NOT PRECEDENTIAL

                       UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                            FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
                                 ___________

                                       No. 11-4369
                                       ___________

                                   LESLIE MOLLETT,
                                             Appellant

                                             v.

                          LEICTH, Captain; RUSTIN, Warden;
                           EMRICK, Deputy; BOHN, Deputy;
                             DONIS, Mrj.; FLOOD, Capt.

                       ____________________________________

                      Appeal from the United States District Court
                        for the Western District of Pennsylvania
                             (D.C. Civil No. 2:09-cv-01192)
                     Magistrate Judge: Honorable Maureen P. Kelly
                      ____________________________________

                     Submitted Pursuant to Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)
                                  December 14, 2012

               Before: RENDELL, FISHER and GARTH, Circuit Judges

                             (Opinion filed: January 25, 2013)
                                        _________

                               OPINION OF THE COURT
                                     _________

PER CURIAM

       Leslie Mollett is a prisoner of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. In August

2009, he filed a pro se civil rights complaint, alleging numerous violations of his
constitutional rights that occurred during a period as a pretrial detainee (spanning August

through December 2007) in the Allegheny County Jail.1 The original complaint alleged

that Mollett was placed in “unlawful pre-trial detention” as punishment and without

receiving a hearing, in violation of the Due Process Clause; it also alleged that his jailers

were interfering with his access to the court in his pending criminal case.

       In March 2010, before service had been effected, Mollett requested leave to amend

his complaint. Denying the formal request as unnecessary, the District Court informed

Mollett that he was free to amend his complaint, and emphasized that an amendment

must “be filed as a single complete document; it may not simply incorporate or refer to

portions of the original Complaint.” In late March, Mollett filed an amended complaint,

expanding upon the constitutional allegations contained in the original filing (such as by

adding detail about his interactions with staff and claiming that he had also been denied

necessary medical treatment); but while the original complaint requested declaratory

relief and monetary damages, the amended complaint sought only declaratory and

injunctive relief, dropping the request for damages.

       The defendants moved to dismiss, arguing that Mollett‟s complaint was defective

on a number of grounds; significantly, they identified a possible mootness problem in the


1
  Mollett was convicted and received a life sentence. See CP-02-CR-0000254-2006; see
generally Commonwealth v. Mollett, 

(Pa. Super. Ct. 2010), appeal denied, 

(2011). His conviction, sentence, and transfer out of pre-trial custody in the
Jail occurred long before he commenced this federal litigation; he is currently imprisoned
at SCI Frackville.

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relief sought “because plaintiff is no longer incarcerated at the Allegheny County Jail as a

pre-trial detainee.” In response, Mollett asked the District Court to grant him further

leave to amend to correct the deficiencies in his amended complaint; specifically, he

requested the Court‟s permission to “withdraw the prayer for injunctive relief as moot,”

but insisted that he remained “entitled to declaratory relief.” Pl‟s. Br. in Supp. 13, ECF

No. 39.

         The District Court entered its opinion in November 2011. The Court2 reached the

substance of Mollett‟s various claims, but also determined that the relief he requested was

not available; Mollett was no longer in pre-trial custody and thus was entitled to neither

injunctive nor declaratory relief. The Court said nothing about amendment in its opinion.

Mollett timely appealed.3

         “Under Article III, section 2 of the U.S. Constitution, federal judicial power

extends only to cases or controversies. If a claim does not present a live case or

controversy, the claim is moot, and a federal court lacks jurisdiction to hear it.” United

States v. Virgin Islands, 

, 284–85 (3d Cir. 2004) (footnote omitted). “It is a

basic principle of Article III that a justiciable case or controversy must remain extant at

all stages of review, not merely at the time the complaint is filed.” United States v.

Juvenile Male, ___ U.S. ___, 

, 2864 (2011) (per curiam) (citations,


2
    The parties consented to the jurisdiction of a Magistrate Judge.
3
 We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291. Our review is plenary. Capogrosso v.
Sup. Ct. of N.J., 

, 184 (3d Cir. 2009) (per curiam).
                                               3
quotations omitted). In Steel Co. v. Citizens for a Better Environment, 

(1998), the United States Supreme Court disapproved of the practice of assuming

“hypothetical jurisdiction” to reach the merits of cases where Article III jurisdiction is

either clearly lacking or questionable; “[u]nder the rule of Steel Co., when a court lacks

jurisdiction its „only function . . . is that of announcing the fact and dismissing the cause‟

as any further discussion would amount to an „advisory opinion.‟” Treasurer of N.J. v.

U.S. Dep‟t of the Treasury, 

, 394 n.14 (3d Cir. 2012) (quoting Steel 

). Thus, determining constitutional “subject-matter jurisdiction necessarily

precedes a ruling on the merits.” Ruhrgas AG v. Marathon Oil Co., 

, 584

(1999); see also Unalachtigo Band of the Nanticoke Lenni Lenape Nation v. Corzine, 

, 130 (3d Cir. 2010) (observing that an advisory opinion issued in the absence of

jurisdiction “ignore[d] the dictates of Article III”); Burkey v. Marberry, 

,

149 (3d Cir. 2009).

       In this case, Mollett‟s amended complaint, which superseded the original, see

ConnectU LLC v. Zuckerberg, 

, 91 (1st Cir. 2008), was jurisdictionally

defective at the moment it was filed, and “when a plaintiff files a complaint in federal

court and then voluntarily amends the complaint, courts look to the amended complaint to

determine jurisdiction,” Rockwell Int‟l Corp. v. United States, 

, 473–74

(2007). The request for injunctive relief attacked conduct associated specifically with the

Allegheny County Jail, but Mollett had long since been convicted, sentenced, and

transferred. From that moment forward, the District Court was plainly unable to fashion
                                              4
meaningful injunctive relief. See Abdul-Akbar v. Watson, 

, 206 (3d Cir.

1993). Mollett‟s request for declaratory relief fared similarly, because “in the context of

an action for declaratory relief, a plaintiff must be seeking more than a retrospective

opinion that he was wrongly harmed by the defendant.” Jordan v. Sosa, 

,

1025 (10th Cir. 2011). Mollett‟s transfer rendered the case moot; and because it was

unable to grant the relief sought, the District Court lacked jurisdiction over the merits of

the case. 

appeal, Mollett does not challenge the District Court‟s ruling regarding

mootness or its failure to allow amendment except as to his desire to amend his complaint

as to a Fourth and Fifth Amendment claim. Given this, we see no reason to disturb the

District Court‟s conclusion that his request for a declaratory judgment and injunction are

no longer cognizable, and we will therefore affirm.




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