United States Court of Appeals
                      For the First Circuit

Nos. 09-1555
     09-1556
     09-2349

                INTERNATIONAL FLOOR CRAFTS, INC.,

               Plaintiff, Appellee/Cross-Appellant,

                                v.

                          JANE DZIEMIT,

               Defendant, Appellant/Cross-Appellee,

     DAVID W. ADAMS; TYRONE WILLIAMS; KEVIN BRITTO; RONALD E.
  MITCHELL, Individually and d/b/a Mansfield Rug Company, a/k/a
     Mansfield Rug Department, a/k/a Remco; MICHAEL E. BROWN,
   Individually and d/b/a Dalton Padding, d/b/a Empire Weavers;
AGATHA ESPOSITO; DONALD SHOOP; CHINESE CARPET CENTER, INC., d/b/a
      CCC International; JOHN D. SUN; DAVID D. SUN; PAUL SUN,

                           Defendants.


          APPEALS FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                FOR THE DISTRICT OF MASSACHUSETTS
         [Hon. Nathaniel M. Gorton, U.S. District Judge]


                               Before
                   Torruella, Stahl and Howard,
                          Circuit Judges.


     Isaac H. Peres for appellant/cross-appellee Dziemit.
     Paul J. Klehm, with whom Benjamin L. Falkner and Krasnoo
Klehm LLP were on brief, for appellee/cross-appellant
International Floor Crafts, Inc.



                          April 21, 2011
             STAHL, Circuit Judge.        This trio of related appeals

arises from a 2005 civil action brought by International Floor

Crafts, Inc. ("IFC") for violations of the Racketeer Influenced and

Corrupt Organizations Act ("RICO"), 18 U.S.C. § 1961 et seq., and

various Massachusetts state laws after IFC discovered a multi-

million dollar fraudulent scheme being perpetrated against it by

numerous     individuals   and   entities.     By   mid-2008,   only   two

defendants remained in the suit — David Adams, a former employee of

IFC, and Jane Dziemit, an outside business woman.         After a joint

five-day trial, the jury returned a verdict against both Adams and

Dziemit.

             There are three appellate issues before the court, which

involve only Dziemit and IFC.1       Dziemit argues that the denial of

her motion for judgment as a matter of law was in error and that

the district court's jury instruction on common law fraud was

incorrect.     IFC cross-appeals with respect to one state law claim

it brought under the Massachusetts Consumer Protection Act, Mass.

Gen. Laws ch. 93A ("Chapter 93A"), on which the district court

refused to enter judgment.       Lastly, Dziemit separately appeals the

district court's imposition of an appeal bond for $10,000. For the

following reasons, we affirm the district court's judgment against

Dziemit and its imposition of the bond, and, at IFC's request, we

decline to rule on the Chapter 93A claim.


     1
         Adams did not appeal the jury verdict.

                                    -2-
                              I. Background

           We recite the facts in the light most favorable to the

jury verdict.    Anaya-Burgos v. Lasalvia-Prisco, 

, 270

n.1 (1st Cir. 2010).        Building 19, Inc. ("Building 19") is a

company that operates fourteen retail discount stores throughout

the New England area selling a wide variety of consumer products.

IFC   manages   the   rug   department   of   Building   19,   and   it    is

responsible for supplying Building 19's flooring inventory, which

consists mostly of surplus and salvage oriental rugs, indoor and

outdoor rugs, remnants, padding, and wood flooring.

           Because the scheme at issue involved the exploitation of

IFC's business practices, we summarize briefly IFC's procedures for

buying and selling rugs.        Typically, IFC buyers negotiate with

outside vendors to purchase merchandise for retail sale.              Upon

placing an order with a vendor, the IFC buyer creates a purchase

order detailing the product bought, the price of the product, and

the outside vendor's information.        The buyer then provides copies

of this purchase order to the vendor, an IFC warehouse, and IFC's

accounts payable department.

           After receiving a copy of the purchase order, the vendor

sends IFC an invoice and delivers the goods to the IFC warehouse.

An IFC receiver accepts the product, and a supervisor at the

warehouse completes a receiving document termed a "key-rec."              The

key-rec details the merchandise received, and the supervisor is


                                   -2-
required to initial the document after having verified the contents

of the delivery.     Once the key-rec is complete, it is sent to IFC's

accounts payable department.           The accounts payable department

cross-checks the corresponding purchase order, invoice, and key-

rec.       If personnel see no discrepancies in the paperwork, an

accounts payable manager issues payment to the vendor.

A.   The Scheme

             Starting sometime in the mid-1990s and lasting until

April 2005, Adams and co-conspirator Kevin Britto devised and

managed a fraudulent scheme that duped IFC into paying out millions

of dollars to various vendors based on fabricated invoices. As IFC

buyers,2 Adams and Britto prepared purchase orders for partially or

completely fake merchandise shipments, recording on the orders an

exaggerated amount of items purchased.        Britto communicated these

fake purchases to Tyrone Williams, another IFC employee and the

supervisor     of   IFC's   largest   warehouse.    Williams,   in   turn,

completed fraudulent key-recs to match the fraudulent purchase

orders.

             Various outside vendors were brought into the scheme, and

some of these vendors were sham operations.        These outside vendors



       2
      Britto worked for IFC from July 1988 to November 1997, and
again from September 1998 to September 2001.      He continued to
receive money from the scheme even after he left IFC. Adams was
initially an outside vendor who did business with IFC, but IFC
later hired him as a buyer. Adams was terminated from IFC sometime
in 2005, which precipitated the discovery of the fraud.

                                      -3-
would send invoices to IFC that matched the phony purchase orders

and key-recs, allowing the scheme to continue undetected by the

accounts payable department.    Adams directed the vendors to charge

a specific amount on its invoices, and when IFC's accounts payable

department issued a check based on that amount, the vendors would

distribute approximately seventy-five percent of the ill-gotten

gains to Adams, keeping the remainder for themselves.

            Chinese Carpet Center, Inc. ("CCC") was the primary

vendor that colluded with Adams and Britto.        David Sun, CCC's

former treasurer, testified at trial about the company's knowing

participation, and he detailed the scheme's inner-workings.       He

explained that CCC was consistently required to advance to Adams

large sums of money via cash, check, and wire transfers.    In turn,

CCC would bill IFC for short or nonexistent shipments.      When CCC

received payment from IFC, it was paid back the initially loaned

amount along with a profit, which was shared between CCC and Adams.

Sun explained that this loan system kept CCC in the scheme and made

it difficult to disengage, lest CCC not recoup the money it had

advanced.

B.   Dziemit's Role and the Evidence Against Her

            Prior to her involvement in the scheme, Dziemit worked as

a mortgage lender associated with various companies, many of which

were owned and operated by her boyfriend, Tony Maresca.    Dziemit's

primary activity was the completion of loan paperwork for the


                                 -4-
companies, and she worked out of her home in Connecticut.                       At

times, Dziemit would also make loans to third parties, drawing upon

Maresca's mortgage companies or her own personal accounts to supply

the funds.         Each time Dziemit completed a loan, she executed a

mortgage and a promissory note, and she profited from the loan

based on the interest that it accrued.

               Maresca      was   a   long-time   friend   of   Ronald    Mitchell.

Mitchell owned and operated a carpet underlay supply business known

as Remco, and later, as Mansfield Rug, which sold padding.                  At some

point in his career, Mitchell, doing business as Remco, sold

padding to retail operations that he obtained from legitimate

businesses.        His company had no employees other than himself.             In

1999 or 2000, Dziemit began working with Mitchell as part of

Remco,3 and she became a partner of the company for a few years.

Around this time, Dziemit and Mitchell, along with Maresca, met

with       Adams   at   a   Building     19   store   to   initiate   a   business

relationship.

               Mitchell and Dziemit testified at trial about their

dealings with Adams and the transactions that were involved.

According to their testimony, Adams would communicate to Mitchell

a specific amount of money that Mitchell, d/b/a Remco, was to lend



       3
      Evidence at trial also demonstrated that Dziemit was involved
with Mansfield Rug, a successor in name to Remco, to the extent
that she received at least two checks from the Mansfield Rug bank
account.

                                          -5-
to Adams, purportedly so that Adams could purchase rugs.      Then,

Adams would send Mitchell an IFC purchase order that included a

description of product ostensibly being supplied by Remco and the

amount that Remco was to charge IFC on an eventual invoice.      The

invoice amount was always greater than the loan amount, and the two

figures in no way corresponded.        Mitchell would then fax the

purchase order to Dziemit and communicate to her the amount of the

loan to Adams.

          Dziemit, acting in her lending capacity, would lend to

Mitchell the money to be advanced to Adams.     Except for the first

loan executed, Dziemit did not secure any notes or mortgages

evidencing or securing these loans.4       Then, switching hats and

acting as a Remco partner, Dziemit would advance the money to

Adams, or at times, to Britto.         Many of these advances were

completed via wire transfers.         Although Mitchell and Dziemit

claimed that Adams used this advanced money to buy the merchandise

that was listed on the purchase order and that was ostensibly being

supplied by Remco, neither of them ever saw any product that was

bought or shipped, and they never sought to visit a warehouse.




     4
      At one point in January 2001, Mitchell, not Dziemit, obtained
a mortgage on Adams' property.        Dziemit claimed to have an
assignment on the mortgage, but she never produced this during
discovery or at trial. Even if Dziemit had a mortgage on Adams'
property, she did not have one on Mitchell's property, even though
the money she lent went to Mitchell, doing business as Remco.

                                -6-
Beyond the purchase order, there was no documentation that the

product existed.

             Approximately two or three weeks after Dziemit advanced

money to Adams, Adams would alert Remco to submit an invoice to

IFC.    Dziemit drafted the bulk of the invoices and either she or

Mitchell would mail them.            Upon receipt of the invoice, IFC would

send a check to Dziemit's post office box, or, at least one time,

directly to Dziemit's home.              Dziemit would endorse the check from

IFC and deposit it into the account from which she initially

borrowed the funds, which could have been her personal account or

the account of one of Maresca's companies; Dziemit did not keep

good    records,   and    many      of   the   transactions         were   recorded   as

handwritten notations on various papers.                   Dziemit would then send

Adams    a   portion   of     the   profit       and    share     the   remainder   with

Mitchell.     At no time throughout her involvement was Dziemit ever

actually     engaged     in   the    sale      of      padding,    Remco's   purported

business.

             When Dziemit testified at trial, she walked the jury

through a sample transaction, using a $25,000 loan she made to

Mitchell and then advanced to Adams on November 18, 1999.                             On

January 19, 2000, approximately two months later, Dziemit received

an invoice payment from IFC for $41,550.04.                       She deposited that

amount into one of her mortgage accounts, wired just over $10,000

to Adams as his share of the profit, and split the remainder of the


                                           -7-
gains with Mitchell.    Dziemit personally profited $2915.28 from

this loan.   She agreed that this transaction indicated what would

have been a 66 percent interest rate on an annual basis for the

$25,000 loan, much more than what she would have earned on a

typical secured mortgage loan.5

          Sometime in late 2001, Dziemit ceased being a partner in

Remco.   She did, however, continue to loan funds to Mitchell, and

these loans, along with a profit, were repaid to her.      She also

received money both during the time she was a partner and later,

through 2003, even when she did not advance any funds.    In total,

Dziemit completed approximately 35 transactions for Remco, and each

transaction took less than an hour.     She estimated that for these

35 hours of work, she made approximately $130,000.

          Dziemit admitted at trial that these transactions were a

departure from her normal course of business.     Dziemit had never

before lent money to one of her business partners, nor had she ever

lent money without receiving security.    Dziemit estimated that she

advanced a total of approximately $1.4 million to Mitchell for the

transactions.    Apparently, of the total amount lent, she had

security for only $40,000.   Further, never before in her business

did Dziemit earn money from a loan based on a profit, rather than



     5
      As explained to the jury, Dziemit's payment represented
approximately 11 percent of the loaned $25,000, which, extrapolated
to a yearly rate, demonstrated that Dziemit would have made 66
percent on the loan.

                                  -8-
on the accrued interest.        Indeed, in all of her previous lending

activities, Dziemit knew the percentage she would earn on a loan,

but with respect to the loans to Mitchell, she did not know how

much she would earn on a particular loan at the time she made the

advance.       Additionally, there was no relationship between the

amount Dziemit advanced and the ultimate profit that she earned.

C.    The Discovery of the Fraud and the Subsequent Suit

              In March 2005, IFC terminated Adams for poor performance.

The   buyer     hired   to   replace    Adams    began    to     notice   various

discrepancies     between    purchases       Adams   allegedly    made    and   the

product available for retail sale.            After delving through records,

the new buyer contacted Mitchell about several missing deliveries

ostensibly from Mansfield Rug.         Mitchell, trying to stave off any

inquiries into the transactions, forwarded a fake bill of lading

that he created with the help of Britto.             He also misled the buyer

into believing that he had a warehouse full of goods and that other

documents related to any deliveries were destroyed and therefore

unavailable for verification.           Around this time, IFC's accounts

payable    department    performed     an    internal    investigation,     which

ultimately uncovered the scheme. The department determined that it

had paid almost $10 million in fraudulent invoices from Remco,

Mansfield Rug, and CCC.

              On August 10, 2005, IFC brought suit against Adams,

Britto, Williams, CCC and its officers, Mitchell, and Dziemit,


                                       -9-
among many others, for violations of RICO and Massachusetts state

law.    In 2006, it settled with CCC and its officers and employees.

In 2007, it filed a suggestion of apparent death as to Britto, who

had been suffering from a grave liver disease.    Prior to Britto's

death, IFC videotaped his deposition, wherein Britto confessed to

the scheme, implicated Adams and Williams, and denied the knowing

involvement of Dziemit and Mitchell.     In 2008, an agreement for

judgment was entered against Mitchell for over $3 million, and

default judgment was entered against Williams.    By July 21, 2008,

only Dziemit and Adams remained to stand trial for the following

claims: (1) violations of RICO; (2) conspiracy to violate RICO;

(3) common law fraud; and (4) as to Adams only, breach of fiduciary

duty.    The district court reserved for itself IFC's Chapter 93A

claim against Dziemit and Adams.

            On July 29, 2009, the district court charged the jury,

and the following day, the jury returned its verdict.      It found

both Adams and Dziemit liable to IFC for violations of RICO and

common law fraud.   It further found Adams, but not Dziemit, to have

engaged in conspiracy to violate RICO, and it found Adams liable

for breach of fiduciary duty.    The jury awarded IFC $5 million in

damages against Adams, and $250,000 against Dziemit.    Pursuant to

the RICO statute, the district court trebled these damages and

awarded IFC $522,281 in costs, including attorneys' fees.




                                 -10-
              A flurry of post-trial motions ensued, only some of which

are relevant for present purposes. IFC moved for entry of judgment

against Adams and Dziemit on the Chapter 93A count.           The district

court denied the motion in an electronic order issued that same

day, stating, "Because full damages were determined by the jury and

trebled by the Court pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 1964(c), the Chapter

93A claim is rendered duplicative and redundant and plaintiff's

motion is denied."       IFC sought reconsideration, which the district

court also denied.

              Thereafter, Dziemit renewed her motion for judgment as a

matter of law, for which she initially moved at the close of IFC's

case-in-chief and at the close of trial, arguing that there was

insufficient evidence to find that she knowingly and willfully

engaged in any fraud, or was willfully blind to the scheme.               The

district court denied this motion as well.

              In her subsequent appeal, Dziemit now argues that IFC

failed   to    present   sufficient    evidence   to   establish   that   she

knowingly and willfully committed two or more acts of mail and/or

wire fraud, rendering the RICO and common law fraud verdicts void.

She also argues that the district court erred in providing the jury

with a "willful blindness" instruction as to the common law fraud

claim, and, to the extent that the instruction was proper, there

was still insufficient evidence to prove that she was willfully

blind.


                                      -11-
           IFC cross-appealed. It argues that although the district

court was correct to reserve the Chapter 93A claim for itself, the

court erroneously denied IFC's motion for judgment on the claim

because IFC presented sufficient evidence to support it.

           Lastly, Dziemit appeals the district court's order that

she post an appeal bond that includes attorneys' fees as "costs on

appeal."   IFC sought a bond pursuant to Federal Rule of Appellate

Procedure 7, after Dziemit filed her notice of appeal, to ensure

payment of its appellate costs, including attorneys' fees.      The

district court granted IFC's motion and required Dziemit to post a

bond for $10,000, of which $5000 was meant to cover appellate fees.

           Because we find that IFC presented sufficient evidence to

support the jury's verdict that Dziemit violated RICO and committed

common law fraud, and because we find no plain error in the

district court's jury instructions, we affirm the judgment against

Dziemit.    Because we affirm the judgment against Dziemit, we

decline to rule on IFC's Chapter 93A claim at IFC's request.

Lastly, we affirm the issuance of the appeal bond and hold that an

appeal bond may include appellate attorneys' fees if the applicable

statute underlying the litigation contains a fee-shifting provision

that accounts for such fees in its definition of recoverable costs

and the appellee is eligible to recover them.




                                -12-
                                   II. Analysis

A.   Dziemit's Appeal in Relation to the Jury Trial and Verdict

           We review de novo a district court's denial of a renewed

motion for judgment as a matter of law.               Alvarado-Santos v. Dep't

of   Health,    

,      132   (1st   Cir.   2010).        Under   such

circumstances, we examine the evidence "in the light most favorable

to the verdict and may reverse only if no reasonable person could

have reached the conclusion arrived at by the jury."                     

v. Municipality of Aguadilla, 

, 95-96

(1st   Cir.     2006).       The    court's    review      "is   weighted      toward

preservation of the jury verdict," Rodowicz v. Mass. Mut. Life Ins.

Co., 

, 41 (1st Cir. 2002), which will stand "'unless the

evidence was 'so strongly and overwhelmingly' inconsistent with the

verdicts that no reasonable jury could have returned them,'" 

v. Nalco Chem. Co., 

, 23 (1st Cir.

2001)).

           1. RICO

           To    succeed     on    a   civil   RICO   claim      under    18   U.S.C.

§ 1962(c), a plaintiff must prove: "'(1) conduct, (2) of an

enterprise, (3) through a pattern, (4) of racketeering activity.'"

Kenda Corp. v. Pot O' Gold Money Leagues, Inc., 

, 233

(1st Cir. 2003) (quoting Sedima, S.P.R.L. v. Imrex Co., 

, 496 (1985)).        "By statute, the 'pattern' element requires a

plaintiff to show at least two predicate acts of 'racketeering


                                        -13-
activity,' which is defined to include violations of specified

federal laws, such as the mail and wire fraud statutes."                

v. Embassy Suites (P.R.) Inc., 

, 15 (1st

Cir. 2000)) (internal quotations marks omitted); see also 18 U.S.C.

§ 1961(1), (5).   Mail or wire fraud requires proof of: (1) a scheme

to defraud, (2) knowing and willful participation in the scheme

with the intent to defraud, and (3) the use of the mails or

interstate wire in furtherance of the scheme. Bonilla v. Volvo Car

Corp., 

, 66 (1st Cir. 1998).

            Dziemit does not challenge that IFC proved the existence

of a scheme to defraud or that Dziemit used the mails or interstate

wire in furtherance of the scheme.        She argues only that IFC failed

to prove that she knowingly and willfully committed mail or wire

fraud, asserting that she was a peripheral participant and unaware

of her complicity.      She states that the lack of direct evidence

attesting   to   her   knowledge   coupled    with   her   own   exculpatory

testimony and that of Britto demonstrates that a reasonable juror

could not have found her liable under RICO.

            We reject Dziemit's contention. A review of the evidence

in the light most favorable to IFC demonstrates that IFC presented

sufficient evidence for a jury to conclude by a preponderance of

the evidence that Dziemit knowingly and willfully participated in

defrauding IFC.    First, the jury heard testimony from Mitchell and

David Sun from which it could infer Dziemit's knowledge. Mitchell,


                                   -14-
Dziemit's partner, admitted that he agreed to a judgment against

himself and that he lied to IFC in an attempt to stave off

inquiries into his companies' dealings.                  David Sun admitted to

CCC's complicity and described in terms strikingly similar to

Dziemit that it was required to advance large sums of money to

Adams via wire transfers and checks, and that it would make a

profit on these advances once IFC paid its invoices.

            Second,    the   evidence     demonstrated       that    Dziemit      was

involved from the start in the transactions between Remco and

Adams.   Dziemit, along with Mitchell and Maresca, met Adams at a

Building 19 store to initiate their dealings, and she continued to

conduct transactions with Adams for approximately three years.

            Third,    Dziemit,   a   Remco    partner      purportedly       in   the

business of selling rug padding, advanced large sums of money to

Adams, a buyer of rug products. Further, she acknowledged that she

never saw a Remco warehouse or any product it allegedly sold.

Although she drafted and sent invoices to IFC, she never had any

verification,   apart    from    Adams'     word    as   told   to    her   through

Mitchell, that any rugs were being delivered to IFC.

            Fourth, and perhaps most significant, Dziemit admitted to

the unusual nature of her profits and her dealings with Adams and

Mitchell.     Dziemit    advanced    money     to    Mitchell,       her    business

partner, and then, in turn, advanced that money to Adams, the

ostensible buyer, often through wire transfers or checks. She lent


                                     -15-
this money from and deposited money back into various accounts,

including    both     business       and    personal      accounts,    and    she   kept

haphazard records.        Dziemit advanced a total of approximately $1.4

million to Mitchell but had only $40,000 secured. She earned money

not from the interest rate of the loans she provided, but from a

profit realized upon charging IFC an amount that had no relation to

the   initial    loan.        Were    these      profits    interpreted      as   earned

interest, they would be considerably higher than any typical

interest rate earned on a mortgage.                  In total, Dziemit was paid

$130,000 for approximately 35 hours of work, less than a typical

workweek.       She was compensated even when she was no longer a

partner and even when she did not advance any money.

            This      evidence,      when     viewed      in   the    aggregate,    was

sufficient      for     the   jury    to    conclude       that   Dziemit     knowingly

committed two or more acts of mail or wire fraud.                    See Bourjaily v.

United States, 

, 179-80 (1987) ("[I]ndividual pieces of

evidence, insufficient in themselves to prove a point, may in

cumulation      prove    it.").       To    be    sure,    Dziemit's    and    Britto's

testimony claimed, unsurprisingly, that Dziemit did not knowingly

engage in the scheme, but the abundant circumstantial evidence at

trial permitted the jury to make a contrary inference.                       See United

States v. Boylan, 

, 242 (1st Cir. 1990) (noting that a

party may "'prove its case through the use of circumstantial

evidence so long as the total evidence, including reasonable


                                           -16-
inferences, is sufficient to warrant a jury to conclude that the

defendant is guilty'" (quoting United States v. Campa, 

, 1010 (1st Cir. 1982))).

            In support of her argument, Dziemit contends for the

first time on appeal that the evidence regarding her knowing and

willful participation in the scheme is further undermined by the

jury's verdict, which did not find her liable for conspiring to

violate RICO.      She asserts that if the jury did not find her to

have knowingly joined a conspiracy, then it could not have found

her to have knowingly and willfully committed fraud.

            This    argument      is   a    dead       end.     "Objections     to    the

inconsistency of verdicts must be made after the verdict is read

and before the jury is discharged."                Babcock v. Gen. Motors Corp.,

, 63 (1st Cir. 2002); see also 

n.4.   Failure      to    object   timely         renders      the   claim   waived   or

forfeited   and,    at    most,    subject        to    only   plain   error   review.

      (applying      plain      error   review   to

unpreserved inconsistent verdict claim deemed forfeited); see also

Uphoff Figueroa v. Alejandro, 

, 435 n.15 (1st Cir.

2010) (finding inconsistent verdict claim waived and afforded no

review because party failed to object before jury was dismissed);

Wennik v. PolyGram Grp. Distrib., Inc., 

, 130 (1st Cir.

2002) (finding inconsistent verdict claim waived and, at most,

entitled to plain error review).


                                           -17-
            Here,   even   if   we   apply   the   plain   error    standard,

Dziemit's claim fails.      Under plain error review, we reverse only

if (1) there is an error, (2) that was obvious and clear under

current law, (3) that affected substantial rights, and (4) that

threatened a miscarriage of justice.         

.

Plain error is strictly applied in civil cases, and we will grant

relief "only to prevent a clear miscarriage of justice or where the

error   seriously    affected    the   fairness,     integrity     or   public

reputation of judicial proceedings."         

(quoting Romano v.

U-Haul Int'l, 

, 664 (1st Cir. 2000)) (internal marks

omitted).    Dziemit does not even attempt to demonstrate how her

claim meets this standard, nor do we see how it could.

            2. Common Law Fraud

            Dziemit next argues that IFC failed to present sufficient

evidence to support its common law fraud claim.             To prove fraud

under Massachusetts law, a plaintiff must show that "the defendant

'made a false representation of material fact with knowledge of its

falsity for the purpose of inducing the plaintiff to act thereon,

and that the plaintiff reasonably relied upon the representation as

true and acted upon it to his damage.'"            Taylor v. Am. Chemistry

Council, 

, 31 (1st Cir. 2009) (quoting Russell v. Cooley

Dickinson Hosp., Inc., 

, 1066 (Mass. 2002)).                At

trial, the district court instructed the jury that it could infer

Dziemit's knowledge from circumstantial evidence or, as to the


                                     -18-
fraud claim only, from evidence that showed willful blindness.

Under a willful blindness formulation, the defendant does not need

to actually know that the statements she made were false if the

falsity is "susceptible of actual knowledge."               See Kozdras v.

Land/Vest Props., Inc., 

, 1111 (Mass. 1980).

            IFC's theory of the case was that Dziemit was liable for

fraud for the same reason that she was liable under RICO, because

she knowingly submitted false invoices to IFC.         In turn, Dziemit

asserts on appeal that IFC's evidence was inadequate to sustain its

fraud claim for the same reasons she stated in challenging the RICO

judgment,    that   is,   that   the   evidence   against    her   did   not

demonstrate that she actually knew that the invoices she sent to

IFC were fraudulent.      Further, she claims that, to the extent that

the court properly instructed the jury that knowledge as to common

law fraud could be proved by willful blindness (which she contests

on appeal), the evidence did not indicate that she was willfully

blind to her fraud since not even IFC was able to discover the

scheme until almost ten years after it began.

            Dziemit's challenge to the fraud claim unravels in view

of our conclusion that the evidence at trial reasonably supported

a finding of RICO liability.      As we explained in our determination

of Dziemit's RICO argument, a jury could have reasonably inferred

from the circumstantial evidence that Dziemit actually knew that

the invoices she mailed to IFC were fraudulent.              This alone is


                                   -19-
sufficient to sustain the fraud claim, as the jury needed to find

only actual knowledge or willful blindness to deem Dziemit liable

for fraud.

          3. Willful Blindness Instruction

          Dziemit claims that the district court erred in supplying

the jury with a willful blindness instruction for the common law

fraud claim.6   She argues, first, and with no citation to case law,

that the instruction is improper in the civil context and instead

is reserved solely for criminal matters.        Second, parroting her

sufficiency of the evidence argument, she contends that even if the

instruction was not in error as a matter of law, it was improper in

this case because there was not "'record evidence reveal[ing]

'flags'   of    suspicion   that,    uninvestigated,   suggest   willful

blindness.'"    See United States v. Epstein, 

, 440 (1st

Cir. 2005) (quoting United States v. Coviello, 

, 70 (1st

Cir. 2000)).




     6
      The relevant portion of the common law fraud instruction was
as follows:

          [T]he defendant then under consideration is
          liable if he or she made a false statement of
          fact knowing it to be false. You may infer
          such knowledge from circumstantial evidence or
          from evidence showing willful blindness of
          that person. If you find that a person had a
          strong suspicion but shut his or her eyes for
          fear of what he or she might learn, you may
          conclude that that person acted knowingly.

                                    -20-
          Dziemit raises this issue for the first time on appeal,

and so we review only for plain error.7      See Fed. R. Civ. P.

51(d)(2); Ji v. Bose Corp., 

, 125 (1st Cir. 2010).

Here, we need not consider whether any error occurred because even

if it did, it was harmless.8      As is evident from the jury's


     7
      Dziemit claims to have objected below to the willful
blindness instruction for common law fraud. She is wrong. The
record demonstrates unambiguously that she did not object to this
instruction at the charge conference or at any time after the
instruction was given to the jury. Indeed, the only issue as to
the willful blindness instruction arose from whether it could be
used to support liability under RICO, for which IFC advocated and
which the district court rejected (an issue not raised on appeal).
Indeed, Dziemit's trial counsel stated that he did not believe the
instruction was proper for the RICO claim, but that it was
appropriate for the common law fraud count because for "fraud --
there is language in cases, I think, that allows a lower standard,
if you will, which is this willful blindness, where you may know
something but you basically take the position, I don't want to know
what it is that's going on."
     8
      We note, however, that Massachusetts appears to support a
willful blindness instruction in civil fraud suits.           The
Massachusetts Superior Court Civil Practice Jury Instructions for
intentional misrepresentation read:

          The defendant is liable if [he/she] made a
          false statement of fact, knowing it to be
          false.   Likewise, if the defendant made an
          unqualified statement about facts, the truth
          or falsity of which the defendant could have
          determined with certainty, and gave the
          plaintiff the reasonable impression that
          [he/she] was speaking of [his/her] own
          knowledge, then the defendant is not excused
          from liability if [he/she] did not in fact
          know whether that statement was true or false.
          The law regards such willful disregard of the
          facts   as  equivalent   to   an   intentional
          misrepresentation. Actual intent to deceive
          need not be proven.


                               -21-
determination that Dziemit was liable for violating RICO, it found

that Dziemit actually knew that she engaged in mail and/or wire

fraud.    The jury, then, did not need to rely on the willful

blindness instruction to reach its verdict on the fraud claim; its

finding of liability would have been the same even without the

instruction.

B.   IFC's Cross-Appeal in Relation to its Chapter 93A Claim

           On its cross-appeal, IFC argues that the district court

erred in denying its motion for entry of judgment against Dziemit

on its Chapter 93A claim.    It seeks a remand to the district court

to make findings, or a ruling from this court on the merits.

           During oral argument, this court asked counsel for IFC

whether it wished to pursue its Chapter 93A claim in the event that

the court upheld the jury verdict against Dziemit.                Although

counsel indicated during argument that it would still seek the

claim's   resolution,   it   reversed   its   position   in   a     letter

subsequently mailed to the court. In view of IFC's stance, because

we affirm the judgment against Dziemit based on the jury verdict,

we decline to address its Chapter 93A claim.




Mass. Super. Ct. Civil Practice Jury Instr. § 20.1.4; see also,
e.g., 

("'[I]f a statement of fact which
is susceptible of actual knowledge is made as of one's own
knowledge and is false, it may be the basis for an action of deceit
without proof of an actual intent to deceive.'" (quoting Pietrazak
v. McDermott, 

, 168 (Mass. 1960)).


                                 -22-
C.   Dziemit's Appeal in Relation to the Appeal Bond

           Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 7 states, "In a civil

case, the district court may require an appellant to file a bond or

provide other security in any form and amount necessary to ensure

payment of costs on appeal."    Fed. R. App. P. 7.      IFC moved in the

district court for such a bond after Dziemit filed her notice of

appeal, asking that Dziemit be required to post $30,000 to cover

$5000 of IFC's anticipated expenses and $25,000 of its appellate

attorneys' fees.   IFC argued that the inclusion of attorneys' fees

in a Rule 7 bond is proper when           the statute underlying the

litigation   contains   a   fee-shifting    provision    that   includes

attorneys' fees as part of costs awardable, as RICO does.            The

district court granted IFC's motion and ordered Dziemit to post an

appeal bond of $10,000 within fifteen days.       In doing so, it did

not adopt IFC's reasoning and instead held that because Dziemit's

appeal bore "the indicia of frivolousness," the bond could include

fees as part of the costs on appeal.

           Dziemit appealed the district court order and did not

post the bond by the deadline.          Thereafter, the parties filed

several motions, both in district court and in this court, related

to the bond.    Dziemit sought to stay the bond, IFC sought to

dismiss Dziemit's appeals for her failure to post the bond, IFC

sought to stay the merits appeals pending resolution of the bond

appeal, and IFC moved for a briefing extension in view of the


                                 -23-
appeal bond issue.     This court issued an order on November 17,

2009, denying Dziemit's motion to stay the bond and IFC's motions

to stay or dismiss the appeals.             We granted IFC's motion for a

briefing extension and directed the parties to address the circuit

split concerning the inclusion of attorneys' fees in an appeal

bond.

           We review for abuse of discretion a district court's

imposition of an appeal bond, including its view that an appeal is

frivolous.   Sckolnick v. Harlow, 

, 15 (1st Cir. 1987).

Whether attorneys' fees may be part of the "costs on appeal" under

Rule 7, however, presents a question of law accorded de novo

review.    See Riva v. Ficco, 

, 40 (1st Cir. 2010);

Adsani v. Miller, 

, 71 (2d Cir. 1998).

           In accounting for attorneys' fees in the appeal bond, the

district court relied on our opinion in Sckolnick v. Harlow, 

.     There, we found a district court did not abuse its

discretion   by   including   fees    in    a   bond   because   it   concluded

impliedly that "the appeal might be frivolous and . . . an award of

sanctions against plaintiff on appeal was a real possibility." 

   Here, however, we need not evaluate the district court's

finding of frivolity because we affirm the issuance of the bond on

an alternative ground.    See P.R. Ports Auth. v. Umpierre-Solares,

, 224 (1st Cir.    2006) ("We may affirm a district court

decision on any ground supported by the record.").           In doing so, we


                                     -24-
endorse the majority view that a Rule 7 bond may include appellate

attorneys' fees if the applicable statute underlying the litigation

contains a fee-shifting provision that accounts for such fees in

its definition of recoverable costs and the appellee is eligible to

recover them.    See Azizian v. Federated Dep't Stores, Inc., 

(9th Cir. 2007); In re Cardizem CD Antitrust Litig., 

(6th Cir. 2004); Pedraza v. United Guar. Corp., 

(11th Cir. 2002); Adsani, 

.

           As the Second, Sixth, Ninth, and Eleventh Circuits have

found, there are several reasons to support our holding.           First,

Rule 7 does not define the term "costs on appeal."           Although the

American rule establishes that each party to a litigation is

responsible for paying its own attorneys' fees, several statutes

enacted prior to both the 1968 adoption of the Federal Rules of

Appellate Procedure and the 1979 amendment to Rule 7 contain

exceptions to the American rule and define costs recoverable to

include fees.9    See Marek v. Chesny, 

, 7-8 (1985).

Courts   understand   these   fee-shifting   statutes   to   account   for

appellate fees as well.        

; see also

Farmington Dowel Prods. Co. v. Forster Mfg. Co., 

, 91 &

n.2 (1st Cir. 1970) (noting that Clayton Act, which includes fee-


     9
      At the adoption of the Rules, Rule 7 required an appellant to
file a bond in the fixed amount of $250. An amendment in 1979
eliminated the requirement and left the bond issuance and amount to
the discretion of the district court.      See Fed. R. App. P. 7
advisory committee's note (1979).

                                  -25-
shifting provision comparable to RICO, allows a plaintiff to

recover appellate fees if he sustains on appeal a district court

judgment of a violation).        It is presumed that the Rule drafters

were aware of these statutes and understood "costs" under Rule 7 to

provide for these fees when applicable.              See 

; see also 

.

             Supreme Court precedent supports this view.         In Marek v.

Chesney, 

, the Court interpreted "costs" as stated in

Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 6810 to encompass attorneys' fees

when a fee-shifting statute included the fees as part of the

recoverable costs.       It explained:

             [G]iven the importance of "costs" to the Rule,
             it is very unlikely that this omission [of a
             definition of "costs"] was mere oversight; on
             the contrary, the most reasonable inference is
             that the term "costs" in Rule 68 was intended
             to refer to all costs properly awardable under
             the relevant substantive statute or other
             authority.

             Second,     our   holding   is   not     contrary   to    Federal

Rule    of   Appellate    Procedure   39.     Rule    39,   entitled   "Costs"

establishes: (a) against whom costs may be assessed, (b) the



       10
      Rule 68 controls offers of judgment.         For offers not
accepted, "If the judgment that the offeree finally obtains is not
more favorable than the unaccepted offer, the offeree must pay the
costs incurred after the offer was made." Fed. R. Civ. P. 68(d)
(2010).   In Marek, the Court found that these "costs" include
attorneys' fees when the relevant statute underlying the litigation
defined awardable costs as both costs and fees. 473 U.S at 8-9.

                                      -26-
circumstances under which costs may be assessed for or against the

United States, (c) costs for brief and appendix copies, (d) the

procedure for claiming costs, and (e) costs on appeal that are

taxable in the district court.       Dziemit argues that the list of

taxable costs in subdivision (e), which does not include attorneys'

fees,11 defines "costs" for Rule 7 purposes and limits the universe

of costs that may be awarded on appeal.      We are unconvinced.    No

part of Rule 39 purports to define costs; each concerns only the

procedures for taxing them.     

.   Further, the

Rule does not limit "costs on appeal" under Rule 7.       The advisory

committee's note at the adoption of the Rules explains that "[t]he

costs described in [Rule 39(e)] are costs of the appeal and, as

such, are within the undertaking of the appeal bond."     Fed. R. App.

P. 39(e) advisory committee's note (1967) (emphasis added).         We

understand this to mean that the costs delineated in Rule 39(e)




     11
          Rule 39(e) reads:

             The following costs on appeal are taxable in
             the district court for the benefit of the
             party entitled to costs under this rule:

             (1)   the preparation and transmission of the
                   record;
             (2)   the reporter's transcript, if needed to
                   determine the appeal;
             (3)   premiums paid for a supersedeas bond or
                   other bond to preserve rights pending
                   appeal; and
             (4)   the fee for filing the notice of appeal.

                                  -27-
"are among, but not necessarily the only, costs available on

appeal" or for a bond.         

.12

               Third, although two cases, one from the D.C. Circuit and

one from the Third Circuit, have found Rule 39(e) to restrict the

costs     calculable     for   Rule   7   purposes,   the    cases   presented

distinguishable circumstances since neither involved a fee-shifting

statute.       

-74; see In re Am. Presidential

Lines, Inc., 

(D.C. Cir. 1985); Hirschensohn, 1997 U.S.

App. LEXIS 13793, at *7 (finding Virgin Island statute did not

provide for appellate attorneys' fees). Moreover, the D.C. Circuit

has since concluded that Rule 39 "costs" taxable in the district

court     do   include   appellate    attorneys'   fees     when   the   statute

underlying the appeal allows the recovery of the fees as part of

costs. See Montgomery & Assocs., Inc. v. Commodity Futures Trading

Comm'n, 

, 784 (D.C. Cir. 1987).

               Applied here, we find no error of law in the inclusion

of attorneys' fees for Dziemit's Rule 7 bond.                 Under the RICO

statute, "Any person injured in his business or property by reason



     12
      We acknowledge that earlier editions of some treatises stated
that attorneys' fees were outside the scope of a Rule 7 bond.   See
Hirschensohn v. Lawyers Title Ins. Corp., No. 96-7312, 1997 U.S.
App. LEXIS 13793, at *6 (3d Cir. June 10, 1997) (unpublished)
(citing   20   James   Wm.   Moore,   et   al.,   Moore's   Federal
Practice, § 339.41 (3d ed. 1997); 16A Charles Alan Wright & Arthur
R. Miller, Federal Practice & Procedure § 3953 (2d ed. 1996)).
More recent editions, however, merely acknowledge the circuit split
without endorsing a position. See, e.g., 16A Charles Alan Wright
et al., Federal Practice & Procedure § 3953 (4th ed. 2008).

                                      -28-
of a violation of section 1962 of this chapter may sue therefor in

any appropriate United States district court and shall recover

threefold the damages he sustains and the cost of the suit,

including a reasonable attorney's fee" (emphasis added). 18 U.S.C.

§ 1964(c).    We assume for present purposes that appellate fees are

part of the fees calculable as costs under RICO; Dziemit does not

argue that this is not so, thereby waiving the argument, neither

party has briefed the issue, and we have found no authority to

counter our assumption. IFC proved below a RICO injury and defends

the finding on appeal.      We therefore see no reason why Dziemit's

appeal bond may not include IFC's anticipated appellate fees.

             Dziemit   argues   that    to    allow   for   the   inclusion   of

attorneys' fees in appeal bonds will chill unsuccessful litigants

from pursuing their right to appeal district court decisions. This

reasoning is unpersuasive.        Any bond imposed pursuant to Rule 7

burdens an appeal to some degree, yet we presume that Rule 7 is

valid.   See 

.          To the extent that a bond may

impermissibly burden an appeal, a litigant can move us to stay the

bond or to reduce its amount.                 Here, we are satisfied that

Dziemit's rights were not hampered.           Although she submitted in her

motion to stay the bond that she was in poor financial shape, we

found that she did not demonstrate any prospect of irreparable harm

and she vowed to post the bond were her motion denied, which she

did.


                                       -29-
                         III. Conclusion

          For the reasons stated herein, we affirm the district

court's judgment based on the jury verdict entered against Dziemit,

dismiss IFC's cross-appeal related to its Chapter 93A claim, and

affirm the district court's order imposing an appeal bond in the

amount of $10,000.

          Costs are awarded to IFC.   We remand this matter to the

district court for a determination as to the awarding of appellate

attorneys' fees.

          So ordered.




                               -30-