Bruce Webster requests a certificate of appealability ("COA") for issues the district court, which granted a COA on two issues, deemed unworthy of collateral review. Because Webster has failed to make a substantial showing of the denial of a constitutional right, we deny his application.

In 1996, a federal jury convicted Webster of, and sentenced him to death for, three offenses — kidnapping resulting in death, conspiring to kidnap, and using and carrying a firearm during a crime of violence — for his role in the shocking and exceedingly brutal kidnapping, rape, and murder of sixteen-year-old Lisa Rene.1 We affirmed the conviction and sentence on direct appeal, see United States v. Webster, 162 F.3d 308 (5th Cir.1998), cert. denied, 528 U.S. 829, 120 S. Ct. 83, 145 L. Ed. 2d 70 (1999).

In September 2000 Webster filed a motion to vacate his conviction and sentence pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2255, and an amended § 2255 motion challenging his conviction and sentence on sixteen grounds in August 2002. The district court rejected Webster's claims and dismissed his petition. See Webster v. United States, No. 4:00-CV-1646-Y, 2003 WL 23109787 (N.D.Tex. Sept.30, 2003).

Webster subsequently filed (in the district court) an application for a COA on all grounds raised in his § 2255 motion. In January 2004, the district court issued a COA limited to Webster's claims that (1) his mental retardation renders him ineligible for the death penalty and (2) the evidence was insufficient to warrant the finding that he is not mentally retarded.2 Webster thereafter filed the instant application with this court expressly limited (as is the government's brief in opposition) to requesting a COA on the issues not certified by the district court.3

A defendant may not appeal a final order in a § 2255 proceeding unless a circuit justice or judge issues a COA. See 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(1)(B). To obtain a COA, Webster must make a "substantial showing of the denial of a constitutional right." 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(2).4 He must demonstrate that "jurists of reason could disagree with the district court's resolution of his constitutional claims or that jurists could conclude the issues presented are adequate to deserve encouragement to proceed further." Miller-El, 537 U.S. at 327, 123 S. Ct. 1029 (citing Slack, 529 U.S. at 484, 120 S. Ct. 1595).

In determining whether to grant a COA, we are limited "to a threshold inquiry into the underlying merit of [Webster's] claims." Id. "This threshold inquiry does not require full consideration of the factual and legal bases adduced in support of the claims." Id. at 336, 123 S. Ct. 1029. Instead, our determination is based on "an overview of the claims in the habeas petition and a general assessment of their merits." Id. In death penalty cases, "any doubts as to whether a COA should issue must be resolved in [petitioner's] favor." Hernandez v. Johnson, 213 F.3d 243, 248 (5th Cir.2000).

Before the jury retired for deliberations at the penalty phase, the district court excused juror Albert Fox and elevated an alternate. Webster alleges that the court committed constitutional error in replacing the dismissed juror with an alternate. Because this claim was raised and rejected on direct appeal, see Webster, 162 F.3d at 345-47, the district court properly held that Webster was barred from raising it on collateral review.5 We therefore deny a COA on this issue.

After imposing a death sentence on the verdict, the district court entered a factual finding that Webster is not mentally retarded and is therefore not immune from the death penalty under 18 U.S.C. § 3596(c).6 Webster challenged this finding on direct appeal, claiming that the statutory scheme precluded factfinding by the court absent the defendant's motion, and that the court acted without notice, thereby depriving him of due process. Reviewing the statutory challenge for plain error as a result of Webster's failure to object, and the due process claim de novo, we rejected both claims. See Webster, 162 F.3d at 351-52.

Relying on Apprendi v. New Jersey, 530 U.S. 466, 120 S. Ct. 2348, 147 L. Ed. 2d 435 (2000), and Ring v. Arizona, 536 U.S. 584, 122 S. Ct. 2428, 153 L. Ed. 2d 556 (2002), Webster sought habeas relief, asserting that he has a due process right to have the jury make the determination as to retardation.7 The district court denied relief, concluding that Apprendi does not retroactively apply to initial habeas petitions under § 2255 and that the absence of mental retardation is not an element of the sentence constitutionally required to be found by the jury. Webster seeks a COA on this claim.

Webster has not made the requisite showing of the denial of a constitutional right in this instance. As an initial matter, the procedural rule announced in Apprendi is not retroactively applicable to initial habeas petitions under § 2255. See United States v. Brown, 305 F.3d 304, 309 (5th Cir.2002). Although this court has yet to determine whether Ring applies retroactively, because "the rule in Ring is essentially an application of Apprendi, logical consistency suggests that the rule announced in Ring is not retroactively applicable." In re Johnson, 334 F.3d 403, 405 n. 1 (5th Cir.2003).8

Even assuming arguendo that Ring applies retroactively, "neither Ring [nor] Apprendi... render[s] the absence of mental retardation the functional equivalent of an element of capital murder which the state must prove beyond a reasonable doubt." Id. at 405 (emphasis added).9 Thus, because Apprendi does not apply retroactively to Webster's initial § 2255 motion, and Ring, even if retroactive, does not render the absence of mental retardation an element of the sentence that is constitutionally required to be determined by a jury, Webster has failed to make the requisite showing. We deny a COA on this issue.

Webster contends that his trial counsel provided ineffective assistance of counsel under the Sixth Amendment. He alleges the following specific deficiencies: (1) Counsel failed to investigate and present additional evidence demonstrating mental retardation and the extreme abuse Webster suffered as a child;

(2) Counsel failed to investigate and present (for purposes of mitigation and impeachment) evidence of racial discrimination in Webster's Arkansas school district;

(3) Counsel allowed a "breakdown in communication and a dispute over money with the mitigation specialist" to affect the sentencing phase of trial; and

(4) Counsel failed to object to the district court's factual finding regarding mental retardation.

To make a substantial showing of the denial of his Sixth Amendment right to reasonably effective assistance of counsel, Webster must satisfy Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 104 S. Ct. 2052, 80 L. Ed. 2d 674 (1984). Thus, he must demonstrate "that counsel's performance was deficient," id. at 687, 104 S. Ct. 2052, and that "the deficient performance prejudiced ... [his] defense," id.

To establish deficient performance, a petitioner "must show that counsel's representation fell below an objective standard of reasonableness." Id. at 687-88, 104 S. Ct. 2052. Judicial scrutiny of counsel's performance must be "highly deferential," id. at 689, 104 S. Ct. 2052, and we must make every effort "to eliminate the distorting effects of hindsight, to reconstruct the circumstances of counsel's challenged conduct, and to evaluate the conduct from counsel's perspective at the time," id. There is a "strong presumption that counsel's conduct falls within the wide range of reasonable professional assistance." Id.

To establish prejudice, a petitioner "must show that there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel's unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different. A reasonable probability is a probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome." Id. at 694, 104 S. Ct. 2052. The district court's denial of relief is not debatable among jurists of reason, even on threshold review, so we deny a COA on these claims.

Webster contends that his trial counsel were ineffective in failing to investigate and present additional mitigating evidence demonstrating mental retardation and the extreme abuse he suffered as a child. The district court denied habeas relief, characterizing this ineffective assistance claim as one of degree — i.e., Webster does not allege that counsel utterly failed to present evidence of mental retardation and child abuse but, instead, that counsel were ineffective for failing to investigate and present enough of such evidence. After engaging in an exhaustive review of the trial record, the district court determined that defense counsel presented a significant amount of such evidence; and, although more of the same or similar evidence could have been furnished, counsel were not constitutionally ineffective for failing to present more of the same.

Indeed, our review of the trial record confirms that Webster's counsel were far from constitutionally ineffective in investigating and presenting evidence of his mental condition and the abuse he suffered as a child. During the punishment phase, counsel presented lengthy and detailed testimony from four medical experts regarding Webster's mental capacity10 and the testimony of a fifth medical expert on surrebuttal to critique the methodology used by one of the government's experts in testing Webster's cognitive abilities.

Moreover, counsel presented substantial evidence of the abuse Webster suffered as a child, including testimony from his mother, two of his brothers, two of his sisters, an aunt, a niece, and an ex-girlfriend. All of these witnesses testified about the severe physical and sexual abuse that Webster's father inflicted on his children and his wife (Webster's mother). These witnesses recounted graphic and violent stories of sexual abuse; weekly beatings with hoses, fan belts, and extension cords; and various other forms of torture, including electric shock and burning. Even further, counsel presented testimony from an officer of the juvenile court in Arkansas that removed one of Webster's siblings from the home because of abuse.

In light of this substantial body of evidence and the pre-trial investigation its presentation required, Webster's generalized allegation that more evidence of mental retardation and child abuse should have been presented is arguably frivolous. In any event, it is insufficient to demonstrate objectively deficient performance by counsel.11 Because Webster has failed to make the requisite showing of deficient performance, we need not address the prejudice portion of the Washington inquiry.12 We deny a COA on this ineffective assistance claim.

Webster faults his trial counsel for failing to investigate and present evidence of racial discrimination allegedly existing in the district where he attended school. Webster claims it is vitally important for counsel to demonstrate that the reason he was not enrolled in special education courses was the district's racially discriminatory practice of not placing black students in such courses even when necessary, and not because he did not qualify. Had such evidence been presented, Webster contends, it would have effectively countered the government's assertion that he is not mentally retarded.

In denying habeas relief, the district court concluded that Webster had failed to establish either prong of the Washington standard on this claim. Significantly, the court disagreed with Webster about the salience of the evidence. First, the court observed that the government disputed Webster's claim of mental retardation primarily through the testimony of its medical experts, cross-examination of Webster's medical experts, and the testimony of other witnesses familiar with Webster both in and out of the prison system. Thus, although certain government witnesses noted the fact that Webster was not in special education courses, this point was merely incidental to the government's case.13

Second, the district court noted that Webster's brother Mark testified that most of his brothers were in special education classes, and Tony Webster acknowledged that he was in "resource" classes. Surmising that any evidence that the school district did not place black students in special education classes when necessary would have been countered by such testimony, the court concluded that counsel could not be faulted for failing to pursue this track.

Even assuming arguendo that counsel's failure to investigate and present such evidence constitutes objectively deficient performance, the district court's conclusion that Webster cannot demonstrate the requisite prejudice is not debatable. Indeed, in rejecting Webster's claim on direct appeal that the evidence was insufficient to warrant the conclusion that he was not mentally retarded, this court noted that "[t]he government presented substantial evidence to support the finding." Webster, 162 F.3d at 353 (emphasis added). Consequently, the incremental impeachment value, if any, of such evidence does not raise a reasonable possibility that, had the evidence been presented, the outcome would have been different.14 We therefore deny a COA on this ineffective assistance claim.

Webster contends that his trial counsel were ineffective in allowing a breakdown in communication and a dispute over fees with the mitigation specialist to affect the investigation and presentation of mitigating evidence. Although the factual basis underlying this claim differs from his other ineffective assistance claims, the substance of the claim remains the same: But for this "breakdown," additional mitigating evidence of mental retardation, child abuse, and racial discrimination in school could have been discovered and presented.

Webster's vague and generalized allegations of additional (unspecified) evidence of retardation and extreme child abuse notwithstanding, defense counsel presented substantial quantities of mitigating evidence concerning retardation and child abuse.15 Webster cannot, therefore, on threshold review, establish either deficient performance or prejudice for this claim. We therefore deny a COA on this ineffective assistance claim.

Webster claims ineffective assistance from counsel's failure to object to the district court's factual finding, discussed above, that he is not mentally retarded and thus is not exempt from the death penalty under § 3596(c). The district court disagreed, concluding that counsel's failure to object to the finding cannot be deemed ineffective assistance when it was not evident, based on the law at the time, that a potential error had occurred.

At the time of trial (which is what matters when assessing counsel's performance),16 there was no law on who has the authority to decide — court or jury — whether a defendant is mentally retarded within the meaning of § 3596(c).17 Thus, there was no legal basis on which trial counsel could conclude (or even suspect) that the court had committed error.18 This dearth of authority persists even today; no statutory amendment or judicial decision has addressed whether the mental retardation finding envisioned by § 3596(c) is a question for the court or the jury. Moreover, even if there were a subsequent legal development holding that the jury is the fact-finder required by § 3596(c), the admonition to reviewing courts to "eliminate the distorting effects of hindsight ... and to evaluate the conduct from counsel's perspective at the time," Washington, 466 U.S. at 689, 104 S. Ct. 2052, would render Webster's claim meritless.19

It follows, then, that counsel cannot be deemed constitutionally ineffective for failing to anticipate a "subsequent development," and Webster cannot rely on the failure to object as a basis for showing deficient performance. Reasonable jurists cannot disagree with the district court's conclusion that counsel were not constitutionally ineffective. We deny a COA on this ineffective assistance claim.

Webster seeks a COA on his claim that the prosecution withheld impeachment evidence in contravention of its due process obligation under Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83, 83 S. Ct. 1194, 10 L. Ed. 2d 215 (1963), and its progeny. The evidence allegedly withheld is the same material Webster faults his trial counsel for not investigating and presenting to the jury: alleged racial discrimination in the district where Webster attended school and specific evidence of the district's discriminatory practice of failing to place black students in special education classes when necessary. As with his ineffective assistance claim, Webster maintains that disclosure of this evidence would have provided a basis for impeaching government witnesses who testified that he was not mentally retarded and who noted the fact that he was not enrolled in special education classes.

The right to due process is violated where, on request, the government conceals evidence (exculpatory as well as impeachment) that is favorable to the defendant and material to guilt or innocence, irrespective of the good faith of the prosecution. See id. at 87-88, 83 S. Ct. 1194; United States v. Bagley, 473 U.S. 667, 676, 105 S. Ct. 3375, 87 L. Ed. 2d 481 (1985); United States v. Ellender, 947 F.2d 748, 756 (5th Cir.1991). "[E]vidence is material only if there is a reasonable probability that, had the evidence been disclosed to the defense, the result of the proceeding would have been different. A `reasonable probability' is a probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome." Bagley, 473 U.S. at 682, 105 S. Ct. 3375.

Relying on its antecedent conclusion that Webster could not demonstrate prejudice from counsel's failure to discover and present evidence of the school district's discriminatory practices, the district court denied habeas relief on this claim. Jurists of reason cannot find debatable or wrong the rejection of Webster's Brady claim.

Even assuming, arguendo, that Webster can make the threshold showing that the government suppressed (and was therefore in possession of) this information,20 Webster's claim fails the threshold showing of materiality. "In assessing the materiality of undisclosed impeachment evidence, `we must consider the nature of the impeachment evidence improperly withheld and the additional evidence ... independent of the disputed testimony.'" Wilson v. Whitley, 28 F.3d 433, 439 (5th Cir.1994) (quoting United States v. Weintraub, 871 F.2d 1257, 1262 (5th Cir.1989)).

Although Webster maintains that such evidence could have effectively countered the government's position that he is not mentally retarded, our analysis of his related ineffective assistance claim obtains equally here.21 In the main, the prosecution presented substantial evidence countering Webster's claim of mental retardation, and the government's effort did not depend in any significant respect on Webster's non-enrollment in special education courses.

To the contrary, beyond cross-examining defense experts, the government produced two medical experts who testified that they did not believe Webster was mentally retarded, and, primarily, that the methodology used by the defense experts to gauge his mental capacity was critically flawed.22 Moreover, the government presented numerous other witnesses whose testimony contradicted Webster's claim of mental retardation.23 Thus, the incremental impeachment value, if any (given the conflicting testimony by Webster's brothers), of such evidence does not raise a reasonable probability that, had the evidence been disclosed, the outcome would have been different.24

In sum, even indulging (on this threshold review) Webster's highly attenuated and suspect attempt to impute knowledge of this evidence to the prosecution, the evidence allegedly withheld is not material. Because jurists of reason could not find this due process claim debatable, we deny a COA on this issue.

Webster contends that § 3596(c) is unconstitutionally vague and violates his right to due process because it fails to provide any guidance on (1) whether the issue of mental retardation is to be decided by the judge or jury; (2) whether the decision is to be made pretrial or at sentencing; (3) what is the burden of proof; and (4) what is the relevant standard for a finding of retardation. Although the district court noted that Webster had failed to raise this claim on direct appeal,25 the court nevertheless proceeded to consider and reject it on the merits.

Webster may not, however, raise this issue for the first time on collateral review without showing both "cause" for his procedural default and "actual prejudice" resulting from the error. See, e.g., United States v. Shaid, 937 F.2d 228, 232 (5th Cir.1991) (en banc). He has neither alleged nor shown cause and prejudice, so this claim cannot form the basis of a substantial showing of the denial of a constitutional right. We deny a COA on this issue.

Webster avers that the death sentence was applied in his case as a result of a "systematic pattern of racial discrimination" on the part of the government in violation of the Fifth and Eighth Amendments. This claim was raised and rejected on direct appeal.26 Attempting to breathe new life into it on collateral review, Webster relies on new statistical evidence compiled by the Department of Justice.27 Finding that those statistics are identical to those held insufficient to state a prima facie case of selective prosecution in United States v. Jones, 287 F.3d 325, 332-35 (5th Cir.2002), the district court rejected this claim.

We agree that the statistics are wholly insufficient to meet the threshold requirement that Webster was singled out in the capital charging decision on the basis of his race, but that others similarly situated were not. Despite citing to new statistical data, Webster has done no more than repeat his claim of error rejected on direct appeal. Because he has failed to make the requisite showing of the denial of a constitutional right, we deny a COA on this issue.

Webster contends that his due process rights were violated by the presentation of "perjured and damaging testimony" from co-defendants Steven Beckley and Marvin Holloway. He alleges that two post-trial events provide a basis for this claim: first, that Beckley told a correctional officer and an inmate that he had lied at Webster's trial in an effort to improve his standing with the government; and second, that Orlando Hall, another co-defendant, received a letter from Holloway stating that he owed Webster an apology — a statement Webster cites as evidence that Holloway lied at trial.

The district court determined that, even if Webster's allegations of perjury were accepted as true, his claim is meritless given his failure even to allege that the government knew that any of the testimony given by Beckley or Holloway was false.28 Jurists of reason could not find debatable or wrong the district court's rejection of this claim.

"[I]t is established that a conviction obtained through the use of false evidence, known to be such by representatives of the State, must fall under the Fourteenth Amendment.... The same result obtains when the State, although not soliciting false evidence, allows it to go uncorrected when it appears." United States v. O'Keefe, 128 F.3d 885, 893 (5th Cir.1997) (quoting Napue v. Illinois, 360 U.S. 264, 269, 79 S. Ct. 1173, 3 L. Ed. 2d 1217 (1959) (emphasis added)). To establish a due process violation based on the government's use of false or misleading testimony, Webster must show that (1) the testimony in question was actually false; (2) the testimony was material; and (3) the prosecution had knowledge that the testimony was false. Id. at 893 (citing United States v. Blackburn, 9 F.3d 353, 357 (5th Cir.1993)).

As a threshold matter, Webster has failed to identify even a single specific statement made by either witness that is false; instead, he offers only conclusional statements about the ultimate falsity of Beckley's and Holloway's testimony. Moreover, even if Webster's allegations of perjury are accurate, his underlying due process claim is not debatable, because he has failed even to allege that the prosecution knew that any statements made by either witness were false.29

Because Webster has failed to identify any statement that is false, and has not even alleged the government knowledge of falsity on which a due process claim is based, he has not made a substantial showing of the denial of his constitutional right to due process. We deny a COA on this issue.

Webster seeks a COA on his claim that his (alleged) mental retardation renders his execution contrary to binding international law. The district court rejected this claim on the merits, concluding that international law affords Webster no greater relief than does domestic constitutional relief under the Eighth Amendment as interpreted in Atkins v. Virginia, 536 U.S. 304, 122 S. Ct. 2242, 153 L. Ed. 2d 335 (2002). Jurists of reason could not disagree or find wrong the district court's conclusion in that regard.

Reliance on that conclusion is not necessary, however. Because Webster did not raise this claim on direct appeal and has failed to demonstrate cause and prejudice for this default, in either his § 2255 motion or his COA application in the district court or with this court, he may not raise it for the first time on collateral review. See, e.g., Shaid, 937 F.2d at 232. We deny a COA on this issue.

Webster seeks a COA regarding the district court's denial of his request for discovery.30 He claims that the court abused its discretion in denying discovery, thereby violating his due process rights.

A habeas petitioner may "invoke the process of discovery available under the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure if, and to the extent that, the judge in the exercise of his discretion and for good cause shown grants leave to do so, but not otherwise." Rector v. Johnson, 120 F.3d 551, 562 (5th Cir.1997) (citing Perillo v. Johnson, 79 F.3d 441, 444 (5th Cir.1996)). "A federal habeas court must allow discovery and an evidentiary hearing only where a factual dispute, if resolved in the petitioner's favor, would entitle him to relief...." Ward v. Whitley, 21 F.3d 1355, 1367 (5th Cir.1994). Conclusional allegations are insufficient to warrant discovery; the petitioner must set forth specific allegations of fact. Id. (citing Willie v. Maggio, 737 F.2d 1372 (5th Cir.1984)).

Webster's application does not allege a single factual dispute, which, if resolved in his favor, would entitle him to relief.31 Instead, he merely claims error in the denial of discovery and lists the thirteen grounds for relief on which he seeks to engage in discovery. His application thus reflects a desire to use the habeas corpus discovery mechanism to explore his case "in search of its existence." Id. (quoting Aubut v. Maine, 431 F.2d 688, 689 (1st Cir.1970)). This court does not, however, "sanction fishing expeditions based on petitioner's conclusory allegations." Rector, 120 F.3d at 562 (citing Perillo, 79 F.3d at 444). Because Webster has failed to identify, with specific allegations, any dispositive factual disputes, we deny a COA on this issue.

The application to extend the COA issued by the district court is in all respects DENIED.