Jorge Pérez-Cordero sued his employer, Wal-Mart Puerto Rico, Inc., and his supervisors at that company, alleging that they had subjected him to gender discrimination in the form of sexual harassment and then retaliated against him for complaining. The district court entered summary judgment for the defendants, on a motion it deemed unopposed. Pérez-Cordero argues on appeal that the district court should not have disregarded his opposition to summary judgment. After careful consideration of this case's procedural history, we agree. We vacate the judgment for Wal-Mart and remand so that the district court can evaluate the motion for summary judgment in light of Pérez-Cordero's opposition.

Pérez-Cordero filed suit against Wal-Mart in October 2001. The litigation proceeded without incident for about a year, as both parties accumulated materials in discovery. The events pertinent to our decision then ensued.

At a scheduling conference in September 2002, the district court set a December 2nd deadline for summary judgment motions. On November 27th, Wal-Mart requested an extension until December 19th to file its summary judgment motion. While Wal-Mart's motion for an extension was pending, Pérez-Cordero's counsel filed an "informative motion" with the court, noting that she had scheduled a trip to Spain around the court's previous scheduling order and had reservations to be out of the country from December 24 to January 10, 2003. Counsel requested that the court "take this schedule in consideration when scheduling any conference or issuing any order" in response to Wal-Mart's motion for an extension. The judge granted Wal-Mart an extension on December 5th, noting "Opp. will be due by 1/13/03 and reply by 1/24/03 and sur reply by 2/3/03," and that no further extensions would be granted. The following day, counsel formally moved to extend the deadline for the summary judgment opposition until February 3rd, explaining again that Wal-Mart's delay in moving for summary judgment had created a conflict with her vacation, which she had scheduled around the district court's previous deadline, and a jury trial in another federal case that she had scheduled for January 2003. Counsel had filed all previous motions in a timely fashion.

The district court neither granted nor denied counsel's motion. Instead, the court issued an order stating that it would hold counsel's motion for an extension "in abeyance" until it received Wal-Mart's motion for summary judgment. Wal-Mart filed its summary judgment motion just before the December 19th deadline. Counsel says that she received her copy of the motion on Christmas Eve. She left for Spain the following day.

Shortly after counsel returned to the country, she filed one dual-purpose motion on January 15th, requesting that the court postpone the pre-trial conference and "reiterat[ing]" her request for a separate extension of time to oppose summary judgment. On January 27th, the district court responded to the motion with the following docket entry: "Granted. The Clerk of the Court shall reschedule the pretrial conference...." Although the order did not refer specifically to the motion to extend time for the summary judgment opposition, counsel interpreted the order as a confirmation that her request for extra time to file the opposition had been granted.

Counsel proceeded to draft an opposition. While checking the electronic docket on Saturday, February 1st, in preparation for filing her motion, counsel found that the district court had granted Wal-Mart's summary judgment motion two days earlier, treating it as unopposed. The following Monday, counsel filed Pérez-Cordero's opposition to summary judgment and a motion to set aside the order the district court had issued on January 30th.

There are no pertinent docket entries until October 2003, when the court appears to have granted counsel's December 2002 motion to postpone the deadline for filing the opposition to summary judgment.1 Half a year later, on March 1, 2004, the district court denied Pérez-Cordero's motion to vacate the January 30, 2003 opinion and order. Through counsel, Pérez-Cordero then asked the district court to alter its judgment. The district court denied that motion as well, ruling in January 2005 that Pérez-Cordero's opposition to summary judgment had been untimely, and that counsel should have heeded the court's December 2002 admonition that no further extensions would be granted. Having exhausted his options in the district court, Pérez-Cordero brought this appeal.

The district court has significant discretionary authority to set and enforce filing deadlines in accordance with the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, even when those deadlines are difficult for lawyers to meet. See Macaulay v. Anas, 321 F.3d 45, 49 (1st Cir.2003) ("Courts simply cannot afford to let lawyers' schedules dominate the management of their dockets."); McIntosh v. Antonino, 71 F.3d 29, 38 (1st Cir.1995) ("Litigants cannot expect that courts will dance to their every tune, granting extensions on demand to suit lawyers' schedules."); Mendez v. Banco Popular de Puerto Rico, 900 F.2d 4, 7 (1st Cir.1990) ("[A] district judge must often be firm in managing crowded dockets and demanding adherence to announced deadlines.").

When a non-moving party fails to file a timely opposition to an adversary's motion for summary judgment, the court may consider the summary judgment motion unopposed, and take as uncontested all evidence presented with that motion. NEPSK, Inc. v. Houlton, 283 F.3d 1, 7-8 (1st Cir.2002). While an unopposed summary judgment motion still must be scrutinized in accordance with Fed.R.Civ.P. 56, id.,2 a district court's decision to treat a summary judgment motion as unopposed is serious business. In most cases, a party's failure to oppose summary judgment is fatal to its case. Normally, we will not disturb a district court's decision to consider a summary judgment motion unopposed because a party has missed the deadline for filing an opposition.

In the rare cases where we have found an abuse of discretion in a district court's refusal to grant an extension of time, our analysis has been highly fact-specific. See United States v. Saccoccia, 58 F.3d 754, 770 (1st Cir.1995) ("For the purpose of determining whether a denial of a continuance constitutes an abuse of discretion, each case is sui generis."). We have granted relief when the appealing litigant was reasonably surprised by the deadline or the action of the court, or the events leading to the contested decision were unfair. See United States v. Fraya, 145 F.3d 1, 4 (1st Cir.1998) (reversing grant of summary judgment where non-moving party's delay was attributable to "an ambiguity in the Local Rules" and a snafu in the district court clerk's office); United States v. Roberts, 978 F.2d 17, 20-21 (1st Cir.1992) (overturning grant of motion to suppress when government's failure to respond was due to "interlocking rules ... freighted with ambiguity"); see also Douglas v. York County, 360 F.3d 286, 290-91 (1st Cir. 2004) (holding that it was "simply unfair — and an abuse of discretion" for district court to deny non-moving party's motion for reconsideration of summary judgment after the court had "switched the basic issue without giving the parties adequate warning"); Resolution Trust Corp. v. North Bridge Assoc., Inc., 22 F.3d 1198, 1200, 1209 (1st Cir.1994) (reversing grant of summary judgment when non-moving party was "laid low" by the moving party's "rabbit punch," and "the district court should not have countenanced, much less rewarded, such dubious conduct"); Mendez, 900 F.2d at 7 (declining to overrule district court's refusal to extend time in part because "the lawyer had no valid basis to claim he was surprised" by the filing deadline).

Here, for reasons we will explain, there was unfair surprise in the district court's refusal to consider Pérez-Cordero's opposition to Wal-Mart's summary judgment motion. But we offer two preliminary cautions.

First, while Pérez-Cordero's request for an extension was a reasonable one, the district court was not required to grant it. As we noted above, we long have recognized that district courts must be able to organize their dockets, set deadlines, and sometimes inconvenience lawyers. There are times when even a short extension would throw the district court's schedule into disarray or inconvenience another party. In such cases, a district court acts well within its discretion in refusing to allow an extension.

Second, counsel played a dangerous game in assuming, even reasonably, that the extension she requested had been granted before she went on vacation. In the absence of clarity in a written response to their requests, lawyers should not assume that they have been granted filing extensions. Instead, they should seek further clarification from the court. While counsel did seek such clarification in her January 15th motion after her return (and after the original January 13th deadline had passed), she should have sought similar clarification in December.

But we vacate the judgment here even though the district court was not required to grant the extension and even though counsel should have confirmed in December her reasonable assumption that the extension had been granted. We do so because at every stage — before counsel departed on vacation, after she returned, and even after the initial summary judgment order was entered — the district court provided a basis for counsel's reasonable expectation that her request for extra time had been or soon would be granted.

The district court later wrote, in denying Pérez-Cordero's motion to alter the judgment in January 2005, that counsel should have understood from the wording of the December 5th, 2002, order granting an extension to Wal-Mart — which included the proviso that no further extensions would be granted — that her motion would be denied. We do not think that the sequence of events that we sketched above could have imparted that message. On November 27th, Wal-Mart asked the court to extend its deadline for filing a summary judgment motion from December 2nd to December 19th. While that request was pending, counsel filed the informative motion, telling the court that Wal-Mart's proposal would interfere with her vacation plans unless the court also extended the period for responding to the summary judgment motion beyond the normal ten days. On December 5th, three days after the original deadline had passed, the court granted Wal-Mart's motion and set a new schedule that did not seem to take into account counsel's vacation schedule. To seek clarification, counsel filed a second motion, this one formally requesting that she be allowed a short period after her return from vacation to respond to Wal-Mart's motion. In response, the court made clear that its December 5th order did not foreclose an extension for the opposition to summary judgment. Instead, the district court took the unusual step of holding counsel's motion for an extension "in abeyance" until Wal-Mart's summary judgment motion arrived.

The district court later explained that the motion was "premature" and that it "had no option but to hold in abeyance the request until and if defendants filed [their summary judgment motion]." We are not sure of the district court's meaning. Perhaps the court held counsel's motion "in abeyance" because it did not want to commit to a February 3rd deadline for the filing of an opposition to the summary judgment motion until it was sure that Wal-Mart had met its own December 19th deadline. Perhaps the court mistakenly thought that it did not have the authority to act on the request for an extension of time to respond to the summary judgment motion until the motion itself had been filed. But nothing in the rules prevented the judge from denying — or granting — the motion for an extension before the summary judgment motion arrived. See generally Fed.R.Civ.P. 16. Most importantly, we do not see how counsel could have been expected to understand that the court's "in abeyance" ruling was tantamount to a ruling that the "no further extensions" language in the December 5th order barred her request. To the contrary, with Wal-Mart having filed its summary judgment motion by the December 19th deadline (thereby removing that contingency), counsel could have reasonably assumed that her request for an extension had been or soon would be granted.

Upon counsel's return from vacation, this expectation was reasonably confirmed when the district court once again did not reject her motion for an extension. Instead, it appeared to confirm that it had granted an extension. Here, the critical moment was when the district court responded to counsel's dual purpose January 15th motion — to extend the pretrial conference and to confirm that extra time had been granted to oppose summary judgment — by entering in the docket on January 27th a notation that the motion had been "granted." The additional language in the court's order — "The Clerk of the Court shall reschedule the pretrial conference" — does not affect the reasonableness of counsel's reading of the district court's order as an explicit notice that her request for more time to file the opposition to summary judgment had been allowed. Only the rescheduling of the conference would require the attention of the clerk. The clerk would not have to reschedule an extended deadline for the filing of an opposition to summary judgment. Nor does it matter that the January 27th order came after the initial deadline for opposing the summary judgment motion had passed. In its disposition of Wal-Mart's motion for an extension, the district court had already granted an extension after the preexisting deadline for a filing had passed.3 Therefore, we think counsel was unfairly surprised by the district court's January 30th order granting summary judgment to Wal-Mart. She reasonably had believed that she had until February 3rd to respond to the summary judgment motion.

The district court then granted Pérez-Cordero's motion for an extension, belatedly, in October 2003. A half-year later, without providing an explanation for the October 2003 order, the district court denied the motion to reconsider. Again, the district court had created and then deflated an expectation that Pérez-Cordero's opposition would be considered.

We do not minimize the heavy caseload of the district court in Puerto Rico. In that demanding environment, it is inevitable that mistakes occasionally will occur. Our recognition of those rare mistakes, which is our function, does not diminish our respect for the hard work of the district court, or our understanding that in the vast majority of cases the district court manages its heavy docket fairly and justly. In the end, however, for all of the reasons stated, counsel for Pérez-Cordero was unfairly surprised by the district court's refusal to consider the opposition to summary judgment that she had prepared for her client. Unopposed, the motion for summary judgment was virtually assured of success. The summary judgment motion should have been evaluated in light of Pérez-Cordero's opposition. We vacate the judgment of the district court and remand for proper consideration of the summary judgment motion.

So ordered. Costs to appellant.