United States Court of Appeals
                                                                  Fifth Circuit
                                                               F I L E D
                        REVISED APRIL 17, 2006
                                                               March 10, 2006
                 IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                                           Charles R. Fulbruge III
                         FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT                     Clerk



                             No. 05-10360



UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

                  Plaintiff - Appellee

     v.

IRAELIO CHARON

                  Defendant - Appellant



          Appeal from the United States District Court
                for the Northern District of Texas


Before KING, SMITH, and BENAVIDES, Circuit Judges.

KING, Circuit Judge:

     Defendant-appellant Iraelio Charon appeals his sentence,

arguing that: (1) the district court erred by using relevant

conduct to calculate his base offense level under U.S. SENTENCING

GUIDELINES MANUAL § 2S1.1(a)(1) (2004) [hereinafter U.S.S.G.]; (2)

the district erred by enhancing his sentence for sophisticated

laundering under U.S.S.G. § 2S1.1(b)(3); and (3) the application

of Justice Breyer’s remedial holding in United States v. Booker,

(2005), violates the Ex Post Facto and Due Process



                                  -1-
Clauses.     For the following reasons, we AFFIRM.

                 I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

     In March 2003, a confidential source told special agents

with the Drug Enforcement Administration (“DEA”) in Dallas, Texas

that Iraelio Charon was selling cocaine in the Fort Worth, Texas

area.     The agents’ investigation revealed that on September 13,

1985, Charon was convicted in federal district court of

conspiracy to distribute cocaine, in violation of 21 U.S.C.

§ 846.1    Agents arranged for an informant to purchase cocaine

from Charon.     Several transactions occurred between the informant

and Charon, in which the informant would purchase a substance

containing a detectable amount of cocaine from Charon.2    The

transaction on December 19, 2003, when Charon sold approximately

995 grams of cocaine to the informant, formed the basis for count

one of the information.


     1
        This information was contained in the penalty information
filed by the government pursuant to 21 U.S.C. § 851. As part of
his written plea agreement, Charon agreed that this information
was true and correct.
     2
        The parties stipulated to the following transactions in
the factual resume: April 8, 2003 (informant met with Charon and
purchased 124.6 grams of a substance containing cocaine); August
26, 2003 (informant met with Charon and purchased 498.2 grams of
a substance containing cocaine); September 9, 2003 (informant met
with Charon and purchased 498.2 grams of a substance containing
cocaine); November 11, 2003 (informant met with Charon and
purchased 499.5 grams of a substance containing cocaine);
December 19, 2003 (informant met with Charon and purchased 995.1
grams of a substance containing cocaine). As part of his plea
agreement, Charon agreed that the factual resume was true and
correct.

                                  -2-
     The investigation further revealed that on September 18,

2002, Charon purchased property located at 2622 Edgewood Terrace

in Fort Worth.   As a down payment on the property, Charon

tendered a cashier’s check in the amount of $20,000.    The

cashier’s check was purchased for Charon by a third party in the

third party’s name.   Charon provided the funds for the cashier’s

check from drug proceeds.    As stipulated by the parties in the

factual resume, this property transaction was designed to allow

Charon to make a legitimate investment using drug proceeds, while

concealing the source of the funds.    This conduct formed the

basis for count two of the information, which alleged that Charon

conducted a financial transaction involving drug proceeds.

     On October 28, 2004, Charon was charged by an information

filed by the government with one count of distributing more than

five hundred grams of a mixture and substance containing cocaine,

in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1) and (b)(1)(B), and one

count of laundering of monetary instruments, in violation of 18

U.S.C. § 1956(a)(1)(B)(i).    On November 12, 2004, Charon waived

prosecution by indictment and consented to proceed by the two-

count information.    That same day, Charon pleaded guilty to both

counts pursuant to a written plea agreement.

     In the Presentence Report (“PSR”), the probation officer

noted that Charon was convicted of two counts that required

grouping under U.S.S.G. §§ 3D1.1 and 3D1.2(d).    Because the money

laundering offense produced the higher offense level, the

                                 -3-
probation officer used it to calculate the base offense level.

See U.S.S.G. § 3D1.3(b) (providing that when counts involve

offenses of the same general type to which different guidelines

apply, the offense guideline that produces the highest offense

level applies).    The probation officer determined that the base

offense level for the money laundering offense should be

determined by using the underlying offense from which the

laundered funds were derived, as well as specific offense

characteristics.    See 

  Because the laundered

funds were derived from Charon’s cocaine distribution business,

the probation officer used U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1, which determines the

base offense level using the drug quantity table, to come up with

a base offense level of 36.    See 

(indicating a

base offense level of 36 for an offense involving at least fifty

kilograms but less than 150 kilograms of cocaine).3    The

probation officer added two levels to arrive at a base offense

level of 38 after adjusting for Charon’s possession of a firearm.

See 

     After arriving at a base offense level of 38, the probation

     3
        The probation officer noted that as a result of their
investigation, DEA agents were able to identify Charon and his
sources of cocaine supply and track their illegal activities.
The PSR indicated that “[i]ntercepted telephone calls by DEA
agents, interviews of cooperating individuals, and an undercover
meeting with Charon revealed Charon purchased and distributed
between 70 kilograms and 150 kilograms of cocaine during the
investigation.” PSR ¶ 10. However, according to the report,
“[t]he amount of cocaine purchased by undercover
officers/informants from Charon was 2 kilograms.” 

added two points because Charon was convicted under 18

U.S.C. § 1956, see 

and added another two

points because the offense involved sophisticated money

laundering, see 

    The probation officer then

subtracted three points for Charon’s acceptance of responsibility

pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 3E1.1(a)-(b).    Based on these adjustments,

the probation officer recommended a total offense level of 39.

With Charon’s criminal history category of VI, the recommendation

resulted in a guideline imprisonment range of 360 months to life.

The probation officer noted, however, that the maximum term of

imprisonment that may be imposed for count two is 240 months.

See 18 U.S.C. § 1956(a)(1).

     Charon filed written objections to the PSR, disputing the

probation officer’s calculation of the base offense level under

U.S.S.G. § 2S1.1(a)(1) and the two-level enhancement for

sophisticated laundering under U.S.S.G. § 2S1.1(b)(3).    First, he

argued that his base offense level should have been based solely

on the drugs underlying his money laundering conduct, rather than

his total amount of relevant conduct for drug dealing.    Second,

he contended that his method of purchasing the property was not a

sophisticated laundering transaction and that the enhancement

under U.S.S.G. § 2S1.1(b)(3) was therefore improper.

     In an addendum to the PSR, the probation officer maintained

that the base offense level of 38 was applicable and that the

enhancement for sophisticated laundering was appropriate.    With

                               -5-
regard to Charon’s objection to the base offense level, the

probation officer noted that Charon was convicted of distribution

of cocaine, as well as the money laundering offense.   According

to the probation officer, “[t]he base offense level is determined

by using the underlying offense, [d]istribution of [c]ocaine and

all relevant conduct, from which the laundered funds were derived

(the defendant’s cocaine trafficking business).”   The probation

officer also noted that the relevant conduct provisions do not

limit the drug quantities to that stipulated by the defendant in

his factual resume.

     In response to Charon’s objection to the enhancement under

U.S.S.G. § 2S1.1(b)(3), the probation officer stated that

     sophisticated laundering typically involves the use of
     two or more levels (i.e., layering) of transactions,
     transportation, transfers, or transmissions, involving
     criminally derived funds that were intended to appear
     legitimate.   In this case, the defendant was a drug
     dealer and he regularly engaged in laundering his
     criminal proceeds by: opening various checking and/or
     money-marketing accounts and making cash deposits; using
     his wife to open an account in her name, and making
     unexplained cash deposits; asking a third person to
     purchase a cashier’s check and purchasing property with
     the   cashier’s   check   to   disguise   the   criminal
     proceeds. . . . The defendant’s actions constitute
     “layering” within the meaning of [U.S.S.G.] § 2S1.1.

     Charon objected to the addendum, re-urging his objections

and adding an objection based on United States v. Booker, 

(2005).   He argued that after Booker, his base offense

level could not be determined based on information not alleged in

the information, admitted to by him, or proven to a jury beyond a


                                -6-
reasonable doubt.   He also contended that the Ex Post Facto and

Due Process Clauses prohibit the district court from applying

Booker’s remedial opinion to his case.

     At sentencing, the district court overruled Charon’s

objections to the PSR and his objections based on Booker.4   In

doing so, the district court specifically adopted as the fact

findings and conclusions of the court the facts and conclusions

as set forth in the PSR and the addendum to the PSR.   The

district court also found that Charon had provided substantial

assistance to the government and granted the government’s motion

for downward departure.   In considering the advisory nature of

the Guidelines, the court stated:

     Well, I am going to take into account the defendant’s
     cooperation with the government. Of course, I’m also
     taking into account his serious criminal history and his
     extensive drug activity in this case.      Actually, his
     conduct, as reflected by the presentence report, would
     establish a mandatory life sentence if he had actually
     been convicted of his offense conduct. . . . I’m going to
     give him a significant departure below the bottom of the
     advisory guidelines.

The district court sentenced Charon to 240 months in prison,

eight years of supervised release, and a $200 mandatory special

assessment.   In doing so, the court noted that it was departing

ten years below the advisory guideline minimum of 360 months.


     4
        In ruling on Charon’s objections, the district court
stated: “Well, I’ll overrule all of the objections. . . . And, of
course, that includes the objection that an application of the
ruling, the recent Supreme Court decisions to this case
constitutes an ex post facto application on the law.”

                                -7-
The district court judge further stated that he believed the

sentence he was imposing “takes into account and properly

considers all of the factors that are mentioned in Title 18,

United States Code, Section 3553.”

     Charon now appeals, arguing that: (1) the district court

erred by using relevant conduct to calculate his base offense

level under U.S.S.G. § 2S1.1(a)(1); (2) the district court erred

by imposing a two-level enhancement for sophisticated laundering

pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 2S1.1(b)(3); and (3) the district court’s

application of Justice Breyer’s remedial holding in United States

v. Booker, 

(2005), violates the Ex Post Facto and

Due Process Clauses.

                           II. DISCUSSION

A.   Base Offense Level Under U.S.S.G. § 2S1.1(a)(1)

     Charon argues that the district court’s calculation of his

base offense level should have been based only on the drugs that

were directly related to his money laundering offense, rather

than his drug dealing relevant conduct.     According to Charon,

U.S.S.G. § 2S1.1(a)(1) does not direct the court to apply

relevant conduct; instead, the guideline limits the offense level

determination to the underlying offense from which the laundered

funds were derived.    Charon contends that the Sentencing

Commission’s reasons for amending § 2S1.1(a)(1) illustrate that

the Commission did not intend for courts to consider relevant


                                 -8-
conduct.    As support for his argument, Charon points out that the

Commission listed the base offense level, special offense

characteristics, cross references, and special instructions as

considerations for determining the base offense level for the

underlying offense, but did not mention relevant conduct.      See

U.S.S.G. app. C at 227-30 (Supp. Nov. 2002).

     Although the Sentencing Guidelines are now advisory, a

district court is still required to calculate the guideline

range.   United States v. Angeles-Mendoza, 

, 746 (5th

Cir. 2005) (citing 

, and United States

v. Mares, 

, 518-19 (5th Cir. 2005), cert. denied, 

(2005)).   In addressing Charon’s challenge to the

district court’s calculation of his guideline range, we continue

after Booker to review the district court’s interpretation and

application of the Guidelines de novo and its factual

determinations for clear error.     See United States v. Solis-

Garcia, 

, 513-14 (5th Cir. 2005); see also United

States v. Villanueva, 

, 203 n.9 (5th Cir. 2005)

(noting that this court continues to review factual findings with

respect to the application of the Guidelines for clear error);

United States v. Villegas, 

, 359 (5th Cir. 2005)

(concluding that this court continues after Booker to review the

district court’s interpretation and application of the Guidelines

de novo).

     The issue presented for our review is whether, in

                                  -9-
calculating the base offense level under U.S.S.G. § 2S1.1(a)(1),

the “underlying offense” includes relevant conduct.       The

guideline itself provides no guidance as to how “offense level

for the underlying offense” is to be determined when there is

only one underlying offense.     Cf. U.S.S.G. § 2S1.1 cmt. n.2(A)

(“Multiple Underlying Offenses”).       Although one court has

intimated, though not held, that relevant conduct can be used

under § 2S1.1(a)(1),5 we have found no published or unpublished

decisions, by this circuit or otherwise, holding that the

“underlying offense” in § 2S1.1(a)(1) includes relevant conduct.

     The proper starting point for this discussion is the

guideline itself.   The manual’s statutory index identifies

U.S.S.G. § 2S1.1 as the offense guideline section applicable to

18 U.S.C. § 1956, one of Charon’s statutes of conviction.

Section 2S1.1 provides alternative methods for determining a

defendant’s base offense level.     See United States v. Harmon, 

, 706 (6th Cir. 2005).    Section 2S1.1(a)(1) describes the

first method of determining the base offense level, stating that

if two specified conditions are met, the base offense level is

“[t]he offense level for the underlying offense from which the



     5
        See United States v. Harmon, 

, 710 (6th Cir.
2005) (stating in dicta that although the district court applied
the wrong edition of the Guidelines, the district court’s
calculation of the offense level under § 2S1.1(a)(1) based on
relevant conduct “would probably have been a correct reading of
the 2002 edition of the guidelines”).

                                 -10-
laundered funds were derived . . . .”6   The two conditions under

(a)(1) are: (1) the defendant committed the underlying offense

(or would be accountable for the underlying offense under

subsection (a)(1)(A) of § 1B1.3 (Relevant Conduct)); and (2) the

offense level for that offense can be determined.   U.S.S.G.

§ 2S1.1(a)(1).   Alternatively, if the two specified conditions

are not met, the second method is used, which defines the base

offense level as “8 plus the number of offense levels from the

table in § 2B1.1 (Theft, Property Destruction, and Fraud)

corresponding to the value of the laundered funds.”   

  The commentary to this guideline clarifies that

(a)(2) applies to any case in which (1) the defendant did not

commit the underlying offense, or (2) the defendant committed the

underlying offense (or would be accountable for the underlying

offense under § 1B1.3(a)(1)(A)), but the offense level for the

underlying offense is impossible or impracticable to determine.

cmt. n.3(A).

     Both conditions for (a)(1) are satisfied in this case.    The

two counts that Charon pleaded guilty to--a drug distribution


     6
        The guideline defines “laundered funds” as “property,
funds, or monetary instrument involved in the transaction” in
violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1956. U.S.S.G. § 2S1.1 cmt. n.1.
Because the term “underlying offense” is not defined in the
guideline, “offense” arguably takes on its ordinary meaning under
§ 1B1.1, which defines “offense” as “the offense of conviction
and all relevant conduct under § 1B1.3 (Relevant Conduct) unless
a different meaning is specified or otherwise clear from the
context.” 

cmt. n.1(H).

                               -11-
count occurring on December 19, 2003, and a money laundering

count occurring on September 18, 2002--do not by themselves tell

us whether Charon “committed the underlying offense” because the

money laundering offense occurred over one year prior to the drug

distribution offense.   Nevertheless, based on our review of the

record, we are satisfied that Charon committed or was involved in

the commission of the offense underlying his money laundering

offense.   See 

cmt. n.2(B).    Charon admitted, as part

of the factual resume that was incorporated into his plea

agreement, that “[t]he funds for the cashier’s check were

proceeds of [his] dealing in cocaine,” that he provided the funds

to the third party, and that the transaction was designed “to set

up a legitimate investment using drug proceeds, while concealing

the source of the funds.”   The second condition to § 2S1.1(a)(1)

is also satisfied because the offense level for cocaine

distribution can be determined by using the drug quantity table

in § 2D1.1(c).

     The PSR, as adopted by the district court, recognized that

although § 2S1.1 was the applicable guideline for Charon’s count

of money laundering, § 3D1.1(d) instructs that offenses under

§§ 2S1.1 and 2D1.1 are to be grouped.     Neither party disputes

that grouping was required or the method in which the district

court grouped the offenses.7   Section 3D1.3(b) directs the court

     7
        The parties do not mention the commentary to U.S.S.G.
§ 2S1.1 concerning grouping under § 3D1.2(c). See U.S.S.G.

                               -12-
to apply the offense guideline that produces the highest offense

level.   The district court, in adopting the PSR, determined that

guideline to be § 2S1.1.   Again, neither party argues with the

district court’s application of the money laundering offense

guideline as producing the higher offense level.

     The parties dispute the district court’s next step, in which

it incorporated relevant conduct to calculate Charon’s underlying

drug distribution offense.   Under U.S.S.G. § 1B1.3(a)(2),

however, the district court properly considered relevant conduct

as part of the underlying offense.    Section 1B1.3(a)(2) states

that “solely with respect to offenses of a character for which

§ 3D1.2(d) would require grouping of multiple counts [as here],

all acts and omissions . . . that were part of the same course of

conduct or common scheme or plan as the offense of conviction”

shall be used in determining the base offense level.    The

district court, in following the addendum to the PSR, concluded

that the base offense level in this case should be calculated by

using the underlying offense for distribution of cocaine and all

relevant conduct.

     Although Charon argues that the Sentencing Commission did

not direct the courts to use relevant conduct, relevant conduct

is inherent in the grouping rules under § 3D1.2(d).    Charon is


§ 2S1.1 cmt. n.6. As neither party challenged the grouping of
Charon’s counts before the district court or before this court,
we need not decide the specific application of that commentary
note.

                               -13-
correct that the reasons for the amendment to § 2S1.1 do not list

relevant conduct; however, the amendment also does not direct the

court to apply the grouping rules of § 3D1.2(d) any differently

than that provision requires.   In other words, analysis under

§ 3D1.2(d) necessarily takes into account the “relevant conduct”

provisions of the Guidelines, and § 2S1.1(a)(1) does not require

the court to do anything differently under that section.     See

United States v. Paulk, 

, 883 (5th Cir. 1990)

(“Relevant conduct for offenses to which section 3D1.2(d) applies

is governed by section 1B1.3(a)(2), which allows the court to

consider ‘all such acts or omissions that were part of the same

course of conduct or common scheme or plan as the offense of

conviction.’”).   Accordingly, it was not error for the district

court to consider relevant conduct.    Because Charon does not

challenge the amount of drugs attributed to him as relevant

conduct, we need not address that issue in this appeal.

B.   Sophisticated Laundering Enhancement Under U.S.S.G.
     § 2S1.1(b)(3)

     Charon next argues that the district court erred by imposing

a two-level enhancement for sophisticated laundering under

U.S.S.G. § 2S1.1(b)(3).   Charon contends that he did not engage

in sophisticated money laundering because he merely gave a third

party $20,000 in cash (from drug proceeds) to purchase a

cashier’s check in the third party’s name, which he then used as

a down payment on a piece of property.    This conduct, according

                                -14-
to Charon, is not sophisticated because it does not meet the

requirements of U.S.S.G. § 2S1.1(b)(3), which requires “complex

or intricate offense conduct” in order to be classified as

“sophisticated laundering.”   To the extent the PSR relied on

other activities to show that Charon engaged in sophisticated

laundering, such as the fact that he opened numerous banking

accounts, had his wife open an account, and made large,

unexplained cash deposits, he claims that the district court

erred in adopting this information and using it to enhance his

sentence because he provided the information pursuant to a

cooperation agreement.   Charon maintains that “[u]nless there is

some independent source, that information [obtained through his

cooperation with the government] could not be used to enhance

[his] guideline sentence.”

     As an initial matter, we must address Charon’s contention

that the information used by the district court regarding his

various checking accounts and large cash deposits was obtained

solely from his cooperation with the government and that this

information cannot be used absent an independent source.    Whether

the use of Charon’s debriefing information to enhance his

sentence violates the Sentencing Guidelines or his agreement with

the government is a question of law that we review de novo.     See

United States v. Gonzalez, 

, 886 (5th Cir. 2002)

(noting that whether the government’s use of information provided

by the defendant in a debriefing violated the plea agreement is a

                               -15-
question of law that the court reviews de novo).

      Section 1B1.8 of the Guidelines states that

      [w]here a defendant agrees to cooperate with the
      government by providing information concerning unlawful
      activities of others, and as part of that cooperation
      agreement the government agrees that self-incriminating
      information provided pursuant to the agreement will not
      be used against the defendant, then such information
      shall not be used in determining the applicable guideline
      range, except to the extent provided in the agreement.

U.S.S.G. § 1B1.8(a).   In United States v. Gonzalez, we looked to

the plea agreement in that case to determine if the government

could disclose information obtained during the defendant’s

.   We concluded that the plea

agreement indicated that the government could disclose this

information only if certain exceptions applied.     

that none of the exceptions in the plea agreement

applied, we held that the government was not allowed to use the

information against the defendant absent a showing that the

information came from a wholly independent source.     

87.

      The record in this case simply does not support Charon’s

argument.   First, Charon has not pointed to anything in the

record indicating that his cooperation agreement with the

government precluded the government from using this information.

See U.S.S.G. § 1B1.8(a).   In fact, our extensive review of the

record supports the opposite conclusion--namely that the

government did not make any agreement with Charon concerning its


                                 -16-
use of this information.8   Neither paragraph six of the plea

agreement, entitled “Defendant’s cooperation,” nor paragraph

seven, entitled “Government’s agreement,” includes any sort of

agreement as envisioned by U.S.S.G. § 1B1.8(a), whereby the

government agrees not to use self-incriminating information

provided by the defendant in his cooperation with the government.

Cf. 

(stating that the plea agreement

allowed the government to disclose information obtained during

the debriefing only under certain circumstances).

     Second, the record does not support Charon’s contention that

the information concerning the various accounts and cash deposits

came only from his cooperation with the government.    Rather, the

record reveals that the offense conduct presented in the PSR was

gathered during an independent investigation conducted by the

probation officer.   The probation officer pointed out in the PSR

that specific offense details were gleaned from numerous

investigative reports prepared by a DEA agent and an Internal

Revenue Service special agent.    In addition, the probation

officer conducted an interview with both of these agents to

clarify and corroborate details contained in the investigative

     8
        Although the record contains a copy of the plea
agreement, it does not contain a separate “cooperation
agreement.” Notably, if the parties entered into a separate
cooperation agreement, it should have been in writing pursuant to
paragraph eleven of the plea agreement, which states that the
plea agreement is a complete statement of the parties’ agreement
and cannot be modified unless in writing and signed by both
parties.

                                 -17-
material.

     Simply put, the record does not support Charon’s contention

that the details concerning his accounts and deposits came only

from his cooperation with the government, but instead indicates

that the probation officer obtained this information from

independent sources.   See United States v. Miller, 

,

335 (5th Cir. 2005) (noting that contrary to the defendant’s

argument that his statements are protected by the cooperation and

plea agreement and U.S.S.G. § 1B1.8 and therefore could not be

considered at sentencing, “the record is replete with information

on which the court could have reached the same conclusions

independently of the disputed admissions”), cert. denied, 126 S.

Ct. 207 (2005).   Accordingly, we find Charon’s argument that the

district court should not have considered the information

relating to his various accounts and cash deposits to be without

merit.

     Turning to Charon’s argument that the district court erred

by enhancing his sentence under U.S.S.G. § 2S1.1(b)(3), we will

reverse the district court’s finding that Charon’s conduct

involved sophisticated laundering only if that finding is clearly

erroneous.   See United States v. Miles, 

, 481 (5th

Cir. 2004) (reviewing the district court’s finding of

sophisticated laundering under § 2S1.1(b)(3) for clear error).9

     9
        In deciding the appropriate standard of review for a
finding of sophisticated money laundering, we recently noted, in

                               -18-
“‘If the district court’s account of the evidence is plausible in

light of the record viewed in its entirety, the court of appeals

may not reverse it even though convinced that had it been sitting

as the trier of fact, it would have weighed the evidence

differently,’ or similarly, a factual finding is not clearly

erroneous unless ‘although there is evidence to support it, the

reviewing court on the entire evidence is left with the definite

and firm conviction that a mistake has been committed.’”   United

States v. Harris, 

, 773 (5th Cir. 2005) (quoting

Cooter & Gell v. Hartmarx Corp., 

, 400 (1990), and

United States v. United States Gypsum Co., 

, 395

(1948)).

     Here, the district court adopted the factual findings and


United States v. Miles, that U.S.S.G. § 2S1.1(b)(3)
     is relatively new and this court has not yet examined its
     application. However, this court has reviewed for clear
     error a district court’s factual determination whether
     sophisticated means were used in the commission of an
     offense under another sentencing guideline. See United
     States v. Powell, 

, 666 (5th Cir. 1997)
     (examining 1995 Sentencing Guideline § 2T1.1 [which
     concerns using sophisticated means for tax evasion]);
     United States v. Clements, 

, 1340 (5th Cir.
     1996) (same). Clear error should be the standard in this
     case, too, because “layering” of transactions, which the
     court found to exist, is defined as a form of
     sophisticated money laundering by the guidelines
     commentary. See U.S.S.G. § 2S1.1, cmt. n.5(A) 

.
        This standard of review is unchanged by Booker because,
as we previously mentioned, this court continues to review the
district court’s interpretation and application of the Guidelines
de novo and its factual findings for clear error. See Solis-

.


                              -19-
conclusions of the PSR and the addendum to the PSR in concluding

that Charon’s sentence should be enhanced by two levels pursuant

to U.S.S.G. § 2S1.1(b)(3).   Specifically, the district court

adopted the PSR’s finding that Charon

     was a drug dealer and he regularly engaged in laundering
     his criminal proceeds by: opening various checking and/or
     money-marketing accounts and making cash deposits; using
     his wife to open an account in her name, and making
     unexplained cash deposits; asking a third person to
     purchase a cashier’s check and purchasing property with
     the   cashier’s   check    to   disguise   the   criminal
     proceeds. . . . [Charon’s] actions constitute “layering”
     within the meaning of [U.S.S.G.] § 2S1.1.

     In deciding whether the district court erred by finding that

Charon’s conduct constituted “layering” under § 2S1.1, the

guideline and its commentary guide our analysis.10   Section

2S1.1(b)(3) provides that if the offense involved “sophisticated

laundering,” the offense level may be increased by two levels.

U.S.S.G. § 2S1.1(b)(3).   The commentary to this section defines

“sophisticated laundering” in part as “complex or intricate

offense conduct” that typically involves the use of, inter alia,

“two or more levels (i.e., layering) of transactions,

transportation, transfers, or transmissions, involving criminally

derived funds that were intended to appear legitimate.”   

cmt. n.5(A) & (iii).


     10
        “[C]ommentary in the Guidelines Manual that interprets
or explains a guideline is authoritative unless it violates the
Constitution or a federal statute, or is inconsistent with, or a
plainly erroneous reading of, that guideline.” Stinson v. United
States, 

, 38 (1993).

                               -20-
     Charon argues that his conduct is not “complex or intricate”

because it involves only two levels of laundering (i.e., giving a

third party $20,000 in cash from his drug proceeds, having the

third party obtain a cashier’s check in the third party’s name,

and then using that check as a down payment on a piece of

property).   Moreover, he contends that “layering” does not

automatically result in an enhancement for sophisticated

laundering under U.S.S.G. § 2S1.1(b)(3) because the guideline’s

commentary states that sophisticated laundering “typically

involves the use of . . . two or more levels (i.e., layering)

. . . .”   

     Charon’s arguments, however, are contrary to the

interpretations provided by the only two circuit courts to

address “layering” under § 2S1.1(b)(3):   this circuit in United

States v. Miles, 

(5th Cir. 2004) (holding that the

district court did not err in applying § 2S1.1(b)(3)), and the

Eighth Circuit in United States v. Pizano, 

(8th Cir.

2005) (same), cert. denied, --- S. Ct. ----, 

, at

*1 (U.S. Feb. 21, 2006) (No. 05-8684).    In Miles, we held that

“[w]hen an individual attempts to launder money through ‘two or

more levels of transactions,’ the commentary clearly subjects an

individual to the sophisticated laundering 

(emphasis added).   Similarly, the Eighth Circuit in

Pizano determined that “[u]nder the plain language of § 2S1.1,

layering constitutes sophisticated laundering. . . . The

                                -21-
guideline does not require a finding that each layer was composed

of a complex 

(emphasis added).

     When Charon’s scheme to conceal or disguise his cocaine

trafficking proceeds is viewed in its entirety, we cannot say

that the district court clearly erred in finding that Charon’s

conduct constituted “sophisticated laundering.”   See 

affirm the district court’s application of

U.S.S.G. § 2S1.1(b)(3).

C.   Booker Objections

     Finally, Charon makes two arguments under Booker, neither of

which deserves extensive treatment given that these arguments are

foreclosed by circuit precedent.   First, he argues that

application of the Booker remedial opinion violates the

limitations of ex post facto judicial decision-making that are

inherent in the notion of due process.   Charon contends that the

remedial opinion does not apply retroactively because it was

“unexpected and indefensible” under the Supreme Court’s holding

in Rogers v. Tennessee, 

, 457 (2001).11   According to

Charon, “both prongs of the test for non-retroactivity [in

Rogers] are met, and the Booker remedy cannot be applied to the


     11
         In Rogers, the Supreme Court held that “[i]f a judicial
construction of a criminal statute is ‘unexpected and
indefensible by reference to the law which had been expressed
prior to the conduct in issue,’ [the construction] must not be
given retroactive 

(alterations in
original) (quoting Bouie v. City of Columbia, 

, 352
(1964)).

                               -22-
detriment of a defendant who committed the offense before Booker

was decided.”   See 

.

     Like other circuits addressing this issue, this circuit

recently has rejected this argument.   In United States v. Austin,

(5th Cir. 2005), we applied our holding in United

States v. Scroggins, 

, 576 (5th Cir. 2005), in

rejecting the defendant’s ex post facto and due process

challenges.   In Austin, we stated that

     Scroggins controls here. The fact that [the defendant]
     was sentenced post-Booker, as distinguished from [the
     defendant in Scroggins], whose case was on appeal when
     Booker was decided, does not affect the analysis. At the
     core of [the defendant’s] ex post facto and due process
     concerns are the “concepts of notice, foreseeability, and
     the right to fair warning,” particularly the claim that
     a person would have expected sentencing under a mandatory
     sentencing regime at the time when [the defendant]
     committed her crime. This anticipation does not depend
     on the happenstance of when Booker was 

(internal citation omitted) (quoting 

); see also United States v. Fairclough, --- F.3d

----, 

, at *2 (2d Cir. Feb. 17, 2006) (concluding

that there was no ex post facto problem with the district court’s

application of the remedial holding of Booker at sentencing

because the defendant had fair warning that his conduct was

criminal, that enhancements or upward departures could be applied

to his sentence, and that he could be sentenced as high as the

statutory maximum).   In accordance with Austin, we similarly hold

that the district court did not violate the limitations of ex

post facto that are inherent in the notion of due process by

                               -23-
applying the remedial holding of Booker at sentencing.

     Alternatively, Charon argues that the retroactive

application of the Booker remedial opinion directly violates the

Ex Post Facto Clause.   Even though he correctly concedes that the

Ex Post Facto Clause does not apply to actions by the judiciary,

see 

, he contends that Justice Breyer’s

remedial opinion in Booker, which established advisory

Guidelines, is “an implied legislative change because Booker

ruled that this was the remedy Congress would have intended.”    We

find no merit in Charon’s alternative argument, as this court has

already rejected a similar challenge in our recent opinion in

United States v. Reinhart, --- F.3d ----, 

, at *6

(5th Cir. Mar. 7, 2006) (concluding that the defendant’s argument

that the district court’s use of advisory Guidelines violates his

rights under the Ex Post Facto Clause “is meritless”) (citing

).

     Because Charon does not challenge the reasonableness of his

sentence, we need not reach that issue in this appeal.

Accordingly, we affirm.

                            III. CONCLUSION

     For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM Charon’s judgment of

conviction and sentence as imposed by the district court.




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