MEMORANDUM OPINION

DAVID T. THUMA, Bankruptcy Judge.

Physician Groups, L.C. d/b/a Medical Group of Missouri ("Movant") moved to dismiss or convert the Debtor's Chapter 7 case for lack of good faith. The Court held a final hearing on the motion on March 4, 2014. Being sufficiently advised, the Court concludes that the motion should be denied.

I. FINDINGS OF FACT

The Debtor filed a voluntary petition under Chapter 7 on August 16, 2013 (the "Petition Date").

Debtor, a licensed medical doctor, is 63 years old. He is married. He and his wife have two adult daughters, neither of whom lives with the Debtor.

Debtor practiced obstetric medicine for many years in the St. Louis, Missouri area. He was a sole practitioner who made about $100,000 per year.

In or about June 2010 Debtor gave up his sole practice and entered into an employment agreement with Movant.

Movant terminated the Debtor's employment in December 2010, for reasons never explained to the Court.

Debtor strongly disputed Movant's decision to terminate his employment agreement so soon after it was signed. Debtor believes Movant destroyed his medical practice, left him unemployed and, by forcing him to relocate for work, caused him to realize a substantial loss (about $40,000) on his Missouri house.

Debtor moved to Roswell, New Mexico in 2011. Since mid-2011, Debtor has been employed as an obstetrician by Roswell Clinic Corporation.

After terminating Debtor's employment, Movant demanded that Debtor purchase a "tail" malpractice insurance policy. The requirement to buy the tail policy apparently is in the employment agreement. The cost of the tail policy was $145,254.

Debtor did not buy the tail policy, so Movant did.1

Movant sued Debtor in Missouri state court in 2012, seeking to recover the cost of the tail policy.

Debtor retained counsel and defended the Missouri state action for a period of time, but ran out of money and could no longer pay his counsel. Debtor's state court counsel withdrew from the representation and on March 13, 2013, the Missouri state court entered a default judgment against Debtor for $170,854.09.

Movant domesticated the Missouri judgment in New Mexico in June 2013 and obtained a writ of garnishment on or about August 6, 2013, prompting Debtor to file this bankruptcy case. Debtor's wife did not file for bankruptcy relief.

Debtor's schedules list two secured claims (car loans), both of which have been reaffirmed.

The Debtor's only other listed creditor is Movant.

Debtor's current salary is about $290,000 per year.

At his current salary, Debtor likely will have about $5,000 per month available after paying living expenses. These excess funds could be used, inter alia, to pay Movant over time, or to save for retirement.

On the Petition Date, Debtor owned a 401k account with a value of $119,808.47. Debtor testified, and the Court finds, that Debtor is worried about his retirement, wishes to save as much money as he can in the next several years, and does not believe he can both pay Movant $170,000 and save enough money to retire before he is too old to work.

Debtor's wife owns jewelry that is worth between $25,000-$60,000. His counsel advised Debtor not to list his wife's jewelry on his bankruptcy schedules because the jewelry was the wife's separate property.

Debtor disclosed his wife's jewelry to the Chapter 7 trustee at his § 3412 meeting. The trustee disputed Debtor's position that the jewelry was not property of the estate. The parties settled the dispute by Debtor and/or his wife paying the trustee $30,000 in cash.

The Debtor does not own any real estate.

The Debtor has no non-exempt property except his wife's jewelry, to the extent some of it may be community property.

The Debtor has not taken any vacations for the past five years except than to visit his children in Missouri.

The Debtor is giving $650 per month to his youngest daughter to aid her living expenses. This support will stop in June when she gets married.

The Debtor paid for his older daughter's wedding and is saving to contribute $10,000 towards his youngest daughter's wedding.

Debtor made no substantial attempt to settle with Movant. It is clear that Debtor does not believe he should have to pay Movant anything, although he acknowledges his legal obligation to do so.3

Debtor appeared and testified at the final hearing on the Motion. The Court found him credible.

Movant's representative, Stephen A. Thompson, was not an officer or employee but the lawyer who brought the suit against Debtor in Missouri. Mr. Thompson testified, and the Court found him credible.

II. DISCUSSION

A. Dismissal Under § 707(a).

Section 707(a) provides:

1. Bad Faith Can Constitute "Cause" for § 707(a) Dismissal. Although not listed as one of the enumerated events constituting "cause" for dismissal under § 707(a), most courts have held that proof of the debtor's "bad faith" in filing a Chapter 7 case constitutes "cause." Indus. Ins. Services, Inc. v. Zick (In re Zick), 931 F.2d 1124, 1126-27 (6th Cir.1991) was the first circuit case address the issue. The Sixth Circuit held: "[T]he word `including' is not meant to be a limiting word. A lack of good faith, furthermore, has been recognized in a number of bankruptcy cases as a valid cause of dismissal under 11 U.S.C. § 707(a)." 931 F.2d at 1126-27 (citation omitted). The other circuit courts agreeing with Zick are In re Tamecki, 229 F.3d 205, 207 (3d Cir.2000), and Piazza v. Nueterra Healthcare Physical Therapy, LLC (In re Piazza), 719 F.3d 1253, 1262 (11th Cir.2013). Lower courts include First Capital Bank of Kentucky v. Blok, 2012 WL 1682042, at *4 (S.D.Ind.2012); In re Shipman, 2012 WL 4498001, at *4 (D.Del. 2012); In re Wagnitz, 2004 WL 626821, at *7 (N.D.Ill.2004); McDow v. Smith, 295 B.R. 69, 74 (E.D.Va.2003); In re Quinn, 490 B.R. 607, 614 (Bankr.D.N.M.2012).

The Eighth Circuit adopted a much narrower view about whether bad faith can constitute cause for § 707(a) dismissal. In In re Huckfeldt, 39 F.3d 829, 832 (8th Cir.1994), the court held:

39 F.3d at 832 (footnote omitted). The court elsewhere said:

Id. The Ninth Circuit has ruled that bad faith cannot constitute cause for dismissal under § 707(a):

In re Padilla, 222 F.3d 1184, 1193 (9th Cir.2000). See also In re Lobera, 454 B.R. 824, 853 (Bankr.D.N.M.2011) (no good faith requirement for non-consumer business debtor to file Chapter 7). The Tenth Circuit has not ruled on the issue.

The Court adopts the view that bad faith can constitute cause for dismissal under § 707(a). The Court acknowledges, however, the risk of using bad faith as "a loose cannon which is to be pointed in the direction of a debtor whose values do not coincide precisely with those of the court." Huckfeldt, 39 F.3d at 832 (quoting Sinkow v. Latimer (In re Latimer), 82 B.R. 354, 364 (Bankr.E.D.Pa.1988)). Dismissal for bad faith under § 707(a) therefore should be limited to extreme cases, e.g., where the debtor has a "frivolous, noneconomic motive for filing a bankruptcy petition, when there is a sinister or unworthy purpose, or when there is an abuse of the judicial process." Id.

2. The Court Must Examine the Totality of the Circumstances. To determine whether a chapter 7 case was filed in bad faith, courts must review the "totality of the circumstances." Piazza, 719 F.3d at 1271-72 (§ 707(a) bad faith inquiry requires the bankruptcy court to sift through the totality of the circumstances to see that injustice or unfairness is not done); Quinn, 490 B.R. at 618 (applying a totality of the circumstances test to evaluate the debtor's good faith on a case-by-case basis); In re Standiferd, 2008 WL 5273690, at *12 (Bankr.D.N.M.2008) (§ 707(a) bad faith inquiry requires analysis of the totality of the circumstances); Blumenberg v. Yihye (In re Blumenberg), 263 B.R. 704, 715 (Bankr.E.D.N.Y.2001) (same); In re Griffieth, 209 B.R. 823, 826 (Bankr. N.D.N.Y.1996) (applying multiple factors viewed together on an ad hoc basis to determine bad faith based on a totality of the circumstances).

3. Conduct Relevant to § 523 or § 727 Should Not Be Considered. The conduct giving rise to bad faith cannot be the type that would support a denial of discharge under § 727 or nondischargeability action under § 523. This consideration follows from the rule of statutory construction that requires "that where both a specific and a general statute address the same subject matter, the specific one takes precedence regardless of the sequence of the enactment, and must be applied first. Therefore, a debtor's misconduct should be analyzed under the most specific Code provision that addresses that type of misconduct." Padilla, 222 F.3d at 1192 (citations omitted). See also, Quinn, 490 B.R. at 617 ("[D]ismissal of a Chapter 7 case for cause may not be based exclusively or primarily on a debtor's conduct that forms the basis for objections to discharge under 11 U.S.C. § 727 or objections to dischargeability of particular debts under 11 U.S.C. § 523.").

4. Bad Faith Dismissal is a Severe Step. Dismissing Chapter 7 cases for lack of good faith is a severe step, and should only be taken in "egregious cases that entail concealed or misrepresented assets and/or sources of income, lavish lifestyles, and intention to avoid a single debt based upon conduct akin to fraud, misconduct or gross negligence." In re Perlin, 497 F.3d 364, 373 (3rd Cir.2007) (citation omitted). The fresh start provided by a discharge "has been again and again emphasized by the courts as being of public as well as private interest, in that it gives to the honest but unfortunate debtor who surrenders for distribution the property which he owns at the time of bankruptcy, a new opportunity in life and a clear field for future effort, unhampered by the pressure and discouragement of pre-existing debt." Local Loan Co. v. Hunt, 292 U.S. 234, 244, 54 S.Ct. 695, 78 L.Ed. 1230 (1934). Numerous cases, most of which discuss § 727 actions, emphasize that denying a discharge is reserved only for truly pernicious conduct, and a strong presumption in favor of discharge exists. See Sierra Chemicals, LLC v. Mosley (In re Mosley), 501 B.R. 736, 742 (Bankr.D.N.M.2013); Soft Sheen Products, Inc. v. Johnson (In re Johnson), 98 B.R. 359, 367 (Bankr. N.D.Ill.1988) (Bankruptcy Code is to be liberally applied to protect debtors where there is no intent to violate the Code). Although most of these cases deal with § 727 actions, their instructions are equally applicable to §§ 706 and 707 actions.

5. Ability to Pay Creditors is Not Enough. A debtor's ability to pay creditors is not enough to support a finding of bad faith. In In re Marks, 174 B.R. 37, 41 (E.D.Penn.1994), the district court so held, citing S.Rep. No. 989, 95th Cong., 2d Sess. 94 (1978), 1978 U.S.C.C.A.N. 5787, 5880. The report states in part:

In In re Goulding, 79 B.R. 874 (Bankr. W.D.Mo.1987), the bankruptcy court, citing the foregoing language, said "It is difficult to contemplate how Congress could more emphatically have stated that the debtor's net worth or future prospects is not `cause' as the word is used in Section 707 for dismissal." Id. at 876. After reviewing cases on the issue, the court held that ability to pay, by itself, is insufficient to dismiss a case under § 707(a). See also In re Smith, 507 F.3d 64, 74 (2d Cir.2007) (ability to repay debts is not sufficient, but is part of the inquiry); Perlin, 497 F.3d at 374 (dismissal based on ability to repay is expressly prohibited by the legislative history); McDow v. Smith, 295 B.R. 69, 81 (E.D.Va.2003) (high annual income and lavish lifestyle were insufficient cause for § 707(a) dismissal); Quinn, 490 B.R. at 617 (same).

6. Factors. Not surprisingly, various factors have been identified and applied to determine whether bad faith exists. The factors identified by previous courts include:

In re Lombardo, 370 B.R. 506, 512 (Bankr. E.D.N.Y.2007) (listing 14 of the factors); In re O'Brien, 328 B.R. 669, 675 (Bankr. W.D.N.Y.2005) (same); Quinn, 490 B.R. at 618 (listing all 16 factors but emphasizing the first six); In re Baird, 456 B.R. 112, 116-17 (Bankr.M.D.Fla.2010) (listing 15 factors).

7. Applying the Law to the Facts.

The Court weighs the Lombardo/O'Brien/Quinn factors as follows:

                                              Indicates     Indicates
                                              good          bad
Factor                                        faith         faith         Comment

Did debtor manipulations frustrate a              X                       Debtor did not engage in any
particular creditor?                                                      manipulations.

Any attempt to pay creditors?                     X                       Debtor made no attempt to pay Movant
                                                                          but has otherwise always paid his
                                                                          creditors.

Did Debtor fail to make significant               X                       Debtor lives a modest lifestyle.
lifestyle changes?

Could debtor pay substantial portion of                         X         Could pay Movant over 3-5 years.
debts?

Did debtor inflate expenses to disguise                         X         Debtor's Schedule J is based on historical
financial well-being?                                                     information, resulting in higher expenses
                                                                          than current expenses. The
                                                                          schedule was prepared on advice of.
                                                                          counsel.

Is debtor overutilizing the Code to the           X                       This is Debtor's first case. He is not
detriment of creditors?                                                   overutilizing the Bankruptcy Code.

Did debtor reduce his creditors to a              X                       Debtor had few creditors before
single creditor in the months prior to                                    Movant's judgment.
filing his petition?

Did debtor file the case in response to a                       X         Specifically, Debtor filed the case in
judgment?                                                                 response to the wage garnishment.

Is it unfair to use Chapter 7?                    X                       All things considered, the answer is no.

Is debtor paying debts to insiders?               X                       No. Debtor borrowed from family to
                                                                          pay shortfall when his Missouri house
                                                                          sold; they were repaid more than 12
                                                                          months pre-petition.

Did debtor transfer assets?                       X                       No evidence of asset transfers.

Did debtor employ a deliberate and                X                       No evidence Debtor "evaded" Movant
persistent pattern of evading a single                                    — he never paid Movant because he
major creditor?                                                           did not believe debt was justly due.

Did debtor fail to make candid and full           X                       Debtor's omission of wife's jewelry and
disclosure?                                                               his Schedule J expenses were both
                                                                          done on counsel's advice, with
                                                                          reasonable grounds.

Are debts are modest in relation to               X                       Debtor did not overextend himself.
assets and income?                                                        Debt to creditor arose because of
                                                                          firing.

Were there multiple bankruptcy filings            X                       No prior bankruptcy filings or other
or other procedural gymnastics?                                           procedural gymnastics.

Movant relies on Debtor's high income, his failure or refusal to try to pay or settle Movant's debt, his failure to schedule his wife's jewelry, his use of historical average expenses on his Schedule J, and the fact that Movant is Debtor's only unsecured creditor.

Debtor, in turn, relies on his age, his lack of retirement savings, his modest lifestyle, and his compliance with his obligations under the Bankruptcy Code. Debtor's position is that he has the legal right to discharge Movant's debt if he files for bankruptcy relief and turns his non-exempt property over to a Chapter 7 trustee. All things considered, Debtor deemed it more prudent, and within his rights, to file a Chapter 7 case rather than pay Movant its $170,000 judgment.

Debtor's current income is very high by New Mexico standards, $290,000 per year. As shown above, however, a high income is not sufficient for a bad faith/cause finding under § 707(b).6 Further, despite his high income, Debtor has a legitimate need for bankruptcy relief. Given his age and current retirement savings, Debtor is faced with a choice of saving for retirement while he can still earn a lot of money, or else paying Movant and saving much less. Given the evidence that Debtor might have about $5,000 per month available to pay creditors or save for retirement, Debtor's desire to do the former is consistent with good faith. If Debtor works for five years and saves $50,000 per year, he would then have retirements savings of about $375,000, not an unreasonably large amount. On the other hand, if Debtor had to pay Movant, his retirement nest egg at the end of five years would be about $205,000, a significant difference.

Movant's second major point, that Debtor made no effort to pay the Movant's debt, also is not well taken. Debtor could not afford to defend himself in the Missouri litigation, resulting in the default judgment that now binds the Debtor and the Court. Nevertheless, Debtor feels very strongly that Movant, not he, is at fault for what happened in December 2010. Debtor knows he is legally obligated to pay Movant because of the default judgment, but does not think it is right for him to have to pay. His only legal way to avoid the debt was to file for Chapter 7 bankruptcy relief and turn his non-exempt assets over to a trustee. Debtor chose that option, which Congress clearly intended him to have, regardless of income, absent other indicia of bad faith.

For most people with Debtor's age, experience, and current income, choosing to file a Chapter 7 bankruptcy case would be prohibitively expensive. In Debtor's case the cost to him was $30,000 plus attorney fees. Although not all individuals would have made this choice, it is not indicative of bad faith.

Movant next points to Debtor's decision not to list his wife's jewelry on his bankruptcy schedules as evidence of bad faith. The Court does not believe this indicates bad faith, for three reasons. First, the Debtor readily disclosed the jewelry to the Chapter 7 trustee at the § 341 meeting. Second, the Debtor had a good faith basis for asserting that he did not have to disclose the jewelry, since it could be that under Missouri law the jewelry is separate property. Third, his decision not to disclose the jewelry was based on advice of counsel.

Debtor's actions when faced with the Chapter 7 Trustee's demand for turnover are consistent with good faith. Debtor promptly settled with the Trustee for what appears to be a very reasonable amount. Movant will receive all of these proceeds, less the trustee's commission.

Movant next complains that Debtor inflated his Schedule J monthly expenses. This complaint has some merit, but Debtor's explanation was plausible. Debtor's Schedule J expenses are accurate historical average expenses for the year before the Petition Date. Debtor got the figures from Quicken or similar financial software. In most cases, the method Debtor used yields accurate information about current expenses. In Debtor's case, the figures included many nonrecurring expenses, so Debtor's monthly expenses were overstated. The Court does not find that this was the result of bad faith.

Finally, Movant argues that the fact it is the Debtor's only unsecured creditor should be held against Debtor. The Court does not see it that way. The Debtor does not have a history of credit problems or failure to pay debts when due. On the contrary, the evidence indicates that Movant's judgment may be the only unpaid debt Debtor has ever had. Debtor's refusal to pay a debt he does not think justly due, even if stubborn and/or wrong on the law, is not bad faith, so long as the requirements of the Bankruptcy Code are met.

Based on the totality of the circumstances and duly weighing the factors listed above, the Court finds that there is no bad faith or other cause under § 707(a) to dismiss Debtor's Chapter 7 case.

B. Conversion Under § 706(b).7

Section 706(b) provides: "On request of a party in interest and after notice and a hearing, the court may convert a case under this chapter to a case under chapter 11 of this title at any time." Unlike § 707(a), there is no standard provided for determining whether the case "may" be converted; it is left to the sound discretion of the court. See In re Quinn, 490 B.R. at 621; In re Gordon, 465 B.R. 683, 692 (Bankr.N.D.Ga.2012) ("The decision whether to convert is left to the sound discretion of the court, based on what will most inure to the benefit of all parties in interest"). The court may convert Chapter 7 cases of individual debtors as well as businesses. Gordon, 465 B.R. at 690; In re Lenartz, 2001 WL 35814401, *2-*3 (Bankr.D.Idaho 2001).

The Court should take into account whether there would be grounds to dismiss the case once it has been converted to Chapter 11 under 11 U.S.C. § 1112(b). In re Hardigan, 490 B.R. 437, 445 (Bankr.S.D.Ga.2013) citing In re Home Network Builders, Inc., 2006 WL 3419791, at *3 (D.N.J.2006).

Two New Mexico cases have addressed whether to convert a Chapter 7 case to Chapter 11 even though there are insufficient bad faith grounds to dismiss the case under § 707(a). In Quinn, the court denied the motion to convert because the movant relied on the same evidence under § 706(b) as it did for its request under § 707(a). Quinn held: "Under these circumstances, it is not appropriate to compel the same end result through conversion to Chapter 11 when it is not appropriate to dismiss the Chapter 7 case...." 490 B.R. at 621-22.

A similar analysis was applied in In re Lobera, where the court denied a § 706(b) request, stating: "[The movants] do not suggest any additional reasons for converting the case to Chapter 11 than they do for dismissing it under Section 707(a)." Id. at 854. See also In re Hardigan, 490 B.R. at 445 (denying conversion motion as an alternative to dismissal because no additional grounds for conversion were given, and the dismissal motion was denied).

Furthermore, as pointed out in Lobera there are potential constitutional problems with compelling an individual Chapter 7 debtor to convert to Chapter 11. 454 B.R. at 855. No one can force an individual to be a Chapter 13 debtor against her will, see §§ 706(c) and 1307(a), because doing so might violate the Thirteenth Amendment's involuntary servitude prohibition. Lobera, 454 B.R. at 855. See generally Toibb v. Radloff, 501 U.S. 157, 165-66, 111 S.Ct. 2197, 115 L.Ed.2d 145 (1991) (Congress' primary concern about a debtor being forced into a Chapter 13 case was to avoid compelling debtors to toil for the benefit of creditors in violation of the Thirteenth Amendment). There are no similar statutory protections for potential individual Chapter 11 debtors, but the constitutional right against involuntary servitude remains. It seems likely that the potential constitutional problem would constitute grounds to convert or dismiss Debtor's Chapter 11 case if Movant's § 706(b) conversion motion were granted. The result would either be futility or an indirect route to § 707(a) dismissal.

Here, the evidence relied on to support conversion under § 706(b) was identical to the evidence supporting § 707(a) dismissal. Following Quinn, Lobera, and Hardigan, the Court will not do indirectly what Movant has failed to show should be done directly. Even if such a showing had been made, the Court thinks dismissal is the only reasonable alternative, rather than conversion, unless the Debtor freely agrees to reorganize under Chapter 11. The Court, therefore, will deny the motion to the extent it seeks conversion.

III. CONCLUSION

Dismissing a Chapter 7 case for "bad faith" should be done only in exceptional cases, prompted by egregious facts. In this case the facts fall short of this high standard. With his retirement looming and only $120,000 saved, the Debtor's decision to file a Chapter 7 case so he could save for retirement rather than pay Movant was not bad faith.

The Court will deny the Motion. A separate order consistent with this Memorandum Opinion will be entered.