UNPUBLISHED

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT

In Re: A. H. ROBINS COMPANY,
INCORPORATED,
Debtor.

CLAIRE NELSON; ROBERTA WILTSHIRE,                                   No. 98-1080
Claimants-Appellants,

v.

DALKON SHIELD CLAIMANTS TRUST,
Trust-Appellee.

Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Eastern District of Virginia, at Richmond.
Robert R. Merhige, Jr., Senior District Judge;
Blackwell N. Shelley, Bankruptcy Judge.
(CA-85-1307-R)

Argued: June 4, 1998

Decided: August 31, 1998

Before WIDENER, HAMILTON, and MICHAEL, Circuit Judges.

_________________________________________________________________

Affirmed by unpublished per curiam opinion.

_________________________________________________________________

COUNSEL

ARGUED: Howard P. Blatchford, Jr., JAGER, SMITH &
STETLER, P.C., Boston, Massachusetts, for Appellants. Orran Lee
Brown, Sr., Richmond, Virginia, for Appellee. ON BRIEF: Bruce F.
Smith, JAGER, SMITH & STETLER, P.C., Boston, Massachusetts,
for Appellants.

_________________________________________________________________

Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit. See
Local Rule 36(c).

_________________________________________________________________

OPINION

PER CURIAM:

The issue in this case is whether the approved plan of reorganiza-
tion of the A. H. Robins Co., Inc. provides for the payment of pre-
judgment interest to women who obtained judgments against the
Dalkon Shield Claimants Trust after Robins filed its Chapter 11 bank-
ruptcy petition on August 21, 1985. The district court held that pre-
judgment interest is not authorized by the plan; we agree and now
affirm.

I.

Claire Nelson and Roberta Wiltshire suffered personal injuries
caused by use of the Dalkon Shield intrauterine birth control device
sold by the debtor A. H. Robins Co. during the 1970s. Wiltshire filed
suit against Robins in district court in Massachusetts on January 17,
1980, and Nelson in district court in New Hampshire on April 7,
1984. Neither case had proceeded to final judgment when Robins
filed its petition for Chapter 11 reorganization on August 21, 1985.

On July 26, 1988, the district court confirmed Robins' Sixth
Amended and Restated Plan of Reorganization ("Plan"). The Plan cal-
led for the creation and funding of the Dalkon Shield Claimants Trust,
out of which all claims for damages against Robins resulting from use
of the device would be paid. The Plan further established a Claims
Resolution Facility ("CRF"). The goal of the CRF was to pay claims

                    2
as quickly and efficiently as possible, thus minimizing the expenses
of both the Trust and the claimant.

Under the CRF, a claimant may recover up to $725 upon a minimal
showing of Dalkon use and injury or up to $5,500 according to an
injury-specific schedule of payments. Those who are dissatisfied with
these amounts or who have suffered more severe injuries may choose
arbitration or litigation against the Trust. Both Wiltshire and Nelson
chose litigation.

Nelson's action went to trial in September 1994. The jury returned
a verdict in her favor and awarded damages of $35,000. A 1997 trial
of Wiltshire's claim resulted in a $75,000 verdict. In each case, the
final judgment of the district court includes such prejudgment interest
as may be permitted by law.1

In March 1997, Nelson filed a motion to interpret the Plan in the
district court overseeing the Robins bankruptcy. She argued that the
Plan required the payment of prejudgment interest where, as in her
case, the state law applicable to the underlying tort action so required.
Wiltshire filed a memorandum supporting Nelson's motion. Aside
from the Plan, Wiltshire argued that general bankruptcy law permitted
the award of prejudgment interest under the circumstances.

The Trust opposed Nelson's motion. After hearing oral argument,
the district court ruled that prejudgment interest is not permitted by
the Plan. In re A H. Robins Co. (Nelson v. Dalkon Shield Claimants
Trust), 

(E.D. Va. 1997).

Nelson and Wiltshire appeal.
_________________________________________________________________

1 The law of both Massachusetts and New Hampshire provides for the
award of prejudgment interest as a matter of course. See Mass. Gen.
Laws ch. 231 § 6B; N. H. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 524:1-b.

                     3
II.

A.

The claimants can muster only meager support for their position in
the text of the Plan. They rely primarily on two clauses in the CRF.
Section E.5(b) states, "All claims and defenses shall be available to
both sides in a trial[,]" while § G.11 provides, "The law to be applied
to the settlement or trial of claims shall be the law that is or would
have been applicable notwithstanding the pendency of the chapter 11
case[.]" In their view, these provisions preserve all remedies that
would have been available to them in the absence of the Robins bank-
ruptcy, except where specifically barred by the Plan.

The short answer to this argument is that the law applicable to the
conduct of a trial, the availability of claims and defenses, or the nego-
tiation of a settlement simply does not involve the enforceability of
a judgment against a bankruptcy estate or the computation of interest
on such a judgment.

The longer answer is supplied by the context of each provision. In
order to encourage claimants to settle, the CRF relaxed claimants'
burdens of proof and restricted the defenses available to the Trust.
Those claimants who chose arbitration or trial faced progressively
more vigorous defense. In arbitration, the Trust could assert any
defense "other than absence of product defect." CRF § E.5(a). At a
trial, no defensive holds were barred: the Trust could, if it so desired,
even contest the defectiveness of the Dalkon Shield itself. In this con-
text, it is plain that § E.5(b) was not intended to bestow some sort of
bonus right to prejudgment interest for claimants who went to trial,
prevailed, and were fortunate enough to live in a state that allowed
such interest. Had it done so, § E.5(b) might encourage litigation,
which is contrary to the express intent of the CRF. 2
_________________________________________________________________
2 Section A of the CRF states, in part,

          The purpose of this facility is to provide all persons full payment
          of valid claims at the earliest possible time consistent with the
          efficient design and implementation of the [CRF]. This purpose
          is to be achieved by (1) providing an efficient economic mecha-
          nism for liquidating claims which favors settlement over arbitra-
          tion and litigation, thereby reducing transaction costs[.]

                     4
The claimants fare no better under CRF § G.11. In that clause, the
debtor and creditors agreed to undo a prior order of the district court.
This order directed that all personal injury claims against Robins be
transferred to the Eastern District of Virginia for all purposes, and we
affirmed it as a proper exercise of the court's power under 28 U.S.C.
§ 157(b)(5). A. H. Robins Co. v. Piccinin , 

, 1009-1014
(4th Cir.), cert. denied, 

(1986). Section G.11 assured
claimants of a local trial using local rules, just as Nelson and Wilt-
shire received. It did not, however, exempt judgments obtained at trial
from the effects of the Robins bankruptcy. The entering of such a
judgment simply creates a liquidated claim to be paid according to the
terms of the Plan.

B.

In the alternative, the claimants rely not on the Plan's words, but
on its silence. They point out that the Plan expressly prohibits the
payment of punitive damages by the Trust.3 Therefore, they assert,
"[b]y omitting any exclusion in the CRF for pre-judgment interest, the
drafters chose to permit the recovery of pre-judgment interest by
claimants in those states that allowed for its recovery. Expressio unius
est ex[c]lusio alterius." Brief of Appellants, at 10. We are unper-
suaded.

The pitfalls of overreliance on expressio unius est exclusio alterius
are well known.4 Director, Office of Workers' Compensation Pro-
grams v. Bethlehem Mines Corp., 

, 197 (4th Cir. 1982)
(maxim is "unreliable" and should be "applied with great caution").
"The problem with expressio unius is that it assumes that [the parties]
both considered every conceivable situation and intended to address
them all by addressing a few." U.S. Immigration & Naturalization
_________________________________________________________________
3 Section 7.02(a)(iv) provides, in relevant part, "any portion of any
Dalkon Shield Claim that is a Claim for punitive damages is a Disal-
lowed Claim[.]"
4 The maxim is "only an aid to construction." Continental Illinois
National Bank & Trust Co. of Chicago v. Chicago, R.I. & P. Railway
Co., 

, 678 (1935). It is "`often a valuable servant, but a dan-
gerous master[.]'" Ford v. United States, 

, 612 (1927) (quot-
ing Colquhon v. Brooks, 21 Q.B. Div. 52, 65)

                    5
Service v. Federal Labor Relations Authority, 

, 272 (4th
Cir. 1993). Moreover, the claimants ask us to infer from the exclusion
of punitive damages the inclusion of all other forms or elements of
recovery, i.e. exclusio unius est expressio alterius. We think that this
"maxim" is even more tenuous than its opposite.

In any event, proper application of expressio unius supports the
district court's decision. If one is to use that doctrine to deduce any-
thing from the Plan's silence about prejudgment interest, then one
should see what the Plan says about interest, rather than damages.
Section 4.03 provides for the payment of interest on liquidated claims
from January 1, 1988, until the date of payment. That is all. Thus, our
venerable maxim would suggest that the Plan's silence as to any other
sort of interest implies its exclusion.

To the district court, the Plan's silence was deafening:

           This Court presided over the evolution of the Plan in
          1988, as well as the proceedings relating to the five failed
          plans that came before it. Facing thousands of claims and
          the gargantuan task of corralling them in one location, deter-
          mining the total funds needed to process and pay them, and
          then designing the procedures to do so, the Court confirmed
          the Plan over the objections of those who decried as inade-
          quate the $2.475 billion the Court estimated as sufficient to
          satisfy all valid Dalkon Shield claims. Formed in that cruci-
          ble, the Court is satisfied that the Plan neither created nor
          guaranteed rights to payment through silence or omission.
          The absence of a clear entitlement in the Plan to a particular
          monetary benefit leads to the presumption that the writers of
          the Plan did not intend to bestow it upon claimants.

In re A. H. Robins Co., Inc. 

.

C.

A far better source of assistance in interpreting the Plan is the dis-
closure statement that preceded its confirmation. 5 Under 11 U.S.C.
_________________________________________________________________
5 According to at least one court, a confirmed plan includes "all docu-
ments which were confirmed together to form the contract," including

                     6
§ 1125(b), creditors' votes may not be solicited for or against a reor-
ganization plan until a disclosure statement is transmitted to the credi-
tors. The disclosure statement must contain "adequate information,"
i.e. sufficient information to permit a reasonable, typical creditor to
make an informed judgment about the merits of the proposed plan.
§ 1125(a). Moreover, the court must assess the disclosure statement's
adequacy and approve it before transmittal.

The disclosure statement approved by the court here could scarcely
have been any clearer about interest (emphasis added):

          [P]ayments to Dalkon Shield users and their families will be
          made only out of the Claimants Trust. Some claimants,
          whose claims have already been determined, will be paid
          right after the Plan goes into effect. These claimants are in
          two groups. First, people who had a valid settlement agree-
          ment with Robins before August 21, 1985, when Robins'
          bankruptcy case began, will be paid the amount of their set-
          tlement right away. Second, people who had won final law-
          suits against Robins before August 21, 1985, will be paid
          right away. If Robins appealed a case, however, and if all
          the appeals or other court proceedings are not over, those
          people will be paid as soon as their case is over, unless their
          judgment is overturned. Those of you with the settlements
          or judgments described above will also be paid interest from
          January 1, 1988. This interest will be at the rate set by a
          major bank as its "reference rate," plus one quarter of one
          percent. People who do not now have settlements or judg-
          ments from before August 21, 1985, will not receive interest.

Thus, the 94.38% of voting Dalkon Shield claimants who favored
the Plan were surely not under the misperception that the Plan pro-
vided for interest on unliquidated claims.
_________________________________________________________________
the disclosure statement. In re Sugarhouse Realty, Inc., 

,
363 (E.D. Pa. 1996). We need not go so far today. Nelson and Wiltshire
seek a construction of the Plan that does not rely on the literal, certain
meaning of a written provision of it. Hence, resort to extrinsic evidence
(if the disclosure statement is indeed extrinsic) to explain the Plan is
entirely appropriate. See generally 17A Am.Jur.2d Contracts, §§ 337,
403.

                     7
D.

Finally, the course of administration of the Trust lends support to
the district court's decision. Over its decade of existence, the Trust
has never paid prejudgment interest, and ninety-seven percent of
claims have been resolved voluntarily. That a right to payment sup-
posedly provided by the Plan has been forgone by so many for so
long casts grave doubt on the right's existence.

III.

Nelson and Wiltshire contend that, even if the Plan does not com-
pel the payment of prejudgment interest on their claims, the district
court should have awarded it under general bankruptcy law.

We have already noted on several occasions that the district court
is invested with a great deal of discretion in supervising the adminis-
tration of the A. H. Robins Plan.6 E.g., In re A.H. Robins Co. (Bledsoe
v. Dalkon Shield Claimants Trust), 

, 163 (4th Cir. 1997);
In re A. H. Robins Co. (Bergstrom v. Dalkon Shield Claimants Trust),

, 376-378 (4th Cir.), cert. denied , 

(1996);
In re A. H. Robins Co. (Anderson v. Dalkon Shield Claimants Trust),

, 875 (4th Cir. 1994). Moreover, the rudder guiding exer-
cises of this discretion is equity, because the administrative power of
the bankruptcy courts is inherently equitable.7 In re A. H. Robins Co.
(Dalkon Shield Claimants Trust v. Reiser), 

, 82 (4th Cir.
1992); In re A. H. Robins Co. (Menard-Sanford v. Mabey), 880 F.2d
_________________________________________________________________
6 Section 8.05 of the Plan vests numerous powers in the district court,
including the power "to resolve controversies and disputes regarding
interpretation and implementation of the Plan, the Trust Agreements,
[and] the Claims Resolution Facility[.]"
7 Of course, the codification of the law of bankruptcy is a check on the
power of the courts, and freewheeling appeals to"equity" cannot over-
ride statutory commands. Norwest Bank Worthington v. Ahlers, 

, 206 (1988). On the other hand, Congress expressly recognized --
and endorsed -- the full use of the courts' equitable powers to effect the
provisions of the Bankruptcy Code. See 11 U.S.C. § 105(a) ("The court
may issue any order, process, or judgment that is necessary or appropri-
ate to carry out the provisions of this title.").

                     8
694, 701 (4th Cir.), cert. denied, 

(1989). "A purpose of
bankruptcy is so to administer an estate as to bring about a ratable dis-
tribution of assets among the bankrupt's creditors." Vanston Bond-
holders Protective Committee v. Green, 

, 161 (1946).

The continuing accrual of interest -- particularly postpetition inter-
est -- is a self-evident way to upset this equitable goal. The very fil-
ing of a bankruptcy petition assures a delay in payment of debts.
Because this delay is both necessary and compelled by law "for the
joint benefit of debtor, creditors, and the public," 

accrual of interest generally ends with the filing of the petition. 

U.S.C. § 502(b)(2).

Exceptions to this general rule are themselves equity driven. A pre-
Code8 rule permitted the award of postpetition interest where the
estate proved solvent. See United States v. Ron Pair Enterprises, 

, 246 (1989) (dicta).9 This rule is now codified for Chapter
7 cases at 11 U.S.C. § 726(a)(5). Another permits an oversecured
creditor (i.e. one whose claim is of less value than the secured prop-
erty) to collect postpetition interest to the extent of the oversecurity.
11 U.S.C. § 506(b); Ford Motor Credit Co. v. Dobbins, 

(4th Cir. 1994).

Though prepetition interest is more often awarded, it too can be
disallowed in the interest of fairness to all. Smith v. Robinson, 

, 800 (4th Cir. 1965). "`In the exercise of its equitable juris-
diction the bankruptcy court has the power to sift the circumstances
surrounding any claim to see that injustice or unfairness is not done
in administration of the bankruptcy estate.'" 

Pepper v. Litton, 

, 307-308 (1939)).

The district court gave cogent reasons for its decision that allowing
prejudgment interest, whether pre- or postpetition, to holders of unliq-
uidated claims would be 

. The court
_________________________________________________________________
8 We borrow this term from the Ron Pair Court as a shorthand way to
refer to the law as it existed before the comprehensive Bankruptcy
Reform Act of 1978, Pub. L. 95-598, 92 Stat. 2549 (1978).
9 Because not a cent of the Trust's residue will revert to Robins, we
reject the claimants' reliance on this exception.

                     9
began with the general disfavor of postpetition interest expressed by
the Supreme Court in Vanston Bondholders. Next, it pointed out that
the central goal of the Robins Plan, and of bankruptcy law in general,
is equality of treatment among creditors. See In re A.H. Robins

("core purpose of the [Dalkon Shield Claim-
ants] Trust" is "to uniformly compensate" the injured). Many states
do not generally allow prejudgment interest,10 and those that do
employ diverse rates and methods of computation. Accrual dates
could differ according to local law; identical claims could go to trial
months or years apart. Hence, prejudgment interest could quickly ren-
der uniformity the exception rather than the rule.

Finally, the district court cited the great financial success of the
Trust. Under CRF § G.14, this success will eventually inure to the
benefit of claimants like Nelson and Wiltshire:

          To the extent funds ... remain after all ... claims are paid in
          full, the remaining funds shall be paid in lieu of punitive
          damages to all claimants (other than holders of Dalkon
          Shield Liquidated Claims) who received compensatory dam-
          age awards from the Trust, on a pro rata basis consistent
          with such awards.

The Trust currently estimates that eligible claimants will receive a
100% ratable share, i.e. a double recovery. Moreover, the ineligible
claimants are those with prepetition liquidated claims, who, not coin-
cidentally, received interest on their awards under the Plan.

That all of this is equitable and a sound exercise of the district
court's broad discretion should be manifest.

The judgment of the district court is affirmed.

AFFIRMED
_________________________________________________________________

10 The parties report that 31 states ordinarily award prejudgment inter-
est. Inasmuch as there is no dispute on this point, we have not undertaken
our own survey of state law.

                     10