PUBLISHED

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT

IN THE MATTER OF THE
APPLICATION OF DEIULEMAR
COMPAGNIA DI NAVIGAZIONE S.P.A.
FOR THE PERPETUATION OF CERTAIN
EVIDENCE,
Petitioner-Appellee,

v.
                                                                    No. 99-1378
M/V ALLEGRA,
Respondent,

v.

PACIFIC ETERNITY, S.A.; GOLDEN
UNION SHIPPING CO. S.A.,
Movants-Appellants.

Appeal from the United States District Court
for the District of Maryland, at Baltimore.
Joseph H. Young, Senior District Judge.
(MC-99-78)

Argued: September 24, 1999

Decided: December 6, 1999

Before WILKINSON, Chief Judge, WILLIAMS, Circuit Judge, and
HAMILTON, Senior Circuit Judge.

_________________________________________________________________

Affirmed and remanded by published opinion. Judge Williams wrote
the opinion, in which Chief Judge Wilkinson and Senior Judge Ham-
ilton joined.

_________________________________________________________________
COUNSEL

ARGUED: Denham Arthur Kelsey, HUNTON & WILLIAMS, Nor-
folk, Virginia, for Appellants. George H. Falter, III, OBER, KALER,
GRIMES & SHRIVER, P.C., Baltimore, Maryland, for Appellees.
ON BRIEF: Carl D. Gray, HUNTON & WILLIAMS, Norfolk, Vir-
ginia, for Appellants. Manfred W. Leckszas, OBER, KALER,
GRIMES & SHRIVER, P.C., Baltimore, Maryland, for Appellees.

_________________________________________________________________

OPINION

WILLIAMS, Circuit Judge:

Deiulemar Compagnia Di Navigazione (Deiulemar) filed a petition
to perpetuate testimony in the United States District Court for the Dis-
trict of Maryland pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 27. Dei-
ulemar sought to preserve evidence of the condition of a ship it
chartered from Pacific Eternity and Golden Union Shipping Co. (col-
lectively, Pacific Eternity) that was undergoing repairs and was soon
scheduled to leave United States waters. Deiulemar, which expected
to file an arbitration action against Pacific Eternity in London pursu-
ant to its Charter Party agreement, asserted that"extraordinary cir-
cumstances" justified the district court's intervention in preserving
evidence that was crucial to its arbitration case and unable to be recre-
ated. Pacific Eternity responded that the district court lacked subject
matter jurisdiction over the petition because Deiulemar could not sat-
isfy the requirements of Rule 27. Pacific Eternity, citing Federal Rule
of Civil Procedure 81, argued that it was inappropriate for the court
to involve itself in an arbitrable dispute and that the proper forum for
Deiulemar's discovery petition was the London arbitration panel. The
district court granted Deiulemar's Rule 27 petition and permitted Dei-
ulemar to inspect and perpetuate the evidence of the ship's condition.
It then sealed the evidence pending appeal. For the reasons stated
below, we affirm the district court's exercise of jurisdiction to pre-
serve evidence in aid of arbitration in the extraordinary circumstances
presented and remand with instructions to transfer the sealed evidence
to the arbitrator in the now-pending London arbitration proceeding.

                    2
I.

On June 4, 1997, Deiulemar time-chartered the M/V Allegra from
Pacific Eternity. The written Charter Party agreement required,
among other things, that Pacific Eternity maintain the "hull,
machinery and equipment in a thoroughly efficient state." (J.A. at 7.)
The agreement also specified that the vessel would maintain a guaran-
teed speed of twelve to thirteen knots. The agreement gave Deiulemar
the right to hold "superficial inspection" of the vessel1 and also con-
tained an arbitration provision that required "any dispute aris[ing]
between Owners and the Charterers" to be referred to arbitration in
London. (J.A. at 9-10, 24.)

Deiulemar began its voyage from Australia to the United States,
with its final port in Baltimore, Maryland. During this voyage, Dei-
ulemar discovered that the ship was traveling below the guaranteed
speed, at just seven plus knots. At Richards Bay, South Africa, the
ship encountered some mechanical problems and had to stop for
repairs. On February 12, 1999, the ship entered the Chesapeake Bay
and reached the Port of Hampton Roads. The U.S. Coast Guard
inspected the vessel and discovered several mechanical problems. Cit-
ing safety concerns, the Coast Guard detained the vessel until the
Owners could repair a lengthy list of problems. 2 As a result, the
Allegra spent several weeks in anchorage at Hampton Roads undergo-
ing inspection and repairs. Finally, after Pacific Eternity addressed
many of the more critical deficiencies, the Coast Guard released the
Allegra.3 On March 6, 1999, the ship proceeded to Baltimore to
_________________________________________________________________
1 Clause 69 of the Charter Party agreement provided that Deiulemar
would have the right to "superficial inspection prior to delivery and also
at any time of this Charter. Owners and Master shall give every facility
and assistance." (J.A. at 24.)
2 For example, the Coast Guard identified "[e]xcessive fuel oil leaks in
way of main fuel oil heater"; "oil leaks in way of #2 main diesel engine
turbo charger"; "[f]uel oil, lube oil, and cooling water leaks on both
ship's service diesel generators"; and "numerous deficiencies in the
machinery spaces which created an immediate hazard to the crew, the
ship and the environment." (J.A. at 79-80.) The Coast Guard also noted
that "[t]he lack of maintenance, lack of repair, and a lack of spare parts
was clearly evident." (J.A. at 80.)
3 According to the Coast Guard record of deficiencies, the Coast Guard
required Pacific Eternity to repair seven of the most critical deficiencies

                    3
unload its cargo and complete further repairs. According to Deiule-
mar, Pacific Eternity intended to install new cylinder heads to the
main engine in Baltimore.

On March 8, 1999, while the ship was in port in Baltimore, Deiule-
mar dispatched Captain Heiner Popp, a marine expert, to inspect the
vessel.4 Deiulemar believed that Pacific Eternity had breached the
Charter Party agreement by failing to maintain the Allegra's guaran-
teed speed of twelve knots throughout the voyage. Deiulemar antici-
pated that Captain Popp would determine that engine problems were
the cause of the ship's slow pace of travel. Pacific Eternity denied
Captain Popp access to the ship and ordered him off the vessel.
Pacific Eternity asserts that marine growth on the hull, and not engine
problems, was the cause of the ship's subpar speed.

On March 9, 1999, Deiulemar filed a Rule 27 petition to perpetuate
testimony with the United States District Court for the District of
Maryland.5 The petition stated that "Petitioner expects to be a party
to an action cognizable in the Courts of the United States, either to
compel arbitration, seek security or to enforce an award." (J.A. at 3.)
Deiulemar stated that it sought to perpetuate the evidence "to deter-
mine the nature and extent of Petitioner's claim for a breach of the
attached [Charter Party agreement]." (J.A. at 5.) In its supporting
memorandum, Deiulemar argued that "extraordinary circumstances"
warranted Rule 27 discovery because crucial evidence-- the ship's
engine -- was scheduled for substantial repair, and that, as a result,
"[t]he circumstances and conditions extant today can never be recre-
_________________________________________________________________
before the Allegra could leave Hampton Roads. The seven remaining
deficiencies identified by the Coast Guard were scheduled to be repaired
by March 13, 1999.
4 Deiulemar asserts that clause 69 of the agreement entitled it to inspect
the vessel.
5 Perpetuation of testimony includes the inspection of documents and
things. See Martin v. Reynolds Metals Corp., 

, 56 (9th Cir.
1961). For the sake of convenience, we refer to"testimony" and "evi-
dence" interchangeably in the context of Rule 27 because Deiulemar is
perpetuating the evidentiary basis of expert testimony of the ship's con-
dition before completion of repairs.

                    4
ated." (J.A. at 35.) The supporting memorandum also asserted that the
Coast Guard's actions in detaining the vessel at Hampton Roads
"raise[d] the inference, at least, that the Allegra's speed deficiencies
are engine, and not hull, related." (J.A. at 34.)

On March 10, 1999, Pacific Eternity filed a motion to dismiss the
Rule 27 petition. Along with its motion to dismiss, Pacific Eternity
filed a sworn declaration from English legal counsel. The declaration,
which describes the English rules of arbitration, suggests that "[a]ll of
the information sought in Deiulemar's Rule 27 petition could be
requested through the arbitration process." (Appellant's Br. at 7.) On
the same day, Deiulemar initiated arbitration proceedings in London,
as required by the Charter Party agreement. Neither party filed a
motion to stay this action pending arbitration.

On March 16, 1999, the district court heard arguments from both
parties during a conference call. After the call, the court issued an
order granting Deiulemar's Rule 27 petition. The order, which the dis-
trict court adopted substantially from Deiulemar, does not contain any
factual findings. Rather, it simply states that"upon good cause
shown," Captain Popp and his staff could inspect the vessel, observe
repairs, and copy documents from the ship. (J.A. at 110.) The order
also states, in a handwritten note added at the end of the order, that
"[a]ll information and records produced . . . shall be held in camera
pending any appeal." (J.A. at 111.)

Pursuant to the district court's order, Captain Popp and his staff
inspected the Allegra. They observed repairs, collected a large set of
documents, took photographs, and wrote inspection reports describing
the Allegra's condition. After the crew completed inspection and
repairs, the Allegra left United States waters. The district court is
presently holding the collected information in camera pending appeal.
None of the parties have seen this material, nor do they know the pre-
cise nature of the information collected.

II.

Pacific Eternity raises several issues on appeal. First, Pacific Eter-
nity argues that it is generally improper for a district court to order
discovery incident to an arbitrable dispute. Second, Pacific Eternity

                     5
argues that Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 81 permits discovery in
Title 9 arbitration proceedings only to the extent that the arbitration
agreement does not provide its own discovery procedures. See Fed.
Rule Civ. P. 81(a)(3). Because the arbitral forum has its own discov-
ery procedures, Pacific Eternity insists that the district court erred in
allowing discovery in aid of arbitration. Third, Pacific Eternity argues
that even if "extraordinary circumstances" would have justified dis-
covery in aid of arbitration in some circumstances, Deiulemar did not
choose the proper method of effectuating that discovery in the present
case because Deiulemar failed to satisfy the specific requirements of
its chosen discovery mechanism, Rule 27. Specifically, Pacific Eter-
nity maintains that the district court lacked subject matter jurisdiction
over Deiulemar's Rule 27 petition because Deiulemar failed to articu-
late any cognizable action that it legitimately expected to bring in fed-
eral court. Finally, Pacific Eternity contends that Deiulemar misused
Rule 27 by seeking to discover new evidence, as opposed to perpetu-
ating known evidence.6

We review the district court's grant of a Rule 27 petition for an
abuse of discretion. See Shore v. Acands, Inc. , 

, 388 (5th
Cir. 1981); Ash v. Cort, 

, 912 (3d Cir. 1975). For the rea-
sons that follow, we agree that Deiulemar demonstrated "extraordi-
nary circumstances" that justified Rule 27 discovery in aid of
arbitration and that Rule 81 did not preclude the district court from
considering Deiulemar's discovery request. We also conclude that the
district court did not abuse its discretion in entertaining Deiulemar's
Rule 27 petition. Accordingly, we affirm.

III.

We first address whether a district court may, under limited "ex-
traordinary circumstances," grant discovery in aid of arbitration. Fed-
eral discovery rules typically do not apply to disputes governed by
arbitration provisions. See Comsat Corp. v. National Science Found.,

, 276 (4th Cir. 1999) ("A hallmark of arbitration -- and
_________________________________________________________________
6 Pacific Eternity also argues that we should remand the case to the dis-
trict court for appropriate fact-finding. Our review of the record, how-
ever, does not reveal any disputed facts that would materially affect our
disposition of this case.

                     6
a necessary precursor to its efficient operation-- is a limited discov-
ery process."); Burton v. Bush, 

, 390 (4th Cir. 1980)
("When contracting parties stipulate that disputes will be submitted to
arbitration, they relinquish the right to certain procedural niceties
which are normally associated with a formal trial. One of these accou-
trements is the right to pre-trial discovery." (internal citations omit-
ted)). Some lower courts, however, allow discovery in aid of
arbitration "where a movant can demonstrate `extraordinary circum-
stances,'" such as "where a vessel with crew members possessing par-
ticular knowledge of the dispute is about to leave port," or where
there is a "special need for information which will be lost if action is
not taken immediately." In re Deiulemar, 

, 593 (E.D.
La. 1994) (permitting Rule 27 perpetuation of evidence). Courts typi-
cally find "extraordinary circumstances" where evidence is likely to
disappear before a claimant can file suit in federal court. See 

Oriental Commercial & Shipping Co. v. Rosseel, 

, 400 (S.D.N.Y. 1989) ("[D]iscovery `in aid of arbitration' is per-
mitted by the courts where a movant can demonstrate`extraordinary
circumstances.'"); Ferro Union Corp. v. SS Ionic Coast, 

, 14 (S.D. Tex. 1967) (permitting discovery under Rule 34 where
evidence was located on a ship that was about to leave United States
waters).

In Comsat, we recently recognized the concept of "extraordinary
circumstances" when we stated that a district court could, upon a
showing of "special need or hardship," compel pre-hearing discovery.

("[W]e hold today that a federal court may not
compel a third party to comply with an arbitrator's subpoena for pre-
hearing discovery, absent a showing of special need or hardship."). In
Comsat, we reversed the district court's order requiring the National
Science Foundation to comply with an arbitrator's subpoena because
the National Science Foundation was not a party to the arbitration.
See 

We concluded that the discovery provisions of the Fed-
eral Arbitration Act (FAA), 9 U.S.C.A. § 7 (West 1999), did not
authorize an arbitrator to subpoena third parties and that the district
court, therefore, erred in enforcing the subpoena. See 

. We noted, however, that in Burton, "we contemplated
that a party might, under unusual circumstances, petition the district
court to compel pre-arbitration discovery upon a showing of special

                    7
need or hardship."7 

In addressing whether Comsat had
demonstrated a "special need," we stated that:

           [w]e do not now attempt to define "special need," except to
           observe that at a minimum, a party must demonstrate that
           the information it seeks is otherwise unavailable. Comsat
           did not attempt such a showing before the district court, and
           we infer from the record that no such showing would be
           possible.8
_________________________________________________________________
7 Burton challenged an arbitration award by arguing that the arbitrator
should have granted him a continuance so that he could address the unfa-
vorable testimony of a "surprise" witness. See Burton v. Bush, 

, 390 (4th Cir. 1980). There was no pre-trial discovery permitted in
the arbitration, and Burton never applied to compel discovery. See 

result, although we recognized that some courts permit discovery in
cases of "special need" to assist arbitration, we did not address the issue
because Burton had not raised it below. See 

never
applied to the district court for an order to compel discovery we need not
consider those cases allowing discovery upon a showing of special need.
In passing, however, we note that the former cases would not have aided
the appellant since there is a total absence of special need or hardship."
(internal citations omitted)).

One other circuit has raised, but not resolved, the applicability of "ex-
traordinary circumstances." See Suarez-Valdez v. Shearson Leh-
man/American Express, Inc., 

, 649 n.1 (11th Cir. 1988)
("We need not decide whether a district court might order discovery to
aid in arbitration where the court found some `special need' for the dis-
covery. Conceivably such a rule risks a plunge into judicial control over
arbitration." (internal citations omitted)). In Suarez-Valdez, the district
court stayed trial pending arbitration but did not stay discovery under the
Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. See 

In concluding that the
district court erred, the Eleventh Circuit noted that it did not have to
address whether "extraordinary circumstances" could ever justify discov-
ery in aid of arbitration "because the plaintiffs never contended to the
district court that they had such an unusual circumstance, and the district
court made no such finding." 

n.1.
8 The record showed, among other things, that Comsat could have
obtained the documents it sought through the Freedom of Information
Act (FOIA). Comsat Corp. v. National Science Found., 

,
276 (4th Cir. 1999). In fact, Comsat had earlier obtained hundreds of
responsive documents through FOIA. See 

In the present case, Pacific Eternity was repairing the ship's main
engine and hull and the condition of these items was crucial to Dei-
ulemar's arbitration claim. Deiulemar's effort to preserve the evi-
dence on the Allegra was disrupted by Pacific Eternity, which denied
Deiulemar access to the ship.9 In addition, the Allegra was going to
leave United States waters once Pacific Eternity completed repairs.
As a result, Deiulemar was in danger of losing access to any evidence
of the ship's condition. Although Deiulemar arguably could have
sought emergency discovery from the London arbitrator, Deiulemar
represented that it could not do so in time to preserve the rapidly
changing condition of the ship. Given the time-sensitive nature of
Deiulemar's request and the evanescent nature of the evidence sought,
we do not believe that the district court abused its discretion in
accepting Deiulemar's representation. Accordingly, we believe that
Deiulemar adequately demonstrated that "the information it [sought
was] otherwise unavailable." 

facts fit squarely within the "extraordinary circum-
stances" exception as applied by the trial courts in Deiulemar and
Ferro Union. See 

(allowing Rule 27
perpetuation of evidence from a ship that was scheduled to leave
United States waters three weeks after the petitioner was notified of
an expected indemnity claim); Ferro 

(permit-
ting Rule 34 discovery from a ship that was scheduled to leave port
in four days). Like the petitioners in Deiulemar and Ferro Union,
Deiulemar sought evidence from a ship that was soon leaving United
States waters. It requested perpetuation of evidence that, if not pre-
served, was going to disappear or be materially altered. The evidence
that Deiulemar sought was necessary to its arbitration claim and Dei-
ulemar was reasonably uncertain whether it could timely preserve the
_________________________________________________________________
9 Pacific Eternity argues that Deiulemar had over a month to file for
arbitration, including several weeks while the Allegra was in Hampton
Roads. As a result, Pacific Eternity contends, there was no real urgency
behind its discovery request. Deiulemar argues that there were no "ex-
traordinary circumstances" until Pacific Eternity denied Deiulemar's
expert, Captain Popp, access to the ship. Deiulemar asserts that until that
moment, it believed that Pacific Eternity would cooperate and that Dei-
ulemar would be able to inspect the evidence of the ship's condition pur-
suant to clause 69 of the Charter Party agreement.

                    9
evidence outside the district court. In this narrow set of facts, we
agree with the district court's conclusion that Deiulemar faced a "spe-
cial need" that justified preserving the evidence on the Allegra.10

IV.

We next address whether Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 81 pro-
hibited the district court from granting Deiulemar's Rule 27 petition.
Rule 81(a)(3) provides that "[i]n proceedings under Title 9, relating
to arbitration, . . . these rules apply only to the extent that matters of
procedure are not provided for in [Title 9]." Fed. R. Civ. P. 81(a)(3).
Section 4 of Title 9 "requires that district courts enforce arbitration
agreements `in accordance with the terms of the agreement.'" Champ
v. Siegel Trading Co., 

, 274 (7th Cir. 1995) (quoting 9
U.S.C. § 4). Consequently, Pacific Eternity argues that Rule 81 per-
mits application of federal discovery rules "only to the extent that
matters of procedure are not provided for in [the arbitration agree-
_________________________________________________________________
10 In these specific facts, we do not believe that we "risk[ ] a plunge
into judicial control over arbitration" by affirming the district court's
application of "extraordinary circumstances." Suarez-Valdez v. Shearson
Lehman/American Express, Inc., 

, 649 n.1 (11th Cir. 1988).
First, these circumstances were truly unusual because they involved rap-
idly changing evidence, a ship that was leaving United States waters, and
arguably dilatory tactics by Pacific Eternity. Second, our review is com-
plicated by the fact that unlike most discovery disputes incident to arbi-
tration, we must consider whether to undo discovery that has already
occurred and that can never be regained. Finally, the district court, in its
wisdom, merely preserved the evidence by holding it in camera away
from the eyes of either party. As discussed later, see infra part VI, this
evidence will remain unseen unless the arbitrator decides to unseal it. As
a result, no court is exerting "judicial control over arbitration" whatso-
ever; the judicial system is simply preserving evidence for the arbitra-
tor's determination of its usefulness.

We also do not intimate that by recognizing Rule 27 discovery in aid
of arbitration in these specific facts, we intend to open all forms of pre-
arbitration discovery in circumstances of "special need." To the contrary,
we limit our holding today to Rule 27 perpetuation in the specific cir-
cumstances described above. We leave for future determination the
proper scope of the "special need" exception as it applies to other forms
of discovery in aid of arbitration.

                    10
ment]." Fed. R. Civ. P. 81(a)(3). Pacific Eternity maintains that
because the parties agreed to arbitrate all disputes in London, they
also agreed to follow the discovery procedures found in the London
Arbitration Act of 1996. As a result, Pacific Eternity asserts, Rule 81
prohibited the district court from permitting discovery in aid of arbi-
tration because the London Arbitration Act provided its own discov-
ery procedures. Pacific Eternity also contends that Rule 81 should
trump any "extraordinary circumstances" because none of the cases
that have allowed discovery in aid of arbitration under "extraordinary
circumstances" has explicitly addressed Rule 81. We conclude, how-
ever, that Rule 81 does not apply in the present case.

Under Rule 81(a)(3), "the Federal Rules fill in only those proce-
dural gaps left open by the FAA." 

. The FAA,
which is codified in Title 9, see 9 U.S.C.A.§§ 1-16 (West 1999), "de-
clares that certain types of agreements for arbitration shall be enforce-
able and makes provision for their enforcement in the federal courts."
Commercial Solvents Corp. v. Louisiana Liquid Fertilizer Co., 

, 361 (S.D.N.Y. 1957). Rule 81, therefore, would authorize
a district court, in enforcing an arbitration agreement, to "order dis-
covery pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 26 on matters relevant to the exis-
tence of an arbitration agreement." 

. The
relevant question for this case, however, is whether Rule 81 applies
to authorize or prohibit the application of the Federal Rules of Civil
Procedure to matters incident to the merits of the underlying arbitra-
tion itself.

In Champ, the Seventh Circuit addressed whether the district court
could certify class arbitration. Intervenors in the case argued that Rule
81(a)(3) authorized the district court to apply the Federal Rules of
Civil Procedure to certify class arbitration because the FAA and the
arbitration agreement were silent on class arbitration. 

. The court rejected this argument for two reasons. First, the court
noted that

          section 4 of the FAA requires that we enforce an arbitration
          agreement according to its terms. Such terms conceivably
          could consist of consolidated or even class arbitration. The
          parties here did not include in their agreement an express
          term providing for class arbitration. Thus, one could say that

                     11
         through the proper application of 9 U.S.C. § 4 the FAA has
         already provided the type of procedure to be followed in this
         case, namely, non-class-action arbitration.

Second, the court concluded that"more to the point, we
still could not accept the intervenors' assertions because by its lan-
guage Rule 81(a)(3) only applies to judicial proceedings under the
FAA," such as motions to stay arbitration, compel arbitration, or
vacate arbitration awards. 

court could order
discovery pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 26 on matters relevant to the
existence of an arbitration agreement" to determine whether to stay or
compel arbitration, "nothing in the language of Rule 81(a)(3) purports
to apply the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure to the actual proceed-
ings on the merits before the arbitrators." 

Commercial Solvents, the district court vacated a
notice to take depositions under the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure
in an arbitrable dispute. The court rejected the contention that Rule
81(a)(3) "fills the void and authorizes application of the federal dis-
covery rules" to aid 

. The court noted that
"[a]t this stage, in the instant matter, the parties have submitted to
arbitration, there is no proceeding pending in another court relating
to the matter submitted to arbitration, and there has been no occasion
to initiate any of the proceedings expressly authorized in the [FAA]."11

reasoned that "[a]pplication of the federal rules in pro-
ceedings under the Federal Arbitration Act to supply`matters of pro-
cedure,' not provided for therein, is authorized. Rule 81(a)(3) comes
into play, however, only in proceedings under the Act. The instant
matter involves none." Id.
_________________________________________________________________
11 Title 9 authorizes the court to enforce arbitration agreements through
the following mechanisms, none of which address the merits of the
underlying arbitration itself: motions to stay (§ 3), petitions to compel
arbitration (§ 4), applications for the appointment of an arbitrator (§ 5),
applications for the confirmation of an arbitration award (§ 9), applica-
tions to vacate an award (§ 10), and applications to modify or correct an
arbitration award (§ 11). See Champ v. Siegel Trading Co., 

,
276 (7th Cir. 1995). At oral argument, counsel for Pacific Eternity stated
that it had sought a stay, both orally and in conjunction with its motion
to dismiss. The record, however, does not support Pacific Eternity's
assertions.

                    12
The lesson of Champ and Commercial Solvents is that Rule
81(a)(3) does not affirmatively authorize application of the federal
rules to matters that are incident to an arbitrable dispute because Rule
81 does not apply to an underlying arbitration proceeding. Rather, it
applies only to allow or prohibit use of the federal rules in Title 9 pro-
ceedings. Consequently, a district court could invoke Rule 81(a)(3) to
use federal discovery rules to determine whether a dispute is arbitra-
ble. See 

. The district court could not, however,
invoke Rule 81 to authorize discovery in aid of arbitration because
Rule 81 simply does not apply with respect to the arbitration proceed-
ing itself. See 

side is also true; Rule 81 does not preclude
discovery incident to arbitration because it does not apply in this con-
text at all.12 The present case does not involve a Title 9 proceeding;
it involves discovery related to the merits of the underlying arbitra-
tion. For that reason, we conclude that Rule 81, by its language, did
not prohibit the district court from considering Deiulemar's request
for discovery in aid of arbitration.13
_________________________________________________________________
12 Moreover, even if Rule 81 applied in the present case, it is unclear
that it would necessarily be incompatible with discovery in aid of arbitra-
tion under "extraordinary circumstances." See Penn Tanker Co. v. C.H.Z.
Rolimplex, Warszawa, 

, 718 (S.D.N.Y. 1961) (rejecting
the argument that Rule 81(a)(3) affirmatively authorizes court ordered
discovery in aid of arbitration but noting, in dicta, that "I do not think
that Rule 81(a)(3) is designed to allow judicially imposed and controlled
discovery as to the merits of a controversy which will be referred to arbi-
tration . . . except, perhaps, upon a showing of true necessity because of
an exceptional situation -- which this case does not appear to be").
13 Pacific Eternity also appears to argue that it is improper for Deiule-
mar to perpetuate evidence in aid of arbitration, as opposed to preserving
evidence solely for the anticipated federal action that serves as its juris-
dictional predicate. See generally infra part V (discussing jurisdictional
requirements of Rule 27). Pacific Eternity correctly notes that Deiule-
mar's anticipated actions to enforce or compel arbitration are Title 9
actions that, by themselves, would probably not entitle Deiulemar to dis-
covery on the merits of the underlying arbitrable dispute. See Fed. R.
Civ. P. 81(a)(3). We recognize that permitting Rule 27 perpetuation in
aid of arbitration may create a slight anomaly to the extent that Deiule-
mar could use Rule 27 to preserve evidence that it could not otherwise
discover through its anticipated federal court actions. But the very idea
of "extraordinary circumstances" is to preserve evidence in aid of arbitra-

                  13
V.

Pacific Eternity also argues that the district court lacked subject
matter jurisdiction over Deiulemar's Rule 27 petition because Deiule-
mar failed to satisfy Rule 27's requirements. In particular, Pacific
Eternity contends that Deiulemar failed to demonstrate a cognizable
action that it expected to bring in federal court and that it impermiss-
ibly sought to discover new evidence, as opposed to perpetuating
known evidence. We agree with the district court that Deiulemar
established a cognizable action and that Deiulemar did not seek to use
Rule 27 as an impermissible discovery device. We also agree that the
district court, by allowing perpetuation of evidence, prevented a fail-
ure or delay of justice as required by Rule 27(a)(3).

A.

Deiulemar maintains that it established subject matter jurisdiction
by demonstrating three cognizable actions -- "either to compel arbi-
tration, seek security or to enforce an award"-- that it was unable to
bring in federal court when it filed its Rule 27 petition.14 (J.A. at 3.)
_________________________________________________________________
tion rather than in aid of anticipated federal court actions. See Oriental
Commercial & Shipping Co. v. Rosseel, 

, 401 (S.D.N.Y.
1989) (denying discovery in aid of arbitration because the petitioner
sought to discover evidence in order to ensure its ability to enforce an
arbitration award rather than determine the merits of the underlying arbi-
tration and noting that "[t]he term `exceptional circumstances' addresses
situations where a party's ability to properly present its case to the arbi-
trators will be irreparably harmed absent court ordered discovery," and
that "the line of cases permitting discovery`in aid of arbitration' only
apply to discovery concerning the subject matter of the suit to be arbi-
trated"). We note that at least one trial court has permitted Rule 27 dis-
covery in aid of arbitration under "extraordinary circumstances." See In
re Deiulemar, 

, 593 (E.D. La. 1994) (permitting Rule 27
perpetuation in aid of arbitration). We have not found any other case that
directly addresses the compatibility of Rule 27 to discovery in aid of
arbitration.
14 It is undisputed that Deiulemar's anticipated actions to compel or
enforce arbitration would have taken place in federal court because the
Allegra was in United States waters when Deiulemar filed its petition. It
is also undisputed that Deiulemar was initially unable to bring its antici-
pated actions to enforce or compel arbitration in federal court because it
had not yet initiated arbitration when it filed its petition.

                    14
Pacific Eternity argues that these asserted actions are not "cognizable"
because they are too speculative. Pacific Eternity contends that it
never affirmatively disputed arbitration, and, therefore, Deiulemar
had no basis to anticipate any future action to enforce or compel arbi-
tration. We conclude that the district court did not abuse its discretion
in implicitly finding that Deiulemar had established potentially cogni-
zable actions to support its Rule 27 petition.

Rule 27 is a means of perpetuating testimony before trial. See Ash
v. Cort, 

, 911 (3d Cir. 1975). A Rule 27 petitioner must
show, among other things, that it expects to be a party to an action
"that may be cognizable in any court of the United States but is pres-
ently unable to bring it or cause it to be brought."15 Fed. R. Civ. P.
27(a)(1). "Rule 27 properly applies only in that special category of
cases where it is necessary to prevent testimony from being lost."16
_________________________________________________________________
15 Rule 27 requires a petitioner to show:

          1, that the petitioner expects to be a party to an action cognizable
          in a court of the United States but is presently unable to bring it
          or cause it to be brought, 2, the subject matter of the expected
          action and the petitioner's interest therein, 3, the facts which the
          petitioner desires to establish by the proposed testimony and the
          reasons for desiring to perpetuate it, 4, the names or a description
          of the persons the petitioner expects will be adverse parties and
          their addresses so far as known, and 5, the names and addresses
          of the persons to be examined and the substance of the testimony
          which the petitioner expects to elicit from each.

Fed. R. Civ. P. 27(a)(1).
16 A petitioner, therefore, must demonstrate "an immediate need to per-
petuate testimony." Penn Mut. Life Ins. Co. v. United States, 

, 1375 (D.C. Cir. 1995); see In re Checkosky, 

, 7
(D.D.C. 1992) ("[M]ost courts have held that a petitioner must make a
particularized showing that the testimony needs to be taken in advance
of the contemplated action."). For the reasons described above, in our
discussion of Deiulemar's "special need" to preserve the evidence, we
believe that Deiulemar demonstrated an immediate need for the evi-
dence. See supra part III (discussing Deiulemar's representation that
Pacific Eternity was altering the condition of the ship and that the ship
would soon leave United States waters); In re Bay County Middle-
grounds Landfill Site, 

, 1047 (6th Cir. 1999) (requiring

                     15


. Because the rule's purpose"is not the determi-
nation of substantive rights, but merely the providing of aid for the
eventual adjudication of such rights in a suit later to be begun," it is
designed to "afford a simple ancillary or auxiliary remedy to which
the usual federal jurisdictional and venue requirements do not apply."
Mosseller v. United States, 

, 382 (2d Cir. 1946). As a
result, "[t]here need not be an independent basis in federal jurisdiction
in a proceeding to perpetuate, but it must be shown that in the con-
templated action, for which the testimony is being perpetuated, fed-
eral jurisdiction would exist and thus is a matter that may be
cognizable in the federal courts." Dresser Indus. v. United States, 

, 1238 (5th Cir. 1979).

A petitioner does not have to demonstrate a cognizable action with
absolute certainty. See Penn Mut. Life Ins. Co. v. United States, 

, 1374 (D.C. Cir. 1995). In De Wagenknecht v. Stinnes, 

(D.C. Cir. 1957), a petitioner sought the return of certain
property under the Trading with the Enemy Act. See 

Although the petitioner could not bring suit because she did not meet
all of the Act's requirements, other parties had filed administrative
claims under the Act to obtain the same property. See 

The
petitioner asserted that she had a potential "cognizable action" in
United States court based upon two contingent possibilities: (1) that
the other parties seeking the property might prevail, in which case the
petitioner could then sue them in federal court; and (2) that Congress
might pass legislation that would return the property to its former
German owners, in which case the petitioner could sue the Attorney
General for refusing to recognize her claim. See 

The court
concluded that the district court did not abuse its discretion in finding
that there was a "sufficient likelihood that the expected litigation
[would] eventuate." 

court affirmed the district
court's finding that the petitioner had established a cognizable action
_________________________________________________________________

only a "reasonable showing of the need to perpetuate the testimony lest
it be lost because of the commencement of litigation"); cf. Penn 

(noting that although general allegations are not sufficient
to show an immediate need to perpetuate testimony,"the age of a pro-
posed deponent may be relevant in determining whether there is suffi-
cient reason to perpetuate testimony").

                    16
despite the existence of contingent events, i.e., that the other parties
would prevail, or that Congress would pass legislation returning the
property to its former German owners. See 

Thus, even
anticipated actions that are contingent and uncertain can be cogniza-
ble for the purposes of Rule 27 jurisdiction.

In the present case, Deiulemar filed its Rule 27 petition the day
after Pacific Eternity denied Captain Popp access to the Allegra. At
the time of filing, Deiulemar had not yet initiated arbitration. Thus,
it was not certain that Deiulemar would have to compel or enforce
arbitration. Under the circumstances, however, Deiulemar reasonably
believed that it could not wait and see whether Pacific Eternity would
comply with arbitration because Pacific Eternity was repairing the
ship and crucial evidence was rapidly disappearing or changing.
Moreover, Deiulemar asserted that Pacific Eternity demonstrated bad
faith and dilatory intent by stonewalling Deiulemar and denying Cap-
tain Popp access to the ship. Given the district court's reasonable reli-
ance on Deiulemar's allegations at the time of filing, as well as the
clear exigency of the moment, we cannot say that the district court
abused its discretion. We recognize that Deiulemar's anticipated
actions to compel or enforce arbitration were not absolutely certain,
nor were they present rights of action. But, Rule 27 does not require
absolute certainty. See Penn 

; De 

. A cognizable action only requires"a sufficient likeli-
hood that the expected litigation will eventuate." 

present
case, given Pacific Eternity's questionable conduct in denying Deiule-
mar access to the ship -- an act that, on its face, may be described
as a dilatory tactic -- we cannot say that the district court abused its
discretion when it asserted jurisdiction over Deiulemar's petition after
Deiulemar represented that it would potentially have to bring an
action to enforce or compel arbitration in federal court.

B.

Pacific Eternity next argues that Deiulemar abused Rule 27 by
using it to discover new evidence, as opposed to perpetuating known
evidence. As a result, Pacific Eternity argues, Deiulemar exceeded the
proper scope of Rule 27 jurisdiction. We disagree.

Rule 27 is not a substitute for broad discovery, see Penn Mut. Life
Ins. v. United States, 

, 1376 (D.C. Cir. 1995), nor is it

                     17
designed as a means of ascertaining facts for drafting a complaint, see
In re Storck, 

, 58 (D. Mass. 1998) ("The rule is not
designed to allow pre-complaint discovery."); In re Sitter, 

, 82 (D. Minn. 1996) ("Here, because the testimony of the proposed
deponents is unknown to Sitter, she is wholly unable to set forth the
substance of the testimony that she would hope to preserve by the tak-
ing of the pre-action depositions."). A petitioner must know the sub-
stance of the evidence it seeks before it can invoke Rule 27
perpetuation. See Nevada v. O'Leary, 

, 936 (9th Cir.
1995) (finding that the petitioner could not satisfy Rule 27 because it
could not "set forth the substance of the testimony"); Penn 

; In re Ford, 

, 507 (M.D. Ala. 1997)
("Here, Ford seeks to discover or uncover testimony, not to perpetuate
it. . . . Ford simply wants to know who shot Roberts and why. Rule
27 simply does not provide for such discovery.").

In the present case, Pacific Eternity argues that Deiulemar sought
to use Rule 27 as a discovery device to uncover new evidence rather
than perpetuating known evidence. Pacific Eternity points to Deiule-
mar's petition, which states that Deiulemar needed Rule 27 discovery
"to learn the present condition of the engine," (J.A. at 34), and that
"[t]he purpose in perpetuating this evidence is to determine the nature
and extent of Petitioner's claim for breach of the attached [Charter
Party agreement.]" (J.A. at 5.) These statements suggest that Deiule-
mar might not have known the exact nature of the evidence that it
sought to gather. At the time Deiulemar filed its petition, however, the
Coast Guard had already revealed several engine-related defects on
the Allegra. See supra note 2 (describing deficiencies uncovered by
Coast Guard). Based on these reports alone, the district court had
some basis to conclude that Deiulemar, in requesting perpetuation of
evidence related to the condition of the ship and its engine parts,
largely knew the substance of the information that it sought to pre-
serve through Rule 27. In particular, the district court could reason-
ably conclude that Deiulemar knew of and sought to preserve the
present condition of the defective engine parts, as described by the
Coast Guard's safety reports. The district court, therefore, did not
abuse its discretion in implicitly finding that Deiulemar sought to per-
petuate, rather than discover, the evidence on the Allegra.17 See In re
_________________________________________________________________
17 In arguing that Deiulemar simply sought to use the district court as
a vehicle for impermissible discovery, Pacific Eternity misapprehends

                    18
Bay County Middlegrounds Landfill Site, 

, 1046 (6th
Cir. 1999) ("We hold that the judge's discretion encompasses the
nature and quality of evidence required to make or rebut the required
showing in Rule 27(a)(1).").

C.

Before a district court can order perpetuation of testimony, the
court must be "satisfied that the perpetuation of the testimony may
prevent a failure or delay of justice." Fed. R. Civ. P. 27(a)(3) (stating
that the district court "shall make an order" perpetuating evidence if
it is "satisfied that the perpetuation of the testimony may prevent a
failure or delay of justice"). We believe that the district court pre-
vented a failure or delay of justice when it ordered the perpetuation
of the evidence on the Allegra.

To show that Rule 27 perpetuation of testimony may prevent a fail-
ure or delay of justice, a petitioner "must demonstrate a need for [the
testimony or evidence] that cannot easily be accomodated by other
potential witnesses." Penn Mut. Life Ins. v. United States, 

, 1375 (D.C. Cir. 1995). "[T]he testimony to be perpetuated must
be relevant, not simply cumulative, and likely to provide material dis-
tinctly useful to a finder of fact." In re Bay County Middlegrounds
Landfill Site, 

, 1047 (6th Cir. 1999). "Evidence that
throws a different, greater, or additional light on a key issue might
well `prevent a failure or delay of justice.'" 

R. Civ.
P. 27(a)(3)).

To establish its arbitration claim for breach of the Charter Party
agreement, Deiulemar had to secure evidence of the ship's condition.
This evidence was rapidly changing, however, and would soon disap-
_________________________________________________________________
the narrow scope of the district court's action. The district court pre-
served the evidence; it did not allow Deiulemar to develop or discover
any information, nor did it rule on its admissibility. The evidence
remains sealed in camera at the district court. Pacific Eternity has a clear
remedy at hand; it can seek to suppress the evidence in London. By suc-
cessfully arguing before the arbitrator, Pacific Eternity can prevent Dei-
ulemar from ever obtaining the evidence.

                     19
pear when the ship left United States waters. Although the Coast
Guard partially described the ship's condition in its report, including
the ship's various mechanical defects, a third-party report written for
a purpose other than litigation is a questionable substitute for an
expert's firsthand inspection of the ship's reported problems. For that
reason, Deiulemar's need to perpetuate evidence on the Allegra could
not "easily be accomodated by other potential[evidence]." Penn 

. Moreover, the evidence preserved from the Allegra
will likely shed "different, greater, or additional light" on the dispute
beyond the information found in the Coast Guard's brief record of
deficiencies. Bay 

. Accordingly, we con-
clude that the district court did not abuse its discretion.

We recognize, in this shrinking world of increasingly efficient
global communication, that Deiulemar conceivably could have pre-
served the evidence by seeking discovery in London without ever
invoking the district court's jurisdiction. But, Deiulemar did not
choose this route. Rather, it sought redress in federal court, and, at the
time, it was permissible for it to do so because there was no pending
arbitration. Deiulemar's petition, on its face, appeared to be complete.
It described a situation of obvious exigency based on disappearing
evidence, and it asserted potentially cognizable actions to compel or
enforce arbitration. It also purported to preserve, rather than develop
or discover, crucial evidence in aid of arbitration. With limited time
and information, the district court was forced to balance this exigency
against the uncertain possibility that Deiulemar might be able to pre-
serve the evidence in another forum. We have no difficulty holding
that the district court did not abuse its discretion under these excep-
tional circumstances when it entertained Deiulemar's Rule 27 request.

VI.

Having determined that the district court did not err in considering
Deiulemar's Rule 27 petition, we now must decide whether to unseal
the preserved evidence. For the reasons stated below, we decline to
unseal the evidence. Rather, we remand with instructions to transfer
the sealed evidence to the pending arbitration proceeding. The evi-
dence has been gathered, the condition of the ship has changed, the
ship has sailed out of United States waters, and the arbitration pro-
ceedings have been initiated. Deiulemar, having successfully gathered

                     20
evidence from the Allegra, desires to unseal it before the arbitrator
has an opportunity to rule on its admissibility. If we grant Deiule-
mar's request, we will effectively place Deiulemar in a better position
than it held before it filed its Rule 27 petition. Had there been no pur-
ported "extraordinary circumstances," Deiulemar would have had to
seek discovery from the arbitrator in London, and the arbitrator would
have made his decision without first seeing any of the evidence. Dis-
covery in aid of arbitration is an emergency measure designed to pre-
serve evidence. See Ash v. Cort, 

, 911 (3d Cir. 1975).
It is not meant to allow parties to circumvent the discovery proce-
dures of arbitral forums.

By contrast, Pacific Eternity asks us to "unring the bell" by requir-
ing the district court to destroy evidence, already gathered, that can
never be reproduced. This option would suppress evidence that the
arbitrator may find useful in adjudicating the merits of the underlying
dispute. The cost and inconvenience associated with gathering this
information has already been incurred. There is simply no practical
reason to deny the arbitrator the opportunity to make his own decision
on this matter. This is particularly true where the evidence is undis-
turbed and unseen and, therefore, does not presently provide either
party with an unfair advantage.

The Fifth Circuit faced a similar dilemma in In re Price, 

(5th Cir. 1984). In Price, the Fifth Circuit refused to hear an
appeal from a successful Rule 27 petition where discovery had
already taken place and the underlying action had already begun. See

(remanding appeal of a Rule 27 petition to district court
for consolidation with the underlying main action where perpetuation
had already occurred before the parties were able to file the main
action). In declining to hear the appeal, the court noted that "we see
no reason to proceed with this appeal... whereby we are asked to pass
in advance on aspects of the admissibility of evidence -- evidence
that may or may not be offered at the forthcoming trial and, if offered,
may or may not be admitted."18Id. at 1194. The court noted the fol-
lowing:
_________________________________________________________________
18 In In re Price, 

(5th Cir. 1984), like the present case,
the court faced the issue of whether the district court lacked subject mat-

                     21
         None of the reasons that support appellate review of a Rule
         27 order, favorable or unfavorable, before the deposition
         that it authorizes or declines to authorize has been taken and
         the action for which the deposition is intended has been filed
         continue to obtain after these events have occurred. What-
         ever expense and effort were to have been occasioned by the
         deposition and might have been avoided have already been
         occasioned. Nor, in these circumstances, need there be fear
         that testimony will be lost because of an incorrect order
         unfavorable to deposing a witness. Finally, a tribunal is
         presently available to entertain a motion to dismiss any
         action filed without subject-matter jurisdiction, terminating
         any further unjustified inconvenience to the moving party.

The court concluded that"except in unusual and com-
pelling circumstances not present here and which we do not now
envision, review of Rule 27 orders is better declined when the deposi-
tion authorized has already been taken and the action for which it is
intended has been filed." 

In the present case, the perpetuation of the evidence has already
occurred and Deiulemar has already initiated arbitration in London.
Neither party has seen the evidence gathered from the Allegra, and,
as a result, the arbitrator will have an opportunity to rule on Deiule-
mar's discovery request as if Deiulemar had brought it for the first
time in the arbitral forum. Neither party will be prejudiced by this
action. To the contrary, the parties are in the exact positions they
would have held had Deiulemar sought discovery from the arbitrator
_________________________________________________________________
ter jurisdiction over Price's Rule 27 petition because Price failed to assert
a "cognizable" action that he could not presently bring in federal court.
See 

The court refrained from addressing the merits of Price's
Rule 27 petition because discovery had already occurred. See 

The court also declined to address whether the district court had subject
matter jurisdiction over Price's Rule 27 petition because "such review
invites the appellate court -- under the rubric of determining `cogniza-
bility' -- to pass on the subject matter jurisdiction of the district court
over the pending main action. We think this better done in the first
instance by the trial court . . . ." 

the first place. The arbitrator does not have to admit the evidence,
nor does he have to suppress it; that choice is left entirely to the arbi-
trator.

We find no unfairness in returning this issue, preserved in a pristine
state, to the forum that will ultimately hear the merits of the underly-
ing dispute. To the contrary, we can think of nothing fairer than leav-
ing each party where it began. In doing so, we decline Pacific
Eternity's invitation to destroy evidence that is already gathered and
impossible to regain, and we decline Deiulemar's invitation to reveal
the evidence in advance of any ruling by the arbitrator.

VII.

In summary, we conclude that the district court did not err in con-
sidering Deiulemar's Rule 27 petition. In deciding whether to enter-
tain Deiulemar's Rule 27 petition, the district court had to balance the
potentially uncertain nature of Deiulemar's asserted cognizable
actions against Deiulemar's need to preserve evidence under "extraor-
dinary circumstances," filtered by the lack of any demonstrable harm
alleged by Pacific Eternity. Given the knowledge that it had at the
time of filing, we find that the district court did not abuse its discre-
tion when it asserted jurisdiction over Deiulemar's Rule 27 petition.

The present dispute involves discovery, already complete, that may
or may not be admitted in an arbitration that is currently pending. The
evidence is still sealed, and the parties have already absorbed any cost
or inconvenience associated with its perpetuation. We decline to
unseal or destroy the evidence gathered from the Allegra. We find it
more appropriate to place the unseen evidence where it belongs --
before an arbitrator who is appointed to resolve undisputedly arbitra-
ble disputes. For these reasons, we affirm the district court's exercise
of jurisdiction and remand with instructions to transfer the sealed evi-
dence to the arbitrator for the now-pending proceeding.

AFFIRMED AND REMANDED WITH INSTRUCTIONS

                     23