NOT PRECEDENTIAL
                      UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                           FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
                                _____________

                                    No. 12-2296
                                   _____________

                NORTH AMERICAN STEEL CONNECTION , INC.,
                              Appellant

                                          v.

                 WATSON METAL PRODUCTS CORPORATION;
                         GARY OSTERMUELLER
                           _______________

                   On Appeal from the United States District Court
                             for the District of New Jersey
                                 (D.C. No. 08-cv-4247)
                    District Judge: Hon. Dickinson R. Debevoise
                                   _______________

                     Submitted Under Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)
                                  March 5, 2013

              Before: SCIRICA, JORDAN, and ROTH, Circuit Judges.

                               (Filed: March 18, 2013)
                                  _______________

                             OPINION OF THE COURT
                                 _______________

JORDAN, Circuit Judge.

      North American Steel Connection, Inc. (“NASCO”) appeals a September 14, 2010

order granting summary judgment to defendant Gary Ostermueller and dismissing

NASCO’s claims against him. For the following reasons, we will affirm.
I.    Background

      NASCO is a Louisiana corporation engaged in the business of importing steel. In

August 2007, it formed a joint venture with Watson Metal Products Corporation

(“Watson”), a New Jersey corporation that manufactured and marketed metal products,

and a company called Eastgate Global Logistics (“Eastgate”). 1 The purpose of the joint

venture, called “Worldwide Construction Products” (“WCP”), was to market and sell

steel products imported by NASCO from India. WCP was organized on or around

August 3, 2007 as a limited liability company (“LLC”) under Delaware law, but no

formal contract memorializing the terms of the joint venture was executed at that time.

Rather, the companies established through informal emails and oral conversations that

Watson, NASCO, and Eastgate would be the members of the LLC, with NASCO

importing the steel products, Watson providing warehouse space and accounting services,

and Eastgate managing the primary warehouse. Watson also continued to operate as an

independent company, separate from its role in WCP. At the time the joint venture was

established, Gary Ostermueller, a New Jersey citizen, was Watson’s president and

majority shareholder.

      Soon after the joint venture began, accounting disagreements arose between

NASCO and Watson. In addition to disputes regarding the timing of payments and the

use of WCP’s inventory as collateral for Watson’s credit lines, NASCO discovered that

Watson had impermissibly intermingled WCP funds with “its own separate corporate



      1
          Eastgate is not a party to this litigation.

                                                2
funds,” and had then used those funds to pay its own corporate debts. (Appellant’s

Opening Br. at 6.) Calling the mistake “human error” (App. at 267), Watson fired the

controller responsible for the intermingling, and, in February 2008, the company entered

into an agreement with NASCO to repay the money it owed. Pursuant to that agreement,

Watson was to pay $496,860 to NASCO in monthly installments of $50,000, with an

interest rate of 1.2 percent per month. 2 Ostermueller signed the agreement on behalf of

Watson, but he was not a party to it in his personal capacity.

       At around the same time, the members of the LLC signed an agreement providing

that Eastgate and Watson would withdraw from WCP, leaving NASCO as its sole

member. After withdrawing, Watson continued to operate a warehouse for NASCO until

July 2008, when NASCO terminated that arrangement. During that period, Watson made

one $50,000 payment to NASCO and earned around $100,000 of credit toward its debt

through commissions, but, due to increasing financial difficulties, it was unable to pay the

remainder of the debt. 3

       On August 22, 2008, NASCO filed this action against Watson and Ostermueller,

stating five claims for relief denominated as breach of contract, breach of fiduciary duty,

fraudulent misrepresentation and equitable fraud, unjust enrichment, and goods sold and

delivered. It seeks $646,339 in damages, which represents the amount Watson allegedly



       2
        $331,362 of the total was from the intermingling of funds; the remainder was
“based on debts incurred prior to the joint venture.” (App. at 15.)
       3
        Watson sold all of its assets to a Colorado company on May 9, 2009, and filed
for bankruptcy on November 22, 2011.

                                             3
still owes pursuant to the February 2008 agreement. It also requests punitive damages

and attorney’s fees.

       NASCO and Ostermueller filed cross motions for summary judgment, with

NASCO moving for partial summary judgment on Ostermueller’s liability, 4 and

Ostermueller seeking judgment on all of the claims against him. On September 14, 2010,

the District Court denied NASCO’s motion and granted Ostermueller’s, concluding that

there was no evidence to support his being personally liable. Although the claims against

Watson are still pending, 5 the District Court certified as final the order granting summary

judgment to Ostermueller, pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 54(b). This

timely appeal followed.




       4
        More specifically, NASCO sought a determination of the amount of damages
owed, and a further determination that Ostermueller was jointly and severally liable for
Watson’s debt.
       5
         Because those claims are still pending, we dismissed NASCO’s first appeal, filed
on October 6, 2010, due to the absence of a final judgment. Once Watson entered
bankruptcy proceedings, the case before the District Court was stayed, and both parties
requested that the Court certify its judgment as final with respect to the claims against
Ostermueller so that the issue of his personal liability could be resolved more promptly.
See Fed. R. Civ. P. 54(b) (permitting the district court to enter a final judgment as to one
party in an action involving multiple parties if that court “determines that there is no just
reason for delay”); see also Carter v. City of Phila., 

, 343 (3d Cir. 1999)
(explaining that an order under Rule 54(b) “may be final and immediately appealable …
when the district court makes an express determination that there is no just cause for
delay and expressly directs entry of final judgment”).

                                             4
II.    Discussion 6

       NASCO offers three theories of how Ostermueller can be held personally liable

for the damages it incurred through the failed joint venture. First, it argues that

circumstances justify piercing Watson’s corporate veil and holding Ostermueller

individually liable for all the corporation’s debts and liabilities. Second, it claims that

Ostermueller is liable under a “participation theory” of liability because he was a

corporate officer sufficiently involved in the corporation’s commission of a tort. Third, it

asserts that Ostermueller was the “manager” of the LLC, and that he is therefore directly

liable for breaching fiduciary duties he owed to NASCO. 7 We address each of those

arguments in turn.



       6
         The District Court had jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1332 because the
amount in controversy exceeds $75,000 and the matter is between citizens of different
states. As described above, see supra note 5, the District Court entered a final judgment
with respect to the claims against Ostermueller, as is permitted by Federal Rule of Civil
Procedure 54(b), and so we have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291. Carter, 181 F.3d
at 343. “We exercise plenary review over a District Court’s grant of summary
judgment.” Macfarlan v. Ivy Hill SNF, L.L.C., 

, 271 (3d Cir. 2012).
“Summary judgment is appropriate where the court is satisfied ‘that there is no genuine
issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a
matter of law.’” Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 

, 330 (1986) (quoting Fed. R. Civ.
P. 56(c)). A genuine issue of fact exists only if “the evidence is such that a reasonable
jury could return a verdict for the nonmoving party.” Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc.,

, 248 (1986). Although the moving party bears the burden of showing that
no genuine issue of fact exists, when that party does not bear the burden of proof at trial,
it may discharge its burden by showing that there is an absence of evidence to support the
non-moving party’s case. Celotex, 477 U.S. at 325.
       7
         NASCO does not argue that Ostermueller is directly liable for breach of contract,
unjust enrichment, or goods sold and delivered, instead basing those claims against
Ostermueller solely on its piercing of the corporate veil theory. To the extent that
NASCO seeks to hold Ostermueller directly liable for his commission of “equitable
fraud” (see Appellant’s Opening Br. at 15-16 (“[O]f crucial importance to Ostermueller’s
                                              5
       A.     Piercing of the Corporate Veil

       New Jersey law 8 adheres to “the fundamental propositions that a corporation is a

separate entity from its shareholders, and that a primary reason for incorporation is the

insulation of shareholders from the liabilities of the corporate enterprise.” Richard A.

Pulaski Const. Co. v. Air Frame Hangars, Inc., 

, 877 (N.J. 2008) (quoting

State Dept. of Envtl. Prot. v. Ventron Corp., 

, 164 (N.J. 1983) (internal

quotation marks omitted)). In order for a court to “pierce the corporate veil” and hold a

shareholder personally liable for a corporation’s liabilities, two conditions must be met:

first, “there must be such unity of interest and ownership that the separate personalities of

the corporation and the individual no longer exist,” and second, “adherence to the fiction




individual liability” is that his involvement in the intermingling of Watson’s and WCP’s
funds is “sufficient to constitute equitable fraud on his part”), that claim fails because
NASCO does not seek any equitable remedies. See Jewish Ctr. of Sussex County v.
Whale, 

, 524 (N.J. 1981) (allowing plaintiff to meet the “lesser burden” of
equitable fraud because it sought “only equitable remedies”); see also Foont-Freedenfeld
Corp. v. Electro-Protective Corp., 

, 71 (N.J. Super. Ct. App. Div. 1973)
(“[I]n an action in which plaintiff relies upon equitable fraud, the only relief that may be
sought is equitable relief, such as rescission or reformation of an agreement, and not
monetary damages only.”).
       8
          Both parties seem to agree that New Jersey law governs their dispute, as that is
the only law they cite to in their briefing. That approach comports with New Jersey
choice-of-law principles, which instruct courts to apply the law of the state that has the
“most significant relationship” to the occurrence giving rise to the dispute. Fu v. Fu, 

, 1138 (N.J. 1999) (applying the Second Restatement of Conflict of Laws
approach to choice-of-law questions); see also Klaxon Co. v. Stentor Elec. Mfg. Co., 

, 496 (1941) (holding that in diversity cases, federal courts must apply the forum
state’s choice-of-law rules). Here, Watson’s principal place of business is New Jersey
and Ostermueller is a New Jersey resident, and so presumably their alleged contract
violations and tortious conduct occurred in that state, and that state’s law should apply.

                                               6
of separate corporate existence would sanction a fraud or promote injustice.” 9 State

Capital Title & Abstract Co. v. Pappas Bus. Servs., 

, 679 (D.N.J.

2009) (internal quotation marks omitted). In other words, the corporation must be the

“alter ego” of the shareholder, such that the corporate form is effectively a legal fiction,

and enforcing that legal fiction must result in some fundamental unfairness. Verni ex rel.

Burstein v. Harry M. Stevens, Inc., 

, 497-99 (N.J. Super. Ct. App. Div.

2006). The party seeking to pierce the veil bears the burden of proving that those



       9
          NASCO tries to focus our attention solely on the second prong of that two-part
test, arguing that a finding of “equitable fraud” is sufficient to pierce the corporate veil.
(Appellant’s Opening Br. at 11.) As the District Court correctly noted, however, that
contention is based on a single line, taken out of context, in Walensky v. Jonathan Royce
International, Inc., 

, 617 (N.J. Super. Ct. App. Div. 1993), which reads, “in
a court of equity, all that is required to justify the piercing of a corporate veil is ‘equitable
fraud.’” When read in light of the rest of the opinion, that statement seems to suggest
that equitable fraud, as opposed to legal fraud, can satisfy the second prong of the test,
not that the first prong can be disregarded whenever there is an allegation of equitable
fraud. See Walensky, 624 A.2d at 617 (recognizing at the outset of the analysis that the
shareholder “was using [the corporation] as his ‘alter ego’ and thus, was abusing the
corporate form in order to advance his own personal interests”). Moreover, the New
Jersey Supreme Court is the final authority on the state’s substantive law, see Craig v.
Lake Asbestos of Quebec, Ltd., 

, 149 (3d Cir. 1988) (“A federal court sitting
in diversity must apply the state substantive law as pronounced by the state’s highest
court … .”), and it has clearly and repeatedly required a finding of “corporate
dominance” by a parent corporation or other dominant shareholder, prior to piercing the
corporate veil, id. at 150 (concluding that New Jersey Supreme Court precedent “makes
clear that piercing the corporate veil depends on a finding of dominance” and “[o]nly
after there has been such a finding does one reach the fraud or injustice issue” (internal
quotation marks omitted)); see also Richard A. Pulaski Const. Co., 950 A.2d at 877-78;
Ventron, 468 A.2d at 164. NASCO’s claim that we need not engage in the “corporate
dominance” or “alter ego” analysis is therefore without merit. Equally unavailing is
NASCO’s argument that the corporate veil should be pierced because, due to Watson’s
bankrupt status, NASCO will otherwise be deprived of a remedy. There is no authority
suggesting that we can disregard New Jersey’s requirements for piercing the corporate
veil whenever a plaintiff might otherwise be unable to recover for an alleged wrong.

                                               7
circumstances are present, Richard A. Pulaski Const. Co., 950 A.2d at 877-78, a burden

that “is notoriously difficult for plaintiffs to meet,” Pearson v. Component Tech. Corp.,

, 485 (3d Cir. 2001).

        In Craig v. Lake Asbestos of Quebec, Ltd., we discussed at length the factors New

Jersey courts use to determine whether corporate separateness is effectively a “legal

fiction.” 

, 150 (3d Cir. 1988). Emphasizing that simply being a majority

stockholder or having “the potential to exercise control” is insufficient, we concluded that

satisfying the first prong of the veil-piercing analysis requires “complete domination, not

only of finances but of policy and business practice,” such that the corporate entity has

“no separate mind, will or existence of its own.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted).

Factors demonstrating that level of dominance include:

               gross undercapitalization … failure to observe corporate
               formalities, non-payment of dividends, the insolvency of the
               debtor corporation at the time, siphoning of funds of the
               corporation by the dominant stockholder, non-functioning of
               other officers or directors, absence of corporate records, and
               the fact that the corporation is merely a facade for the
               operations of the dominant stockholder or stockholders.

Id. (internal quotation marks omitted). As those factors indicate, the veil-piercing inquiry

is focused not simply on an individual shareholder’s level of personal involvement with a

corporation, but rather on whether the corporate form itself is a sham. Cf. Pappas, 646 F.

Supp. 2d at 680 (explaining that in a closely held corporation “one member must

dominate the corporate entity if the business is to function and be profitable,” but that fact

does not mean the corporation is “a sham corporate entity set up to … evade personal

liability”).

                                              8
       NASCO points to only one piece of evidence that it argues indicates that

Ostermueller and Watson lacked “separate personalities” (Appellant’s Opening Br. at

17): a personal loan that Ostermueller obtained to help satisfy Watson’s corporate debt. 10

According to NASCO, “Ostermueller’s willingness to combine personal and corporate

assets [is] an indication that he saw no difference between the two,” and such an

inference could support a jury finding that his and Watson’s separate identities had

“blurr[ed].” (Appellant’s Opening Br. at 17-18.) As the case law makes clear, however,

even if we were to agree that Ostermueller’s personal loan constituted a “blurring” of his

and Watson’s identities (id. at 17), that fact is insufficient to justify piercing the corporate

veil; rather, Ostermueller must have dominated Watson to such a degree that the

corporation had “no separate mind, will or existence of its own.” Craig, 843 F.2d at 150.

NASCO has not provided any evidence of such dominance. It does not allege that

Watson failed to observe the corporate formalities, much less that Ostermueller was using

the corporation as a façade for his personal operations. See id. (identifying those factors

as indications of corporate dominance). In fact, taking out a personal loan for the benefit

of the corporation is the opposite of “siphoning of funds of the corporation by the



       10
          NASCO referenced two more items in its argument before the District Court:
Ostermueller’s request “to pledge joint venture inventory as collateral for a Watson line
of credit” and his “use[] [of] personal pronouns” when referring to his role in the joint
venture. (App. at 22.) It does not mention that evidence in its argument on appeal,
however, and thus has waived any claim that those facts demonstrate corporate
dominance. See United States v. DeMichael, 

, 417 (3d Cir. 2006) (“An
issue is waived unless a party raises it in its opening brief … .”). In any event, the
District Court correctly concluded that that evidence “is not enough to show that
[Ostermueller] was using Watson as his alter ego.” (App. at 23.)

                                               9
dominant stockholder,” which is the type of evidence typically used to justify

disregarding the corporate form. Id.

       Because there is no evidence that Watson’s corporate form was a sham, no

reasonable jury could find a basis for piercing the corporate veil, 11 and the District Court

was correct to resolve that claim as a matter of law. 12

       B.     Participation Theory of Liability

       NASCO next argues that even if the corporate veil between Watson and

Ostermueller cannot be pierced, Ostermueller is directly liable to NASCO based on a

“participation theory” of liability. Under that theory, “a corporate officer can be held

personally liable for a tort committed by the corporation when he or she is sufficiently

involved in the commission of the tort.” Saltiel v. GSI Consultants, Inc., 

,

272 (N.J. 2002). There are three distinct elements that a plaintiff must establish to

succeed under the participation theory: (1) “the corporation owed a duty of care to the

victim”; (2) that duty “was delegated to the officer”; and (3) “the officer breached the


       11
           NASCO’s emphasis on “the heightened fiduciary duties that exist between
parties to a joint venture” is irrelevant to the veil-piercing analysis. (Appellant’s Opening
Br. at 1.) The duties that Watson and Ostermueller may have owed to NASCO are
unrelated to whether Watson was Ostermueller’s “alter ego,” and thus they cannot serve
as a basis to pierce the corporate veil. See Verni, 903 A.2d at 498 (describing the “alter
ego” doctrine). As the District Court accurately explained, “NASCO cannot use the joint
venture theory as an end-run around the burdens imposed on a party seeking to disregard
the corporate form.” (App. at 27.)
       12
          Because we conclude that there is no evidence supporting a finding of corporate
dominance, we do not reach the second prong of the analysis – whether failing to pierce
the veil would result in fraud or injustice. Ventron, 468 A.2d at 164; see also Craig, 843
F.2d at 150 (“Only after there has been [a finding of corporate dominance] does one
reach the fraud or injustice issue.”).

                                              10
duty of care by his own conduct.” Id. NASCO claims that Ostermueller is directly

responsible for Watson’s intermingling of the funds of the joint venture, and thus, as

Watson’s corporate officer, could be found liable under the participation theory.

       NASCO’s argument fails because it has not alleged any actual culpability on the

part of Ostermueller in the intermingling of funds. Even if the intermingling were

tortious (a point on which we express no opinion), Ostermueller’s only involvement with

it was that his responsibilities as president of Watson allegedly included “mak[ing] sure

that [the controller] keeps proper track of money.” (Appellant’s Opening Br. at 21.)

NASCO does not provide any evidence that Ostermueller directed the intermingling, that

he condoned it, or that he negligently supervised the controller. Rather, NASCO claims

that Ostermueller’s status as a supervisor is itself sufficient to establish his participation

in a corporate tort, effectively arguing that corporate officers are personally liable for all

torts that occur on their watch. That argument ignores the element of the participation

theory requiring that the corporation’s breach occurred “by [the officer’s] own conduct,”

Saltiel, 788 A.2d at 272, and it is plainly contradicted by the principle of New Jersey law

that “[a] director or officer of a corporation does not incur personal liability for its torts

merely by reason of his official character,” Sensale v. Applikon Dyeing & Printing Corp.,

, 317-18 (N.J. Super. Ct. App. Div. 1951). Therefore, no reasonable jury

could find that Ostermueller was “sufficiently involved” in the intermingling of funds to

be held personally liable for it, Saltiel, 788 A.2d at 272, and the District Court properly

rejected that claim.



                                               11
       C.     Breach of Fiduciary Duties

       Finally, NASCO argues that Ostermueller breached his fiduciary duties to

NASCO, and should, one way or another, 13 be held personally liable for that breach.

Specifically, NASCO maintains that Ostermueller was the “manager” of WCP

(Appellant’s Opening Br. at 3), and that he thus owed the participants in the joint venture

a “heightened” fiduciary duty (id. at 1), which he breached by allowing the intermingling

of the LLC’s funds with Watson’s.

       As the District Court rightly observed, that argument fails because there is no

evidence that Ostermueller was in fact the manager of WCP. The manager of an LLC is

not simply a person who assumes management responsibilities. Rather, under Delaware

law, the “manager” must have been “named as a manager … in a limited liability

company agreement or similar instrument under which the limited liability company is

formed.” Del. Code Ann. tit. 6, § 18-101(10). 14 Once so designated, the manager “has

the authority to bind the limited liability company,” id. § 18-402, and thus owes

“traditional fiduciary duties of loyalty and care to the members of the LLC, unless the


       13
          NASCO’s argument on this point is rather unclear. Its primary claim seems to
be that Ostermueller’s alleged breach of fiduciary duties is itself a basis for piercing
Watson’s corporate veil, which, as we have explained, ignores New Jersey’s
requirements for veil-piercing, see supra note 11. NASCO also asserts more generally
that Ostermueller should be directly liable for the breach of a duty it says that he owed to
NASCO as “manager” of the joint venture. (Appellant’s Opening Br. at 1-2, 20.) The
latter argument is the one we address here.
       14
          Although New Jersey law governs NASCO’s claims generally, see supra note 8,
Delaware law governs the internal affairs of a Delaware entity. Cf. Fagin v. Gilmartin,

, 282 (3d Cir. 2005) (“Under New Jersey’s choice-of-law rules, the law of
the state of incorporation governs internal corporate affairs.”).

                                            12
parties expressly modify or eliminate those duties in the operating agreement,” William

Penn P’ship v. Saliba, 

, 756 (Del. 2011).

       NASCO points to only two instances in which Ostermueller was referred to as the

“manager” of WCP: an email in which he offered to “resign as manager,” and a reference

in his affidavit to being the “manager.” 15 (Appellant’s Opening Br. at 5; see also App. at

299, 346.) Under Delaware law, Ostermueller could not have unilaterally established

himself as manager of the LLC through such statements. See Del. Code Ann. tit. 6, § 18-

101(10) (defining a manager as a person so designated in an LLC agreement). NASCO

has presented no evidence that the members of the LLC agreed that he would occupy that

position, or that he in fact exercised management authority. Because of that lack of

evidence, no reasonable jury could find that he was in a fiduciary relationship with

NASCO, much less that he is liable for breach of a fiduciary duty. See Wal-Mart Stores,

Inc. v. AIG Life Ins. Co., 

, 113 (Del. 2006) (“[A] fiduciary relationship is a


       15
          NASCO’s focus on a clause from the withdrawal agreement is misplaced. The
clause reads:
              Effective January 1, 2008, Gary E. Ostermueller, President of
              Watson, on behalf of Watson, resigns as the Managing
              Member of [WCP] and Watson withdraws as a Member of
              [WCP].
(App. at 343; see also Appellant’s Opening Br. at 5.) To the extent that that passage is
ambiguous as to whether Ostermueller or Watson was the “managing member,” that
ambiguity is clarified by the preceding clauses in the contract, which explain that
Watson, Eastgate, and NASCO are the founding members of the LLC, and that Waston
and Eastgate are withdrawing, leaving NASCO as the sole remaining member.
Moreover, NASCO does not claim that Ostermueller was a member of the LLC, which
would be required in order for him to have been the managing member. Although the
manager of an LLC need not be a member, Del. Code Ann. tit. 6, § 18-402, the cited
clause says nothing about Ostermueller’s role as manager, and thus is irrelevant to that
inquiry.
                                            13
situation where one person reposes special trust in another or where a special duty exists

on the part of one person to protect the interests of another.” (internal quotation marks

omitted)). The District Court therefore did not err in granting summary judgment to

Ostermueller on that claim.

III.   Conclusion

       For the foregoing reasons, we will affirm the District Court’s grant of summary

judgment to Ostermueller on all of the claims against him.




                                             14