UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                       FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT




                            No. 92-9099



UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
                                                 Plaintiff-Appellee,


                              versus


RONALD JEROME FISHER, a/k/a L.A.
Ron, and DOUGLAS RAY DUNKINS, JR.,
a/k/a Little Doug,
                                               Defendants-Appellants.




          Appeal from the United States District Court
               for the Northern District of Texas


                     May 27, 1994


Before POLITZ, Chief Judge, DAVIS and WIENER, Circuit Judges.
POLITZ, Chief Judge:

     Ronald Jerome Fisher and Douglas Ray Dunkins, Jr. appeal their

jury convictions of drug violations and their sentences to life

imprisonment.   Finding no reversible error, we affirm.

                            Background

     Fisher headed an operation in Fort Worth, Texas that purchased

50 kilograms of cocaine powder within a two-year period, converted

it to cocaine base, and distributed the resultant 20 kilograms of
crack.      Dunkins was a top lieutenant, heavily involved in the

manufacturing and distribution aspects of the enterprise.

       Along with a score of others, Fisher and Dunkins were indicted

for    conspiracy   to    possess    with        intent    to   distribute         and   to

distribute cocaine, and to manufacture, possess with intent to

distribute and to distribute cocaine base in violation of 21 U.S.C.

§ 846.      Fisher also was charged with two counts of possession of

cocaine with      intent     to   distribute       in     violation      of   21   U.S.C.

§§    841(a)(1)   and    841(b)(1)(A)    and       one     count    in   violation       of

§ 841(b)(1)(B), as well as four counts of money laundering in

contravention of 18 U.S.C. § 1956.                Both Fisher and Dunkins were

charged with use of a firearm during and in relationship to a drug

trafficking crime in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 924(c).                              A jury

returned verdicts of guilty on all counts.                  As a third-time felony

drug-offender,      Fisher    received       a    mandatory        sentence    of    life

imprisonment.1      Dunkins was sentenced to life imprisonment under

the Sentencing Guidelines. Both were given a consecutive five-year

term of imprisonment on the firearm count.                  They timely appealed.

                                    Analysis

       1.     Failure to use a special verdict.

       For the first time on appeal the defendants complain of the

district court's use of a general verdict form for the conspiracy

count.      The failure to obtain a special verdict, they argue, makes

it impossible to know whether the jury convicted them of conspiracy

to traffic in cocaine powder or in crack.                  That objection does not

       1
        21 U.S.C. § 841(b)(1)(A).

                                         2
invalidate the verdict.            As the Supreme Court taught in Griffin v.

United States,2 a conviction on a multiple-object conspiracy count

may stand if there is sufficient evidence to support a conviction

for conspiracy to accomplish any of the charged objects.                          United

States v. Bounds,3 on which the defendants rely, does not hold to

the contrary.       Any ambiguity arising from the general verdict is

relevant solely       to    sentencing.          In    this   case,      only   Dunkins'

sentence could be affected; Fisher's convictions of the substantive

offense of possession with intent to distribute in excess of

5 kilograms of cocaine mandate life imprisonment under section

841(b)(1)(A).

     In United States v. Cooper,4 we recognized that punishment for

conviction of a multiple object conspiracy may not exceed the

statutory    maximum       for    the   offense       carrying     the   least   severe

penalty.5      Dunkins'          sentence   is    not    inconsistent       with   that

limitation.    Whether the object offense is possession with intent

to distribute 50 kilograms of cocaine or 20 kilograms of cocaine

base, the statutory maximum is life imprisonment.

     We further held in Cooper that U.S.S.G. § 1B1.2(d) governs the

application    of    the     Sentencing         Guidelines    to    multiple     object




     2
        

(1991).
    3
        

(5th Cir.), cert. denied, 

(1993).
    4
        

(5th Cir.), cert. denied, 

(1992).
         5
      The statutory penalty for a section 846 conspiracy is the
same as that prescribed for the object offense. 21 U.S.C. § 846.

                                            3
conspiracies.6    Section 1B1.2(d) provides:

     A conviction on a count charging conspiracy to commit
     more than one offense shall be treated as if the
     defendant had been convicted on a separate count for each
     offense that the defendant conspired to commit.

The hypothetical counts are then grouped pursuant to Part 3D of the

Guidelines. When the counts constitute part of a common scheme, as

here, they are deemed a single group and assigned the offense level

for the most serious.7      The operation of U.S.S.G. § 1D1.2(d),

however, is restricted by Application Note 5 of the Commentary,

which states:

     Particular care must be taken in applying subsection (d)
     because there are cases in which the verdict or plea does
     not establish which offense(s) was the object of the
     conspiracy. In such cases, subsection (d) should only be
     applied with respect to an object offense alleged in the
     conspiracy count if the court, were it sitting as a trier
     of fact, would convict the defendant of conspiring to
     commit that object offense.

That decision, according to the Sentencing Commission, "should be

governed by a reasonable doubt standard."8

     The defendants contend that this scheme permits sentencing for

an offense of which they were not convicted.        Their argument

overlooks the limitation of the sentence to the statutory maximum

for the least severe object offense alleged in the count of



     6
        But cf. Bounds.
         7
        U.S.S.G. §§ 3D1.2(b), 3D1.3(a).    The defendants do not
dispute the propriety of aggregating the various transactions in a
particular drug so U.S.S.G. § 3D1.2(d) is not relevant herein.
    8
     Sentencing Guidelines Manual, App. C, Amendment 75; see also
United States v. McKinley, 

(11th Cir. 1993), cert.
denied, 

and 

(1994).

                                  4
conviction.     That restriction belies their objection.9

     The district court found "more than sufficient" evidence that

Fisher's organization distributed at least 20 kilograms of crack

cocaine and that Dunkins, as one of the organization's three

principals, knew it.       The court did not expressly make a section

1B1.2(d)      beyond-a-reasonable-doubt        finding   that   Dunkins   had

conspired to traffic in cocaine base as well as cocaine powder,

apparently because the issue was not raised.               We agree with our

Eleventh Circuit colleagues that section 1B1.2(d) findings must be

either explicit or implicit in the record.10             Here, reviewing for

plain error, we conclude that there was no such error.             There was

ample evidence to support the requisite implicit findings and there

was no miscarriage of justice.

     2.      Jury selection.

     Fisher and Dunkins maintained that the government dismissed

Cassandra Owens, an African-American member of the venire, because

of her race in violation of the holding of Batson v. Kentucky.11

The government contemporaneously explained that it exercised a

peremptory challenge against Owens because two members of her

family had      been   arrested   for   drug   offenses.     The   defendants

challenge that explanation as pretextual because the government did


      9
       Cf. United States v. Strong, 

(5th Cir. 1989)
(within the statutory limits for the offense of conviction, there
is no per se rule against consideration of criminal activity not
charged in the indictment in fashioning the sentence).
     10
          McKinley.
     11
          

(1986).

                                        5
not strike a juror whose son was involved with marihuana or a juror

whose husband had been convicted of bribery.               We agree with the

government that Owens' situation was distinguishable.             We will not

disturb the district court's credibility call.

      Fisher and Dunkins also contend that the district court erred

in not excusing for cause a member of the venire who was a personal

acquaintance of a police officer who was to testify for the

government.       We disagree.    Personal knowledge of a witness is not

a conclusive indicator of actual bias and the person challenged

insisted that he could be fair.         We find no abuse of discretion in

the   district       court's     decision    to   credit    his   assurances.

Parenthetically, we find the police officer's testimony to be brief

and essentially uncontested.12

      3.        Sufficiency   of  the       evidence   supporting
                firearms conviction.

      Both defendants challenge the sufficiency of the evidence that

they used or carried a firearm during and in relationship to a drug

trafficking offense. The government need not prove affirmative use

of a firearm to establish a violation of 18 U.S.C. § 924(c); it is

enough if "the firearm was available to provide protection to the

defendant in connection with his engagement in drug trafficking."13

           12
       Cf. United States v. Munoz, 

(5th Cir. 1994)
(particular care must be taken to guard against juror bias in favor
of law enforcement officers when the case pits police testimony
against that of a defense witness), petition for cert. filed (U.S.
Apr. 25, 1994) (No. 93-8841); Cook v. United States, 

(5th Cir. 1967) (trial court should have asked whether any member
of the panel knew the government's principal witness so that the
defense could exercise its peremptory challenges intelligently).
      13
        United States v. Raborn, 

, 595 (5th Cir. 1989).

                                        6
A rational jury easily could have so found herein.

     Victor Costa testified that while negotiating a sale of

cocaine to Fisher on December 28 or 29, 1990, Fisher was carrying

"a very big gun behind his belt."            A few days later a police

officer encountered Fisher carrying a loaded 9 mm. Beretta pistol.

Shelly      Gene   Franklin,   the   third   principal   in   the   Fisher

triumvirate, testified that Fisher usually carried a gun for

protection in the course of his drug trafficking activities.           The

evidence was sufficient to support Fisher's conviction.

     Four firearms were found in a search of Dunkins' residence:

a 9 mm. Taurus pistol, a .25 caliber Beretta pistol, a .357 caliber

Taurus revolver, and a .223 caliber Ruger rifle.              All were at

readily accessible locations in the master bedroom and all except

the rifle were loaded; the magazine and ammunition for the rifle

were located nearby.      Also found during the search were stacks of

cash. Trial testimony established that Dunkins' residence was used

for converting powdered cocaine into crack and for distributing the

finished product to street dealers.           Dunkins told investigators

that he kept the weapons for protection.           The jury appropriately

could have inferred that "protection" included protection of the

illegal activities.14     This assignment of error has no merit.

     4.      Evidentiary rulings.

     The defendants contend that the district court erred in

admitting      out-of-court    statements    of   coconspirators    without

expressly finding the predicate facts required by Rule 801(d)(2)(E)

     14
          See United States v. Pace, 

(5th Cir. 1993).

                                      7
of the Federal Rules of Evidence.      The district court may defer its

Rule 801(d)(2)(E) findings until the close of the government's case

but it is error to omit such findings altogether.      We recognized in

United States v. Fragoso,15 however, that the error can be harmless.

We find it harmless here.

     The defendants also object to two fleeting allusions by

government witnesses to gangs and one to heroin and marihuana.

These objections are groundless.       The remarks, which were isolated

and cursory, could not have affected the verdict in light of the

overwhelming evidence of guilt.16 Furthermore, where requested, the

district court cured any error by admonishing the jury.

     5.      Validity of the searches.

     Dunkins challenges the validity of the warrants authorizing

the searches of his residence and rental storage locker, contending

that the supporting affidavits did not establish the reliability of

information linking Dunkins to the Fisher network.       We disagree.

     Under the good faith exception, we will uphold a search if the

officer's reliance on a search warrant was reasonable.        Warrants

based on affidavits "so lacking in indicia of probable cause as to

render official belief in its existence entirely unreasonable" do

not fall within the exception.17    In determining the sufficiency of

an affidavit we examine the totality of circumstances, including

     15
      

(5th Cir. 1992), cert. denied, 

(1993).
     16
          See United States v. Gadison, 

(5th Cir. 1993).
      17
       United States v. Satterwhite, 

, 320 (5th Cir.
1992), quoting United States v. Leon, 

, 923 (1984).

                                   8
the veracity, reliability, and basis of knowledge of a confidential

informant.18          One    means    of    establishing      the   reliability    of

information provided by a confidential informant is corroboration;

we deem an informant who "is right about some things . . . more

probably right about other facts."19                Applying this rubric, we find

that reliance on the warrants issued herein was reasonable.

     The        affidavit    supporting      the    warrant   to    search   Dunkins'

residence states that six months before a confidential informant

had obtained four to five kilograms of cocaine and cocaine base at

the residence.            In the course of the transaction the informant

heard Dunkins open a safe reportedly purchased by Fisher to protect

drugs and drug proceeds.             According to the informant, Dunkins and

Franklin were key members of Fisher's drug-distribution network;

one of the businesses used to launder proceeds, "Doug and Ron's

Custom Jewelry," was registered in Fisher and Dunkins' names.                      The

informant also reported that Costa supplied Fisher with cocaine in

late 1990 and early 1991, and talked of Fisher's lavish spending

habits, including a spree at the Footlocker athletic shoe store.

     As        Dunkins    notes,   the     affidavit   does   not    vouch   for   the

informant's veracity.          It reflects, however, a first-hand basis of

knowledge with respect to the reported drug purchases.                         Other

aspects        of   the   informant's      report    are   corroborated.       Costa


     18
       United States v. Broussard, 

(5th Cir. 1993),
abrogated on other grounds by J.E.B. v. Alabama ex rel. T.B., 

(1994).
          19
        Illinois v. Gates, 

, 244 (1983) (internal
citation omitted).

                                             9
confirmed that he had sold Fisher and Franklin a substantial

quantity     of   cocaine   during    the     period   identified   by    the

confidential informant.       An undercover officer placed Dunkins at

the center of the network; he observed his contact obtain price

quotations    from   an   office   occupied    by   Fisher,   Franklin,   and

Dunkins.     Other investigative efforts revealed an assumed name

certificate for Doug and Ron's Custom Jewelry issued to Dunkins and

Fisher, and the delivery of mail addressed to that entity at

Dunkins' home.       Two of the firearms found at Fisher's residence

were traced to Dunkins.      Consistent with the informant's report of

a spending spree at the Footlocker, agents also found 40 pairs of

athletic shoes at Fisher's home.            We have before us more than a

"barebones" affidavit; the affidavit was sufficient to justify

official belief in the validity of the warrant.

     During the search a narcotics dog alerted on several areas of

the house and agents found a trace of white powder believed to be

cocaine, four firearms, and $16,000 in cash.           They also discovered

a receipt for rental of a storage locker for which they secured a

search warrant. Dunkins challenges this second warrant. Again his

challenge lacks merit.       Agents found evidence of drug-dealing at

Dunkins' residence but not drugs or records.            An experienced DEA

agent attested that narcotics traffickers routinely use rented

storage space to hide drugs, proceeds, and records.             Under those

circumstances, it was reasonable for the officer to believe that

the affidavit inferred a nexus between Dunkins' illegal activity




                                     10
and the storage locker.20      The evidence seized in both searches was

admissible.

     6.      Constitutionality of harsher penalties for cocaine base.

     Finally Fisher and Dunkins contest the constitutionality of

the disparity between the penalties for trafficking in powdered

cocaine and cocaine base; the statute treats the latter more

harshly, as do the Guidelines. We previously have rejected the due

process,     equal    protection,      and    vagueness    challenges    asserted

herein.21      We now reject an eighth amendment challenge.                      The

penalties for cocaine base transactions, while harsher than those

for cocaine transactions, are not grossly disproportionate to the

severity      of    the   offense,22     considering       that    cocaine   base

"concentrates and magnifies the effect of one gram of cocaine to

such a degree that dealers profitably can sell it in very cheap yet

still-potent       quantities."23       The    impact     of   crack   cocaine   is

devastating; Congress' decision to punish more severely those who

traffic in it is well warranted.             We reject this last assignment of

error.

     AFFIRMED.

     20
          See United States v. Pace, 

(5th Cir. 1992).
     21
      See United States v. Watson, 

(5th Cir.), cert.
denied, 

(1992); United States v. Thomas, 

(5th Cir.), cert. denied, 

and 

(1991), and 

(1992).
     22
      See McGruder v. Puckett, 

(5th Cir.) (adopting
a threshold test of "gross disproportionality" in the wake of
Harmelin v. Michigan, 

(1991)), cert. denied, 

(1992).
     23
          

; see also Watson.

                                         11