United States Court of Appeals,

                                           Fifth Circuit.

                                           No. 92-3728

                                        Summary Calendar.

       In the Matter of TASTEE DONUTS, INC., Debtor Tastee Donuts, Inc., Appellant,

                                                 v.

                Linda Leaumont PRICE, Wife of/and Thomas L. Price, Appellees.

                                           May 6, 1993.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Louisiana.

Before REAVLEY, JONES and EMILIO M. GARZA, Circuit Judges.

       REAVLEY, Circuit Judge:

       One question of law determines the outcome of this appeal: whether the prohibition against

covenants not to compete contai ned in LA.REV.STAT.ANN. § 23:921 (West 1985)1 applies to

franchise contracts in the absence of an employment relationship between the contracting parties. The

district court held that the section 921 prohibition applied to covenants not to compete in franchise

agreements that create no employment relationship. The court only cited Fine v. Property Damage

Appraisers, Inc., 

, 1311 (E.D.La.1975) in support of its decision. No Louisiana

court has followed Fine's discussion concerning the scope of section 921. But a Louisiana court has

held to the contrary: "[section] 921 applies only to persons in employee-employer relationships and

will not be extended to other relationships by judicial construction or interpretation." Simpson v.

Kelly Services, Inc., 

, 495 (La.App. 2d Cir.1976), writ denied, 

(La.1977); see also NAPASCO Int'l, Inc., Western Div. v. Maxson, 

, 1278-79

(La.App. 3d Cir.1982) (agreeing with Simpson as to the limited scope of section 921, but finding an

employment relationship); cf. Winston v. Bourgeois, Bennett, Thokey and Hickey, 

,


   1
    In 1991, Louisiana's legislature excluded franchise contracts from the scope of section 921,
see 

(West Supp.1993), but the parties executed the contract at issue in this case
before 1991. See Alexandria Anesthesia Serv. v. Firmin, 

, 1237 (La.App. 3d
Cir.1991) (Amendments to section 921 are not retroactive.).
940 (La.App. 4th Cir.1983) (Louisiana courts will examine the actual nature of the relationship

between contracting parties to decide whether section 921 applies, regardless of the contract form

or the contracting party's title.). This court has followed Simpson in deciding that section 921 does

not govern independent-contractor relationships. Taquino v. Teledyne Monarch Rubber, 

, 1497-98 (5th Cir.1990).

       REVERSED and REMANDED.