Defendants-Appellants Chubb Insurance Company of Canada ("Chubb") and Bituminous Casualty Company ("Bituminous") appeal the district court's order granting Plaintiff-Appellee Marion Chapman's ("Chapman") motion for authority to execute a state court judgment against Chubb and Bituminous, respectively the insurer and indemnitor of discharged bankruptcy debtor Coho Resources, Inc. We affirm in part, vacate in part, and remand for transfer to the Southern District of Mississippi, from whence it came.

Seldom, on appeal, do we confront cases with odysseys as circuitous and tortured as this one. This bankruptcy appeal stems from a personal injury suit originally filed and tried in state court in Jones County, Mississippi. In that suit, Chapman alleged that in August 1995, he sustained permanent injuries when he fell approximately twenty feet from a platform while working on an oil well owned by Coho Resources. At the time of the accident, Chapman was employed by V.A. Sauls, Inc. ("Sauls"), which had contracted with Coho to perform repair and service work on Coho's wells. The Sauls-Coho contract included an indemnity agreement, under which Sauls agreed to "defend, indemnify, and hold [Coho] harmless from and against all claims, losses, costs, demands, damages... and causes of action ... without limit and without regard to the cause ... which are related in any way to the subject matter of" the parties' agreement. Pursuant to this provision, Sauls's general liability insurer, Bituminous, assumed the defense of Coho as the defendant in Chapman's suit.

Chapman's case was tried before a jury in May 1999. The jury returned a verdict in favor of Chapman and awarded in excess of $1.6 million in damages. A judgment in this amount was entered in Mississippi Circuit Court on June 8, 1999. On June 11, 1999, Coho timely filed several post-trial motions, seeking, inter alia, judgment notwithstanding the verdict and remittitur. On August 23, 1999, while Coho's post-trial motions were pending, Coho filed a voluntary petition for Chapter 11 Bankruptcy protection in the United States Bankruptcy Court for the Northern District of Texas.1 Coho filed a "suggestion of bankruptcy" on September 29, 1999, notifying the Mississippi state court of the bankruptcy proceedings and the automatic stay. Chapman, too was notified of the bankruptcy petition and the deadline for filing claims, but he did not choose to file a proof of claim in those proceedings.

A week later, on October 5, 1999, the Mississippi Circuit Court ruled on Coho's post-trial motions, ordering a remittitur of the damage award to $853,930.00 and denying all other motions. The court did not acknowledge the bankruptcy proceedings, and it is unclear whether the court received notice of the stay before it issued its post-trial rulings. Regardless, Chapman accepted the remitted award on October 14, 1999. Coho appealed the judgment to the Mississippi Supreme Court in November 1999, but did not post a supersedeas bond.

On November 18, 1999, Chapman filed a garnishment action against Chubb and Bituminous in the Circuit Court of Jones County, Mississippi.2 The state court issued writs of garnishment directed to Chubb and Bituminous in the amount of the remitted jury award.

Chubb and Bituminous successfully removed the garnishment action to the United States District Court for the Southern District of Mississippi, which ordered Chapman to

petition the United States Bankruptcy Court for the Northern District of Texas for permission to lift its stay, or amend its order, to authorize or permit Plaintiff to collect on the judgment entered against Coho in Plaintiff's underlying state court proceeding or to otherwise proceed in this Court or in state court in that matter, but only to the extent that proceeds of insurance are available to Coho, or to indemnify Coho, from Bituminous [Casualty] Company and/or Chubb Insurance Company of Canada.

In compliance with this court order, Chapman filed a "motion for authority to collect and/or execute on state court judgment" in the Texas bankruptcy court. In his motion, Chapman sought to execute the state judgment against Bituminous and Chubb "to the extent that insurance proceeds are available to Coho and/or to satisfy subject judgment/debt."

Following the completion of briefing and oral argument, the bankruptcy court denied Chapman's motion. The court concluded that "Chapman has no remedy, because he is not a claimant in the Chapter 11 case and is barred from going forward one way or the other, either in the Bankruptcy Court or in a Mississippi court." Chapman appealed the bankruptcy court's ruling to the district court in Texas. After further briefing and oral argument, the district court affirmed the bankruptcy court's ruling in part, and modified it in part. First, the district court agreed that, because Chapman had failed to file a proof of claim in the bankruptcy proceedings, he was not entitled to recover from Coho, the debtor. The district court concluded further, however, that Chapman could proceed against Coho nominally to recover from third-party insurers such as Chubb, Coho's general liability insurer. The court ruled additionally that, as Bituminous is not Coho's insurer but its indemnitor, and the liability of its indemnitee, Coho, had been "extinguished" by discharge, Bituminous's liability as Coho's indemnitor was likewise "extinguished." Finally, the district court recognized that the Mississippi Circuit Court had issued its ruling on Coho's post-trial motions after the petition for bankruptcy was filed and while the automatic bankruptcy stay was in effect. The district court nevertheless declined to address whether the state court's post-petition rulings and remitted judgment were void, electing to "leave it up to the Mississippi courts to determine which judgment will be enforced." Bituminous and Chubb timely filed notices of appeal.

We review the district court's decision "by applying the same standards of review to the bankruptcy court's findings of fact and conclusions of law as applied by the district court."3 Findings of fact are reviewed for clear error and conclusions of law are reviewed de novo.4

B. Chapman's Authority to Proceed Against Third Parties

Chubb first asserts that Chapman is forever "barred" from proceeding against Coho's insurers because he failed to file a proof of claim in Coho's Chapter 11 proceedings.5 Chubb's argument in this regard is based largely on perceived policy considerations. According to Chubb, Chapman's failure to file a proof of claim or otherwise notify the bankruptcy court of its debt "frustrates the very purpose of the Bankruptcy Code" and "prevents an orderly administration of the debtor's estate."

We and other courts have squarely rejected Chubb's argument; it is entirely without merit. 11 U.S.C. § 524(a) "operates as an injunction against actions against a debtor subsequent to a discharge of a debt."6 The bankruptcy discharge and § 524 injunction serve to "give the debtor a financial fresh start."7 As a general rule, a creditor must file a proof or notice of claim during bankruptcy proceedings to preserve its claim against the debtor. If a creditor neglects to file such notice, the § 524 injunction "will act to shield the debtor" from the creditor.8

The discharge and injunction, however, are expressly designed to protect only the debtor, and do "not affect the liability of any other entity" for the debt.9 Accordingly, courts are in "near unanimous agreement" that § 524(e) "permits a creditor to bring, and proceed in, an action nominally directed against a discharged debtor for the sole purpose of proving liability on its part as a prerequisite to recovering from its insurer."10 In Houston v. Edgeworth (In re Edgeworth),11 we endorsed this approach, explaining that "it makes no sense to allow an insurer to escape coverage for injuries caused by its insured merely because the insured receives a bankruptcy discharge" and noting that "[s]uch a result would be fundamentally wrong."12

In short, even though Chapman's failure to file a proof of claim in Coho's bankruptcy proceedings is a bar to continued prosecution of claims against Coho, it does not affect his claims against non-debtors, such as general liability insurers. "The `fresh-start' policy is not intended to provide a method by which an insurer can escape its obligations based simply on the financial misfortunes of the insured."13 The district court properly granted Chapman's motion for authority to proceed against Coho's insurers.14

C. Status of Chapman's Remitted State Judgment

Bituminous insists that the district court erred in "implicitly" concluding that Chapman possesses a valid, final judgment executable under Mississippi law. Bituminous argues in the alternative (1) that Chapman's judgment is not final because all post-petition actions, including the state court's remittitur, are void as a result of the automatic bankruptcy stay;15 (2) that even if the post-petition actions are not void, but merely voidable, Chapman failed to seek to annul or retroactively ratify the post-petition actions in the bankruptcy court; and (3) that the district court impermissibly "delegated" authority to the Mississippi state courts to determine whether the judgment is void or merely voidable. As we shall demonstrate, each of these arguments fails.

Section 362 of the Bankruptcy Code provides that the filing of a bankruptcy petition operates as a stay of the "commencement or continuation" of all non-bankruptcy judicial proceedings against the debtor.16 This stay is automatic and "springs into being immediately upon the filing of a bankruptcy petition."17 Courts disagree, however, as to the effect of violations of this automatic stay. Some courts hold that acts in violation of the stay are void ab initio and incurable.18 We adhere to the view that violations are merely "voidable" and are subject to discretionary "cure."19 This position rests on the bankruptcy court's statutory power to annul the automatic stay,20 i.e., to "lift the automatic stay retroactively and thereby validate actions which otherwise would be void".21

In this case, the parties complain of several actions taken in violation of the automatic stay. First, the first — and pivotal — "violation" occurred when the Mississippi Circuit Court ruled on Coho's post-trial motions (and granted a remittitur) days after the "suggestion of bankruptcy" was filed in that court. Second, both Chapman and Coho acted — with the knowledge of the bankruptcy proceedings — in response to the remitted judgment: Chapman formally accepted the reduced judgment; Coho filed a notice of appeal challenging the remitted judgment and the state court's rulings on the pending post-trial motions.

In spite of these patent violations of the automatic stay, the parties' "voidness" arguments fail for three reasons. First, as a threshold matter, we agree with the district court that the validity and procedural posture of Chapman's Mississippi state judgment should be resolved by the Mississippi courts. In the bankruptcy court, Chapman filed a motion seeking "authority to execute on/or collect the subject State court judgment" from Bituminous and Chubb "to the extent that insurance proceeds are available." He apparently did not ask for total annulment of the automatic stay or retroactive "validation" of the remitted judgment.

Although Bituminous raised the alleged "voidness" of the state court judgment in opposition to Chapman's motion, on appeal neither Bituminous nor Chubb addresses any of the thorny procedural issues needed to resolve conclusively the void-voidable dichotomy.22 Incredibly, Chubb summarily asserts that because the remitted judgment was issued in violation of the stay, it is void as a matter of law, and Chapman recovers nothing.23 Given that Chapman had prevailed at trial two months before Coho's petition was filed, and that both Chapman and Coho took steps to preserve their rights post-petition (Chapman by accepting the remittitur, Coho by appealing it), this argument is feckless. Chapman may be required to seek retroactive annulment of the stay before executing his judgment in Mississippi, but this is not the relief that he sought in the bankruptcy court. Consequently, this issue is not properly before us on appeal, and we decline Bituminous and Chubb's invitation to issue an advisory opinion on the question.

Second, Bituminous's assertion that the district court has improperly "delegated appellate authority" to the Mississippi courts is without merit. State courts, including those of Mississippi, routinely rule on the applicability of a bankruptcy stay or permanent injunction to state judicial proceedings.24 In Overbey v. Murray,25 the Mississippi Supreme Court explained that "courts of this state have jurisdiction to determine whether a pending action is stayed by a ruling of the bankruptcy court," yet cautioned that state courts should "consider deferring close questions involving the applicability of exceptions to the automatic stay" to the bankruptcy court.26 Bituminous's argument that only the bankruptcy court can make this voidness determination is unpersuasive.

Third, as Bituminous acknowledges, the district court did not conclusively determine that Chapman's state judgment is valid. According to Bituminous, the court "made findings of fact and reached conclusions of law that indicate that [it] believed, although it did not rule that, Chapman currently possesses a valid final judgment" enforceable in Mississippi state courts. A review of the district court's order, however, reveals that the court specifically avoided this issue, expressly leaving its resolution to the Mississippi courts. Whether the remitted Mississippi judgment is void, and whether Coho's failure to post a supersedeas bond allows Chapman to execute the judgment, are complex procedural issues of Mississippi law that the district court prudently left to the Mississippi courts. Any "beliefs" that the district court might have "implied" are simply irrelevant.

Chubb contends that the district court erred in concluding that Coho's bankruptcy discharge effectively discharged any obligation of Bituminous, as Coho's indemnitor. According to Chubb, Bituminous's liability attached when Coho submitted a claim under the indemnity agreement (i.e., when Chapman filed suit and Bituminous assumed Coho's defense) and is not contingent on a judicial determination of Coho's "legal liability."

Mississippi common law provides that, as a general rule, "there must be legal liability before a claim of indemnity arises."27 Parties may, however, "extend the liability of the indemnitor by the language of their contract."28 The Sauls-Coho indemnity agreement provided that Sauls

shall defend, indemnify, and hold [Coho] harmless ... from and against all claims, losses, costs, demands, damages, penalties, liabilities, debts, expenses and causes of action of whatsoever nature or character, including but not limited to, reasonable attorney's fees and other costs and expenses, without limit and without regard to the causes or cause thereof, which are related in any way to the subject matter of this Agreement which are asserted by or arise in favor of such party or any of such party's employees ... due to personal injury, death, or loss or damage of property whether or not caused by sole, joint, and/or concurrent negligence of the party seeking indemnity, and/or claim of strict liability and/or any cause whatsoever, whether predating this Agreement or not.

Given the comparatively broad indemnification language in this particular agreement, it may well be that, as a matter of law, Sauls and Coho have contractually expanded Sauls's (and thus Bituminous's) indemnification obligation beyond the common-law rule. It may also be that the judgment rendered in Mississippi state court before Coho filed its petition for bankruptcy constitutes "legal liability" sufficient to satisfy the common law requirement without additional contractual expansion. As this complex issue of Mississippi law is so entwined with the larger question of the validity and procedural posture of the state court judgment, we conclude that the courts of Mississippi are best-equipped to resolve it.29 We therefore vacate the district court's ruling on the issue of Bituminous's liability, if any, and leave its resolution to the proper Mississippi court.30

Bituminous and Chubb consistently (and conveniently) assert that Marion Chapman is responsible for the procedural quagmire they find themselves in today. As we view the situation, however, it is not Chapman so much as Bituminous and Chubb who have wrapped this one around the axle. The internecine bickering between these two large insurers — neither disputing coverage but both seeking to avoid payment as a result of Coho's fortuitous bankruptcy—has unnecessarily prolonged and complicated this otherwise straightforward, eight-year old personal injury case. We hold today that Chapman may pursue his judgment against third parties such as Coho's insurers. As the status of Chapman's judgment and the question of Bituminous's continuing liability are issues of Mississippi law, however, we gladly leave to the Mississippi courts the unenviable task of untying — or cutting — this Gordian knot.

AFFIRMED in part; VACATED in part; and REMANDED with instructions to transfer this case to the United States District Court for the Southern District of Mississippi for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.