PUBLISHED

                      UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                          FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT


                                     No. 17-6447


UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

                   Plaintiff - Appellee,

             v.

CHRISTIAN M. ALLMENDINGER,

                   Defendant - Appellant.


Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia, at
Richmond. Robert E. Payne, Senior District Judge. (3:10-cr-00248-REP-1; 3:14-cv-
00375-REP)


Argued: May 9, 2018                                           Decided: June 26, 2018


Before GREGORY, Chief Judge, and MOTZ and KEENAN, Circuit Judges.


Vacated and remanded by published opinion. Judge Motz wrote the opinion, in which
Chief Judge Gregory and Judge Keenan joined.


ARGUED: William Joseph Gonyea, Jr., JOE GONYEA, ATTORNEY AT LAW,
Houston, Texas, for Appellant. Jessica D. Aber, OFFICE OF THE UNITED STATES
ATTORNEY, Richmond, Virginia, for Appellee. ON BRIEF: Dana J. Boente, United
States Attorney, OFFICE OF THE UNITED STATES ATTORNEY, Alexandria, Virginia,
for Appellee.
DIANA GRIBBON MOTZ, Circuit Judge:

       Christian M. Allmendinger was convicted and sentenced for money laundering and

other crimes relating to a fraudulent investment scheme. United States v. Allmendinger,

, 333 (4th Cir. 2013). On direct appeal, his counsel failed to raise a significant

and obvious issue that, if raised, likely would have resulted in the reversal of

Allmendinger’s money laundering convictions. In the present proceedings under 28 U.S.C.

§ 2255, the district court found that this failure did not amount to ineffective assistance of

counsel. Allmendinger appeals. For the reasons set forth within, we disagree and so vacate

the judgment of the district court and remand for further proceedings consistent with this

opinion.



                                              I.

       Allmendinger and an associate founded a company known as “A & O,” which sold

interests in life insurance policies to investors. Allmendinger hired Adley Abdulwahab to

help market A & O’s products; Abdulwahab subsequently joined A & O as a partner. When

marketing these products, Allmendinger and Abdulwahab “lied about many critical facts”

and misrepresented their company’s “size, staff, and record of earning returns for its

investors.” 

–34. They also misappropriated millions of

dollars for their personal benefit. The fraudulent scheme ultimately collapsed, causing

A & O’s investors to lose roughly $100 million. 

                                              2
       A grand jury indicted Allmendinger and Abdulwahab for various crimes related to

these actions. 

1 They proceeded to separate trials. In the first trial, a jury found

Allmendinger guilty of mail fraud, conspiracy to commit mail fraud, securities fraud,

conspiracy to commit money laundering, and — of particular importance here — two

counts of money laundering. 

In the second trial, a jury found Abdulwahab

guilty of mail fraud, conspiracy to commit mail fraud, securities fraud, conspiracy to

commit money laundering, and money laundering. 

n.3.

       The same district court judge sentenced both Allmendinger and Abdulwahab.

Allmendinger received a sentence of 540 months’ imprisonment, well within the

Sentencing Guidelines advisory range (life imprisonment capped by a statutory maximum

of 1,500 months). 

The judge sentenced Abdulwahab to 720 months’

imprisonment. United States v. Abdulwahab, 

, 528 (4th Cir. 2013). Both

defendants appealed.

       Allmendinger noted his appeal in November 2011, and we heard oral argument in

December 2012. Allmendinger’s appellate counsel made four principal arguments. First,

counsel claimed that the district court had violated Allmendinger’s Fifth Amendment rights

by altering the superseding indictment mid-trial. 

–340.

Second, counsel contended that the sentence was substantively unreasonable. 

44. Third, counsel maintained that the sentence was procedurally unreasonable, because

the district court erred in calculating the amount of loss attributable to Allmendinger under


       1
       Prior to the trials, the grand jury returned a superseding indictment against both
men. 

.
                                               3
the Guidelines. 

Fourth, counsel asserted that the sentence was also

procedurally unreasonable because the sentencing court failed to address Allmendinger’s

argument that the sentence created an unwarranted disparity with the sentences of similarly

situated defendants. 

We rejected all of these arguments and affirmed both the

conviction and sentence in an opinion issued on January 23, 2013. 

       On January 29, 2013, we heard oral argument in Abdulwahab’s companion appeal.

His appellate counsel raised an issue not addressed in Allmendinger’s appeal, namely, that

the “merger problem” identified in United States v. Santos, 

(2008), barred

Abdulwahab’s money laundering convictions. We agreed. 

–

32. Accordingly, we reversed Abdulwahab’s money laundering convictions, vacated his

sentence, and remanded for resentencing. 

On remand, the district court imposed

the same sentence. See United States v. Abdulwahab, 

, at *2 (E.D. Va.

May 3, 2016).

       Allmendinger, represented by new counsel, then filed this § 2255 action, claiming,

inter alia, that his original appellate counsel provided ineffective representation by failing

to raise the merger problem. The district court ordered that counsel to respond and, in a

sworn declaration, appellate counsel explained that he had “specifically considered” raising

the merger problem on appeal but decided not to, for strategic reasons. In particular, he

“did not believe this issue, even if successful, would ultimately lead to a reduction of Mr.

Allmendinger’s sentence,” and counsel did not want to “risk detracting from other issues

that [he] believed had a greater likelihood, if successful, of significantly reducing” the

sentence. In appellate counsel’s view, “[s]imply obtaining the reversal of a single count or

                                              4
two in a fashion that in all likelihood would not impact the sentence was not . . . a desirable

outcome.” Rather, counsel “wanted to focus the Court of Appeals on what [he] believed

to be the strongest grounds for appeal that might result in the reversal of all counts or could

have a significant impact on the sentence.”

       The district court denied habeas relief, rejecting Allmendinger’s ineffective

assistance claim. The court agreed that a merger problem existed and opined that, had

Allmendinger’s appellate counsel raised the issue on direct appeal, we would have

overturned the money laundering convictions. Nonetheless, the district court concluded

that failure to raise this issue did not amount to ineffective assistance because Allmendinger

failed to meet either prong of the two-pronged test for performance and prejudice, as

required by Strickland v. Washington, 

(1984).

       As to the performance prong, the district court found that appellate counsel’s failure

to assert the “merger problem” constituted a “reasonable tactical decision.” The court

explained that reversal of the money laundering convictions “would have had no impact”

on Allmendinger’s sentence. For largely the same reason, the court held that Allmendinger

also had failed to establish prejudice under the second prong because, even absent the

money laundering charges, the court “could — and would — have sentenced him again to

540 months of imprisonment.”

       Habeas counsel timely noted this appeal. We granted a Certificate of Appealability

on the question of “whether Allmendinger’s appellate counsel rendered ineffective

assistance in failing to present an argument premised on the merger problem articulated in

United States v. Santos, 

(2008).”

                                              5
       “Th[e] right to effective assistance of counsel extends to require such assistance on

direct appeal . . . .” Bell v. Jarvis, 

, 164 (4th Cir. 2000) (en banc). “In order

to establish a claim that appellate counsel was ineffective for failing to pursue a claim on

direct appeal, [a petitioner] must normally demonstrate” both deficient performance,

meaning “that his ‘counsel’s representation fell below an objective standard of

reasonableness’ in light of the prevailing professional norms,” and prejudice, meaning “that

‘there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of

the proceeding would have been different.’” 

466 U.S. at 688, 694).

“Whether counsel’s performance was constitutionally adequate is a mixed question of law

and fact which we review de novo.” Savino v. Murray, 

, 598 (4th Cir. 1996).



                                              II.

       Under the first Strickland prong, Allmendinger must show that his appellate

counsel’s performance was deficient. With respect to performance, “[e]ffective assistance

of appellate counsel does not require the presentation of all issues on appeal that may have

merit.” United States v. Mason, 

, 828–29 (4th Cir. 2014) (internal quotation

marks and citation omitted). Indeed, “winnowing out weaker arguments on appeal and

focusing on those more likely to prevail . . . is the hallmark of effective appellate

advocacy.” Smith v. Murray, 

, 536 (1986) (internal quotation marks and

citation omitted). But appellate counsel may render deficient performance by failing to

raise “issues [that] are clearly stronger than those presented.” 

(internal quotation marks and citation omitted); see also Mayo v. Henderson, 

,

                                              6
533 (2d Cir. 1994). The ineffective assistance inquiry therefore requires a court to compare

the strength of an issue not raised on direct appeal (here, the merger problem) with the

strength of arguments that were raised. See 

.

       We start by examining the issue not raised on direct appeal — the merger problem

— and then consider the issues appellate counsel did raise. We focus on the reasonableness

of appellate counsel’s conduct viewed as of the time of that conduct. See 

.

                                            A.

       When a defendant’s crime involves the use of “money transactions to pay for the

costs of the illegal activity,” the government cannot use those same money transactions to

also “prosecute the defendant for money laundering.” United States v. Halstead, 

, 279 (4th Cir. 2011). This is known as a merger problem. As we have held, a merger

problem occurs when the government attempts to convict a defendant of “money

laundering for paying the ‘essential expenses of operating’ the underlying crime.” 

553 U.S. at 528 (Stevens, J., concurring)). In contrast, no merger problem

arises “when the financial transactions of the predicate offense are different from the

transactions prosecuted as money laundering.” 

       In Abdulwahab, we held that a merger problem existed with respect to the money

laundering counts against Abdulwahab. For that reason, we reversed Abdulwahab’s money

laundering convictions. 

–32. Our decision in Abdulwahab

signals that the same problem exists with respect to the money laundering counts against

Allmendinger, because the counts against both men rested on commission payments that

                                             7
they made to a sales agent, who sold A & O products to investors. As we explained in

Abdulwahab, these payments “were for services that played a critical role in the underlying

fraud scheme in that it was the promise of payment for services rendered that enticed [the

sales agent] to obtain investors for A & O.” Thus, “the commission payments were

essential expenses of the illegal activity.” 

2

       Nevertheless, a “fair assessment of attorney performance requires that every effort

be made to eliminate the distorting effects of hindsight,” 

, and

so our analysis must focus on the strength of the merger argument at the time that

Allmendinger’s appellate counsel failed to raise it.

       The Government maintains that because we published our decision in Abdulwahab

after Allmendinger’s appeal had concluded, it “was not guaranteed” that this issue would

prevail when Allmendinger’s appellate counsel made his arguments on direct appeal.

Appellee Br. at 15. But in fact, given our circuit precedent, at the time appellate counsel



       2
         The money laundering statute under which Allmendinger and Abdulwahab were
convicted criminalizes “financial transaction[s]” involving the “proceeds” of an illegal
activity. See 18 U.S.C. § 1956(a)(1). But the statute does not define “proceeds,” and so it
leaves unclear whether this term means “receipts” or “profits” of the underlying crime.

. If “proceeds” means “receipts,” then a defendant engaged
in underlying activity could be convicted under the money laundering statute “for paying
the essential expenses of operating the underlying crime.” 

Accordingly, where
a merger problem arises, we have interpreted the term “proceeds” to mean “profits” in
order to avoid merger. In 2009, Congress amended the money laundering statute to define
“proceeds” as “any property derived from or obtained or retained, directly or indirectly,
through some form of unlawful activity, including the gross receipts of such activity.”
Fraud Enforcement and Recovery Act of 2009, Pub. L. No. 111–21, § 2(f), 123 Stat. 1617,
1618 (codified at 18 U.S.C. § 1956(c)(9)). Because the Government charged Allmendinger
with participating in illegal activities before this amendment, the prior version of the statute
applies. See 

n.8.
                                               8
decided not to raise the merger argument, that argument had a near-certain likelihood of

success. In a 2011 opinion — issued more than one year before Allmendinger’s counsel

filed his opening appellate brief — we explained that, “when the illegal activity includes

money transactions to pay for the costs of the illegal activity, a merger problem can occur

if the government uses those transactions also to prosecute the defendant for money

laundering.” 

. We further clarified that “[a]n individual cannot

be convicted of money laundering for paying the essential expenses of operating the

underlying crime.” 

marks and citation omitted).

       In United States v. Cloud, 

(4th Cir. 2012), which we issued roughly

two months before Allmendinger’s counsel filed his opening appellate brief, we revisited

the merger issue. 3 Citing Halstead, we concluded that a merger problem existed, because

the money laundering convictions at issue in Cloud were “based on payments to recruiters,

buyers, and other coconspirators for the role each person played in the mortgage fraud

scheme.” 

. Given our precedent at the time, the merger issue thus

had a strong chance of success had Allmendinger’s counsel raised it on direct appeal.




       3
          We need not determine whether appellate counsel necessarily renders deficient
performance for failing to consider a Fourth Circuit decision issued only two months before
an opening brief is due. Our decision in Halstead already provided a strong basis for
claiming that a merger problem existed. At oral argument, the Government resisted the
idea that Allmendinger’s appellate counsel was unaware of our decision in Cloud. See Oral
Argument        at    15:35–45,     http://coop.ca4.uscourts.gov/OAarchive/mp3/17-6447-
20180509.mp3 (“I don’t necessarily think we can read [appellate counsel’s] affidavit as
saying [he] did not factor in subsequent Fourth Circuit decisions in Cloud and Halstead.”).
And Allmendinger’s appellate counsel himself stated (in his declaration) that his decision
not to raise the merger issue was strategic, not ill informed.
                                            9
                                              B.

         While the merger issue had a near-certain chance of success on appeal, it is equally

clear that the contentions raised by Allmendinger’s appellate counsel did not. Indeed, the

Government does not even argue that these contentions were stronger than the merger

issue.

         With respect to Allmendinger’s conviction, appellate counsel claimed the district

court erred in altering the superseding indictment before providing it to the jury. The

revisions reflected a narrower conspiracy than the one charged in the superseding

indictment. For instance, the amended superseding indictment moved up the date on which

the conspiracy ended and reduced the losses suffered by A & O investors. 

. Given these changes, appellate counsel claimed that the jury had

convicted Allmendinger of a conspiracy materially different than the one charged in the

indictment, in violation of the Fifth Amendment. Unlike the merger contention, this

argument faced significant obstacles, as longstanding precedent holds that amendments to

an indictment generally do not violate the Fifth Amendment if, like the amendments here,

they narrow, rather than broaden, the charges. See, e.g., United States v. Miller, 

, 144 (1985).

         Appellate counsel also attacked Allmendinger’s sentence as substantively and

procedurally unreasonable. Before us, the Government concedes — correctly, in our view

— that challenging Allmendinger’s sentence as substantively unreasonable was a long

shot. Oral Argument at 18:25–40, http://coop.ca4.uscourts.gov/OAarchive/mp3/17-6447-



                                              10
20180509.mp3. Thus, it is clear the merger argument was “clearly stronger” than the

substantive unreasonableness claim. See 

.

       With respect to procedural unreasonableness, appellate counsel first argued that the

district court erred in calculating the amount of loss attributable to Allmendinger. Counsel

principally claimed that although Allmendinger made misrepresentations to attract

investors’ money, he did not agree to join a criminal scheme that led those investors to lose

money. See 

–42. But we have long held that, for sentencing

purposes, a defendant may be held accountable for the reasonably foreseeable acts of others

taken in pursuit of the criminal activity that the defendant agreed to join. See United States

v. Gilliam, 

, 1012–13 (4th Cir. 1993). That clearly extends to the losses at

issue here.

       Regarding the scope of the conspiracy, the district court found that Allmendinger

was a principal architect of a fraudulent scheme pursuant to which A & O representatives

lied to investors to attract their money and then lied again by telling investors that A & O

would use their money to pre-pay policy premiums (ensuring the policies would not lapse)

when in fact the money was used by Allmendinger as a personal “piggy bank.”

. The court also found that Allmendinger knew, after he left

A & O in 2007, that “the mode of operation” that he “had set in motion would continue.”

In light of these findings, appellate counsel did not have a near-certain

chance of success when arguing that the decision not to pay policy premiums, which

occurred after Allmendinger left A & O and caused A & O investors to lose money, was



                                             11
not a reasonably foreseeable act taken by co-conspirators in pursuit of the criminal activity

Allmendinger had agreed to join. 4

       Appellate counsel also claimed that the sentence was procedurally unreasonable,

because the district court did not address counsel’s argument that the sentence created an

unwarranted disparity with similarly situated defendants. See 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(6). But

a court’s explanation of its sentence “need not be elaborate or lengthy.” United States v.

Carter, 

, 330 (4th Cir. 2009). Rather, the court need only “set forth enough

to satisfy the appellate court that [the court] has considered the parties’ arguments and has

a reasoned basis for exercising [its] own legal decisionmaking authority.” Rita v. United

States, 

, 356 (2007). Here, the district court heard argument on unwarranted

disparities from both sides and stated it was specifically considering this factor when

imposing its sentence. Allmendinger’s likelihood of prevailing on a claim of procedural

error in these circumstances was thus far from certain.




       4
          Appellate counsel further claimed that no losses could be attributed to
Allmendinger because investors would not have lost money but for fraud by A & O’s bond
holder. See 

–43 & 343 n.5. Counsel relied solely on United
States v. Hicks, 

, 1049 (9th Cir. 2000), for the proposition that “losses caused
by intervening, independent, and unforeseeable criminal misconduct of a third party” may
not be used to calculate a defendant’s loss amount. But other circuits have disagreed with
this view. See, e.g., United States v. Jimenez, 

, 87–88 (3d Cir. 2008).
Accordingly, prevailing on this point was no certainty. Additionally, appellate counsel
claimed that even though the district court granted a variance, it erred in failing to consider
a downward departure on the basis that the loss amount overstated the seriousness of the
offense conduct. 

. It is hard to conclude that this contention
has any merit at all. See United States v. Disodado-Star, 

, 364–66 (4th Cir.
2011).
                                              12
                                              C.

       Even if the omitted merger issue was “clearly stronger” than the claims actually

raised by appellate counsel, the Government contends that appellate counsel’s performance

was not deficient because it reflected a strategic decision. We will assume (but not decide)

that counsel may perform adequately if he has a “strategic reason” for not raising a “clearly

stronger” claim. Even so, counsel’s actions still must pass the test of reasonableness; not

every purported “strategic reason” will do. See 

; see also United States

v. Mannino, 

, 843 (3d Cir. 2000) (noting that a court need not credit counsel’s

affidavit if “sound reasons” exist for not doing so).

       In his sworn statement, Allmendinger’s appellate counsel explained that he

considered raising the merger issue but ultimately opted not to do so, because he did not

believe that reversal of the money laundering convictions would alter his client’s sentence.

Instead, he chose to “focus” the appellate court on “the strongest grounds for appeal that

might result in the reversal of all counts or could have a significant impact on the sentence.”

The Government endorses this theory in this appeal.

       This purported strategic rationale rests on a faulty foundation. Neither appellate

counsel nor the Government explains why, at the time of Allmendinger’s appeal, it was

reasonable for counsel to believe that overturning two counts of money laundering (which

together accounted for 160 months of a 540-month sentence) would have no effect in

resentencing proceedings. We can discern none from the record. When sentencing

Allmendinger, the court suggested a 540-month sentence was appropriate, and it imposed

count-specific sentences (running consecutively) to reach that total. At that time, the court

                                              13
did not in any way indicate that it would impose the same sentence in the absence of the

two money laundering convictions.

       The Government relies on the fact that, in these § 2255 habeas proceedings, the

district court stated that it would have imposed the same sentence even if counsel had raised

the merger problem on direct appeal and we had reversed the money laundering

convictions. The Government also notes that, after we reversed the money laundering

convictions in Abdulwahab’s companion case on direct appeal, the district court imposed

the same sentence. Reliance on these facts is misplaced, because we examine appellate

counsel’s performance at the time of the appeal, not in the light of subsequent events. See

.

       The Government also defends counsel’s omission of the merger claim on the ground

that reversing the money laundering counts would not have changed the applicable

Guidelines range. Even if true, we reject the notion that it was reasonable for appellate

counsel to assume, at the time of direct review, that the sentencing court would impose the

same sentence in the face of the elimination of two counts of conviction.

       Finally, we find it difficult to accept appellate counsel’s purported strategic rationale

in light of its application here. Appellate counsel asserts in his declaration that he wanted

to focus on the arguments most likely to have a “significant impact” on Allmendinger’s

sentence. Implicitly, then, he maintains that he believed that prevailing on any claim that

he did raise — including the argument that the district court procedurally erred in failing

to adequately explain the sentence it imposed — was more likely to result in a “significant”

sentence reduction on remand than reversal of the two money laundering counts. Tellingly,

                                              14
neither appellate counsel nor the Government even attempt to explain why that would be

so. It seems to us that this procedural-error claim in particular would be less likely to result

in any change to the sentence than an argument that would lead to the reversal of the money

laundering counts.

       Because merger constituted a “clearly stronger” argument than the issues raised on

direct appeal, and because appellate counsel does not identify any true strategic rationale

for failing to raise merger, we hold that appellate counsel’s performance was deficient.



                                              III.

       Under the second Strickland prong, Allmendinger must establish that his appellate

counsel’s deficient performance caused him prejudice. See 

.

The district court concluded that Allmendinger failed to show prejudice because, even if

appellate counsel had raised merger on direct appeal (and secured a reversal of the money

laundering convictions), the district court would have imposed the same sentence. The

Government adopts this position before us, claiming that Allmendinger must show that a

reversal of the money laundering convictions would have changed his sentence on remand.

       But this is not the correct standard for assessing prejudice. Whether the sentence

would change on remand does not control the Strickland prejudice inquiry in the context

of alleged ineffective assistance on appeal. What matters is whether, had counsel raised

the merger problem on direct appeal, we likely would have reversed the money laundering

counts and remanded to the district court for resentencing. See Smith v. Robbins, 

, 285–86 (2000) (noting that to show prejudice, the individual alleging ineffective

                                              15
assistance of appellate counsel “must show a reasonable probability that, but for his

counsel’s [error], he would have prevailed on his appeal.” (emphasis added)); see also

United States v. Rangel, 

, 745 (4th Cir. 2015).

       As previously explained, had appellate counsel raised the merger problem on

appeal, we likely would have reversed the money laundering convictions.                 See

–32, 535. Allmendinger has established prejudice from his

appellate counsel’s deficient performance.



                                             IV.

       For    the   foregoing   reasons,   Allmendinger’s     appellate   counsel   provided

constitutionally ineffective representation. We vacate the district court’s contrary order

and remand for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. 5 The judgment of the

district court is

                                                            VACATED AND REMANDED.




       5
         Allmendinger summarily claims that, if we find ineffective assistance of appellate
counsel, it would violate his “right to due process to appear before a judge that has pre-
decided the outcome of the hearing.” Appellant Br. at 12. He offers no case law to support
this contention. We reject it in the circumstances presented here.
                                             16