his court duties for Mifflin Borough. The transfer was granted. As a

result of the transfer, Smith’s pay was reduced by $1.00 per hour.

       Smith subsequently filed in the Court of Common Pleas this lawsuit pursuant to 42

U.S.C. § 1983 against the Pennsylvania Department of General Services, the

Pennsylvania Capitol Police Bureau, Eugene V. Marzullo, the Director of the Capitol

Police, Richard Shaffer, the Assistant Director of the Capitol Police, and Sgt. Michael

Shipp. On May 5, 2004, the Department of General Services, the Pennsylvania Capitol

Police, and Sgt. Shipp removed this action to the United States District Court for the

Middle District of Pennsylvania. Smith’s amended complaint alleged that his rights under

the First, Fourth, and Fourteenth Amendments had been violated as he was subjected to

unreasonable and excessive force, and an unlawful arrest. Smith also claimed that the

defendant had maliciously prosecuted him and that he had been retaliated against because

he spoke about the incident. In addition, Smith asserted several state tort claims against

Sgt. Shipp.

       In a thorough Memorandum, the District Judge granted summary judgment for the

defendants. She concluded that Sgt. Shipp’s conduct did not constitute a seizure for

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Fourth Amendment purposes, and that there was no arrest. Because the Fourth

Amendment was not implicated, the Court also evaluated Smith’s excessive force claim

under the substantive due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment and concluded

that this claim also failed because Sgt. Shipp’s conduct did not shock the conscience. The

District Court also dismissed the malicious prosecution claim because Smith had not been

criminally prosecuted. Instead, the Capitol Police had conducted only an investigation,

and found that there was insufficient evidence to support the allegation of wrongdoing.

As to the First Amendment retaliation claim, the District Court concluded that it could not

survive summary judgment because the named defendants had not retaliated against

Smith. The claim against the municipal entity for failure to train was dismissed because

there was no underlying constitutional violation. The state claims were dismissed as

barred by sovereign immunity.1

       On appeal, Smith challenges the grant of summary judgment on his Fourth

Amendment claim, the Fourteenth Amendment excessive force claim, the malicious

prosecution claim, and the First Amendment retaliation cause of action. For the reasons

set forth below, we will affirm.

       We agree with the District Judge that the solitary act of momentarily grabbing

Smith’s elbow was not a seizure for Fourth Amendment purposes. Smith testified during



  1
   The District Court had jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. §§ 1331 and 1367. We exercise
appellate jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291. Our review of a grant of summary
judgment is plenary. Estate of Smith v. Marasco, 

, 505 (3d Cir. 2003).

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his deposition that he was neither detained nor arrested. Thus, Smith was not in custody,

and there is only the single instance of physical contact in which Sgt. Shipp directed

Smith by the arm to move along. As the Supreme Court observed in Graham v. Connor,

(1989), “‘[n]ot every push or shove, even it if may later seem unnecessary

in the peace of a judge’s chambers,’ violates the Fourth Amendment.” 

(quoting

Johnson v. Glick, 

, 1033 (2d Cir. 1973)); see also Gottlieb v. Laurel

Highlands Sch. Dist., 

, 172 (3d Cir. 2001) (concluding that push by school

administrator of student that propelled her backwards into a door jam was not the “type of

detention or physical restraint that we require to effectuate a seizure” under the Fourth

Amendment).

       Nor do we find error by the District Court in granting summary judgment for Sgt.

Shipp on Smith’s Fourteenth Amendment substantive due process claim. In County of

Sacramento v. Lewis, 

(1998), the Supreme Court concluded that there was

no Fourth Amendment claim because there was no seizure, and it proceeded to consider

whether the high speed car chase that caused the death of the plaintiffs’ decedent stated a

viable Fourteenth Amendment substantive due process claim. The Supreme Court

confirmed that the protection against arbitrary action afforded by the Due Process Clause

is a protection against conduct that shocks the conscience. 

845-47. It pointed

out that its “cases dealing with abusive executive action have repeatedly emphasized that

only the most egregious conduct can be said to be ‘arbitrary in the constitutional sense.’”

(citation omitted). In determining whether there is a substantive due process

                                             5
violation, the Supreme Court instructed that there must be “an exact analysis of

circumstances before any abuse of power is condemned as conscience shocking.” 

       Citing County of Sacramento, Smith acknowledges that the conscience shocking

conduct is that which is “intended to injure and is brutal, demeaning, harmful and

unjustifiable by any government interest.” Appellant’s br. 20 (citing County of

Sacramento v. Lewis, 

(1998)). Although Smith may have sustained an

injury, we conclude that Sgt. Shipp’s conduct, even though it may have been improper,

was neither egregious nor conscience shocking under the circumstances. We will not

disturb the District Court’s grant of summary judgment in favor of Sgt. Shipp and the

other defendants.

       It is unclear whether Smith challenges the grant of summary judgment on the

malicious prosecution claim because he only mentions in passing that he “was targeted

for malicious prosecution[,] harassment and other retaliation for exercising his First

Amendment Right to report Defendant’s conduct.” If Smith is challenging the dismissal

of his malicious prosecution claim, we conclude that there is no basis for disturbing the

District Court’s dismissal of ths claim.

       In Estate of Smith v. Marasco, 

(3d Cir. 2003), we set out the

elements necessary to establish such a claim and the first element is that a criminal

proceeding was initiated. 

Here, there was no criminal prosecution. Instead,

there was only an investigation into whether there was any wrongdoing and a conclusion

                                             6
that there was no factual support for the allegation that Smith had provided false and

misleading information. As the District Court pointed out, Smith conceded during his

deposition that he had not been criminally prosecuted. Because Smith cannot establish

every element essential to a claim of malicious prosecution, we conclude that the District

Court did not err in granting the motion for summary judgment on this claim.

       Smith also asserted that his First Amendment rights were violated because he was

harassed and retaliated against because he spoke about Sgt. Shipp’s conduct. Because

the District Court had previously concluded that Smith had demonstrated that he spoke

out on a matter of public concern, the Court considered whether the defendant had in fact

retaliated against Smith. The Court articulated what it surmised was Smith’s list of

retaliatory actions and explained why each allegation failed to survive summary

judgment. On appeal, Smith contends that the District Court erred because he was

harassed so badly that he had to change shifts, and was removed as the union

representative for the Fraternal Order of Police.

       The District Court agreed that a transfer may constitute retaliation in certain

circumstances. Smith’s transfer did not constitute retaliatory conduct, the District Court

concluded, because it was based on his request. The record contains not only Smith’s

request for the transfer, but also provides Smith’s explanation that the request for transfer

was prompted by a conflict with his court duties.

       The District Court also rejected Smith’s contention that his removal from the

Fraternal Order of Police was sufficient to demonstrate retaliatory conduct. The Court

                                              7
pointed out that this alleged retaliation did not involve any of the defendants.

       We agree with the District Court that neither Smith’s transfer nor his removal from

his duties with the Fraternal Order of Police constituted retaliatory conduct. Smith fails

to recognize that a claim of First Amendment retaliation requires personal involvement in

the alleged retaliatory conduct so that there is a causal connection. Brennan v. Norton,

, 414, 419 (3d Cir. 2003); Rode v. Dellarciprete, 

, 1207 (3d

Cir. 1988). As the District Court explained, the record failed to demonstrate that Sgt.

Shipp, Marzullo or Shaffer initiated these alleged retaliatory actions and were therefore

personally involved. We find it telling that in light of the District Court’s ruling, Smith

fails to point us to any evidence directly linking Sgt. Shipp, Marzullo, or Shaffer to the

alleged retaliatory conduct. Because our review of the record has not revealed any such

evidence, we will affirm the grant of summary judgment for the defense on Smith’s First

Amendment retaliation claim.

       For the reasons set forth above, we will affirm the judgment of the District Court.




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