NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                              File Name: 11a0790n.06

                         Nos. 08-4735, 09-3091, 09-3092, 09-3304, 09-3307

                            UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                                          FILED
                                 FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
                                                                                     Nov 28, 2011
                                                                               LEONARD GREEN, Clerk
BONDEX INTERNATIONAL, INC.; RPM, INC.; and                      )
REPUBLIC POWDERED METALS, INC.,                                 )
                                                                )
     Plaintiffs-Appellants/Cross-Appellees,                     )
                                                                )
v.                                                              )
                                                                )
HARTFORD ACCIDENT AND INDEMNITY                                 )    ON APPEAL FROM THE
COMPANY, et al.,                                                )    UNITED      STATES
                                                                )    DISTRICT COURT FOR
     Defendant,                                                 )    THE      NORTHERN
                                                                )    DISTRICT OF OHIO
     and                                                        )
                                                                )
ALLSTATE INSURANCE COMPANY [09-3091];                           )
MT. MCKINLEY INSURANCE COMPANY [09-3092];                       )
CENTURY INDEMNITY COMPANY [09-3304];                            )
CONTINENTAL CASUALTY COMPANY [09-3307];                         )
COLUMBIA CASUALTY COMPANY [09-3307],                            )
                                                                )
     Defendants-Appellees/Cross-Appellants.                     )
                                                                )




           Before: DAUGHTREY, COOK, and KETHLEDGE, Circuit Judges.


           COOK, Circuit Judge. Plaintiffs-Appellants RPM, Inc. (“RPM”) and its two subsidiaries,

Bondex International, Inc. (“Bondex”) and Republic Powdered Metals, Inc. (“New Republic”), seek

coverage from multiple insurance companies, Appellees, for Appellants’ settlement and defense

costs related to thousands of asbestos-exposure products-liability lawsuits that began in 1981. Many
Nos. 08-4735, 09-3091, 09-3092, 09-3304, 09-3307
Bondex Int’l, Inc., et al. v. Hartford Accident & Indem. Co., et al.


of the underlying asbestos claims allegedly arise from consumers’ exposure to products

manufactured by The Reardon Company (“Old Reardon”), a corporation that sold its assets and

liabilities to RPM (then known as Republic Powdered Metals, Inc.), dissolved, and became a

division of RPM’s business in 1966. The relevant policies, issued in Ohio for policy periods

spanning from 1973–1985,1 did not expressly identify Old Reardon or its later incarnation as

“Named Insureds.” Nevertheless, the insurance companies do not dispute that the policies provide

coverage for asbestos claims related to the Reardon products (the “Reardon claims”), and each

has paid Appellants pursuant to the applicable policies’ aggregate limits for “Products Hazard”

claims. Collectively, the insurance companies have paid more than $100 million in coverage

under the relevant policies. Appellants now seek more than $125 million in additional coverage

under the relevant policies, as well as several million dollars in continuing defense costs from

Mt. McKinley Insurance Company, arguing that the policies’ “Products Hazard” caps do not apply

to the Reardon claims.


       The district court rejected Appellants’ coverage theories and granted summary judgment

to the insurance companies, reasoning that the de facto merger doctrine warranted extending

the policies’ Products Hazard caps to Old Reardon, as RPM’s absorbed predecessor. As a result

of this ruling, the district court dismissed many of the insurance companies’ contingent



       1
         Appellants initially brought claims under policies issued by Hartford Accident and
Indemnification Co. that provided coverage from 1967–71. The parties settled those claims prior
to the ruling appealed here.

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Bondex Int’l, Inc., et al. v. Hartford Accident & Indem. Co., et al.


counterclaims and third-party claims as moot and dismissed certain counterclaims for failure to

meet the heightened pleading standard of Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 9(b).


       Although we do not adhere to the district court’s de facto merger analysis, we affirm because

the policy language and the parties’ course of dealing support the district court’s judgment.


                                                  I.


       Old Reardon, a company founded in 1883 and incorporated in Missouri in 1914,

manufactured and sold paint and drywall products later discovered to contain asbestos. In March

1966, Republic Powdered Metals, Inc. (“Old Republic”) entered into a purchase and assumption

agreement (“1966 purchase agreement”) whereby it purchased Old Reardon’s assets for cash

and assumed liability for claims arising from Old Reardon’s products. At the same time as the

purchase agreement, Old Reardon’s shareholders approved a dissolution and liquidation plan.

In short order, Old Reardon changed its name to Nodraer (“Reardon” spelled backwards) Liquidating

Company, dissolved, and liquidated its assets by the end of the year. Despite the dissolution and

liquidation of Old Reardon, Old Republic continued Old Reardon’s business as an internal division

called the Reardon Division.      The Reardon Division continued to operate Old Reardon’s

manufacturing plants with many of the same Old Reardon employees, brand names, and product

formulas. Naturally, the new products had the same latent asbestos problems. Old Republic

blurred the distinction between it and Old Reardon by adopting Old Reardon’s founding and



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incorporation dates as its own and advertising its products with Old Reardon’s trade names,

“Bondex” and “The Reardon Company.”


       In November 1971, Old Republic changed its name to RPM, Inc., and created two wholly

owned subsidiaries called Bondex International, Inc. (“Bondex”) and Republic Powdered Metals,

Inc. (“New Republic”). The following May, RPM transferred the assets and liabilities of the

Reardon Division to Bondex and transferred the assets and liabilities of Old Republic to New

Republic, but the asset transfers did not significantly affect RPM’s business or product line.


       Beginning in 1981 and continuing through the 2000s, numerous consumers filed suit

against Appellants claiming asbestos-related injuries caused by exposure to products manufactured

by The Reardon Company, RPM, Bondex, or Republic (collectively “Republic/RPM”). By 2006,

more than 32,000 plaintiffs had filed asbestos claims, many of which targeted goods manufactured

and sold by Old Reardon (pre-1967) or the Reardon Division of RPM (post-1966). Republic/RPM

had insured itself and its subsidiaries against such risks under general coverage liability

insurance policies issued by Defendants-Appellees Allstate, Century, Continental, Columbia, and

Mt. McKinley, or their predecessors. Some of these insurers provided primary insurance, and others

provided excess insurance that kicked in if Appellants exhausted a primary or subordinate insurance

policy. Although the relevant policies varied with regard to some terms, they all provided defense

or indemnity coverage to the policies’ “Named Insured” or “Insured.” The policies also contained

Products Hazard caps, which set aggregate limits on the amount of coverage available to insureds


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for product-liability claims during the applicable policy period. In the absence of the Products

Hazard cap or another limitation on coverage, the policies provided for general coverage liability

(i.e., unlimited coverage).


       The policies define the relevant terms as follows:


       * NAMED INSURED: “Named Insured” means the organization named in the
       declaration of this policy and includes: (1) any subsidiary company (including
       subsidiaries thereof) and any other company under their control and active
       management at the inception date of this policy; (2) new organizations acquired by
       the Named Insured during the policy period, through consolidation, merger, purchase
       of the assets of, or assumption of control and active management; provided such
       acquisition or assumption is reported to INA within sixty days after it is effected and
       provided further such acquisition is endorsed on this policy.


       * NAMED INSURED’S PRODUCTS: “Named Insured’s products” means goods
       or products manufactured, sold, handled or distributed by the Named Insured or
       by others trading under his name, including any container thereof (other than
       a vehicle) . . . .


       * PRODUCTS HAZARD: “products hazard” includes personal injury and property
       damage arising out of the Named Insured’s products or reliance upon a representation
       or warranty made at any time with respect thereto, but only if the personal injury or
       property damage occurs away from premises owned by or rented to the Named
       Insured after physical possession of such products has been relinquished to others.


       As the asbestos claims poured in throughout the 1980s and 1990s, Appellants negotiated

settlements between the asbestos plaintiffs and their insurance companies. When all necessary

parties agreed to settlement terms, Appellants submitted approved settlements to the insurers,

the insurers disbursed settlement checks to Appellants’ attorneys up to the limits of the relevant

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insurance policies, and Appellants’ attorneys disbursed settlement funds to the underlying plaintiffs.

When a primary or subordinate insurance company reported to Appellants that they had exhausted

their Products Hazard coverage for a particular policy period, Appellants would seek coverage from

the next level of excess insurance. Occasionally, Appellants disputed coverage allocation with their

primary insurers, but these disputes did not concern whether the Products Hazard caps applied to the

Reardon-derived asbestos claims, and Appellants entered into two separate settlement agreements

with primary insurers in the 1990s that recognized the “The Reardon Company” and “Reardon

Division” as insured parties and stipulated that all asbestos claims—including Old Reardon and

Reardon Division claims—would exhaust the primary insurer’s aggregate limits. (R. 614, App’x

5822–24 (1993 Bondex Claims Handling Agreement); R. 383, App’x 5894–96 (1995 RPM Bodily

Injury Claims Handling Agreement).) After exhausting the last of their insurance policies in or about

2003, Appellants claimed for the first time that they had not exhausted their insurance coverage,

because the Products Hazard caps did not apply to the Reardon claims. (See Appellants’ Br. at 14.)


       Appellants filed suit against the insurance companies asserting claims for breach of contract,

declaratory judgment, and breach of the duty of good faith and fair dealing. Appellants’ First

Amended Complaint ostensibly contained an alternative theory for unlimited coverage against

Mt. McKinley under the “Contractual Liability” provisions of the policies issued by its predecessor,

Gibraltar. (See Am. Compl. ¶¶ 108–20.) The insurance companies filed contingent counterclaims

and third-party claims sounding in estoppel, exhaustion, and fraud, and seeking contribution. The

parties cross-moved for summary judgment.

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       The district court resolved all cross-motions by final opinion and order of February 10, 2009.2

Applying Ohio law, the court determined that the 1966 purchase agreement constituted a de facto

merger between Old Reardon and Republic/RPM (the absorbing entity), such that the policy term

“Named Insured” included Old Reardon and the Products Hazard caps applied to the Reardon

claims. Bondex Int’l, Inc. v. Hartford Accident & Indem. Co., No. 1:03-cv-1322, slip op. at 15

(N.D. Ohio Feb. 10, 2009) (applying “hallmarks” from Welco Industries, Inc. v. Applied Cos., 

, 1134 (Ohio 1993), to interpret insurance policies). In addition to finding that the caps

applied to the Reardon claims, the district court held that Mt. McKinley had exhausted its coverage

liabilities, ordered Appellants to return $231,073.33 of overpayments to Mt. McKinley, and found

for Mt. McKinley on Appellants’ bad faith claim. After resolving Appellants’ insurance claims, the

district court dismissed the insurance companies’ contingent counterclaims and third-party claims.

       Appellants timely appealed, and the insurance companies filed contingent cross-appeals on

behalf of their dismissed claims. Trade organizations have filed amicus briefs on both sides.




       2
        The district court initially resolved the cross-motions for summary judgment by opinion and
order of December 1, 2008, and the parties thereafter filed motions for clarification and to amend
judgment. The final opinion does not differ materially from the initial opinion.

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                                                  II.


       The district court had diversity jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1332, and we have appellate

jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291. We review the district court’s grant of summary judgment de

novo. Ciminillo v. Streicher, 

, 464 (6th Cir. 2006). Summary judgment is proper “if

the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled

to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). We draw all reasonable inferences from the

record in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party, and we only grant summary judgment

“[w]here the record taken as a whole could not lead a rational trier of fact to find for the non-moving

party.” Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 

, 587–88 (1986) (citation

omitted). Appellate courts reviewing summary judgment may affirm on any grounds supported by

the record. E.g., Babcock & Wilcox Co. v. Arkwright-Boston Mfg. Mut. Ins. Co., 

, 767

(6th Cir. 1995).


       The district court concluded, and the parties do not dispute, that Ohio law governs these

policy disputes. See United States v. A.C. Strip, 

, 184 (6th Cir. 1989) (recognizing that

Ohio law applies to policies issued in Ohio). Under Ohio law, the interpretation of an unambiguous

insurance contract presents a question of law that an appellate court reviews de novo. Nationwide

Mut. Fire Ins. Co. v. Guman Bros. Farm, 

, 686 (Ohio 1995). The presence of

undefined terms in a policy does not convert the issue into a question of fact so as to preclude

summary judgment. 

08-4735, 09-3091, 09-3092, 09-3304, 09-3307
Bondex Int’l, Inc., et al. v. Hartford Accident & Indem. Co., et al.


                                                  III.


       The primary coverage dispute presents a narrow interpretive question: Do Old Reardon and

the Reardon Division qualify as Named Insureds? If so, then the policies’ Products Hazard caps

apply to claims arising from their products. Because we find that both Old Reardon and the Reardon

Division qualify as Named Insureds under the plain language of the policies, we agree with

the district court that the Products Hazard caps apply to the Old Reardon and Reardon Division

asbestos claims.


A. Plain Language


       Under Ohio law, insurance companies bear the burden of demonstrating that an insurance

claim falls within an exclusion to coverage. E.g., Cont’l Ins. Co. v. Louis Marx Co., 

, 317 (Ohio 1980); St. Marys Foundry, Inc. v. Emp’rs Ins. of Wausau, 

, 992–93 (6th

Cir. 2003). “Our goal when construing [an insurance] policy is to ascertain the intent of the parties.”

Chicago Title Ins. Co. v. Huntington Nat’l Bank, 

, 959 (Ohio 1999). We review

policy terms in the context of the whole policy so as to read the policy terms in harmony. Foster

Wheeler Enviresponse, Inc. v. Franklin Cnty. Convention Facilities Auth., 

, 526

(Ohio 1997); see also Stith v. Milwaukee Guardian Ins., Inc., 

, 1072 (Ohio Ct. App.

1988) (explaining that “such construction must be given as will harmonize and give effect to all its

provisions, and that no provision is to be wholly disregarded as inconsistent with other provisions

unless no other reasonable construction is possible.”). Where the policy language sets forth the

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relevant coverages and exclusions in unambiguous terms, we must apply the terms as written,

according to their “plain and ordinary meaning.” E.g., Cincinnati Indem. Co. v. Martin, 

, 679 (Ohio 1999); Monticello Ins. Co. v. Hale, 114 F. App’x 198, 201 (6th Cir. 2004).

Specialized definitions provided in the policy govern notwithstanding their ordinary meaning, see,

e.g., United Nat’l Ins. Co. v. SST Fitness Corp., 

, 450 (6th Cir. 1999), but ambiguous

coverage or exclusion terms “will be construed strictly against the insurer and liberally in favor of

the insured,” King v. Nationwide Ins. Co., 

, 1383 (Ohio 1988); accord Monticello

Ins., 114 F. App’x at 201. To establish ambiguity, the insured must provide a reasonable alternative

understanding of the relevant policy language, see Lager v. Miller-Gonzalez, 

, 669

(Ohio 2008), but challenges to the fairness of the policy will not suffice, Foster 

(“A contract does not become ambiguous by reason of the fact that in its operation it will

work a hardship upon one of the parties thereto.”) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).

       The relevant policies do not expressly identify Old Reardon or the Reardon Division as

Named Insureds. Appellants suggest that the analysis should end there, but this argument overlooks

the policies’ specialized definition of “Named Insured,” which includes both organizations

identified in the policy declarations and “any subsidiary company (including subsidiaries thereof)

and any other company under their control and active management at the inception date of [the]

policy.” Appellants’ argument also gives short shrift to the term Named Insured’s Products, which

extends broadly to any “goods or products manufactured, sold, handled or distributed by Named

Insured or by others trading under his name.” In order to give effect to these expansive policy terms,


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this court must look to their plain and ordinary meaning to ascertain which unidentified parties

qualify as Named Insureds, and which goods constitute Named Insured’s Products. See Guman

Bros. 

(“A court must give undefined words used in an insurance contract

their plain and ordinary meaning.”).


       Significantly, the definition of “Named Insured” uses the inclusive phrase “any other

company”—which itself expands the field of covered entities beyond the narrower designation “any

subsidiary company”—rather than a restrictive term like “corporation.” At the time of the relevant

policies’ inception, contemporary dictionaries broadly defined the term “company” to refer to “an

association of persons for carrying on a commercial or industrial enterprise.” Webster’s New

Collegiate Dictionary 229 (1975 ed.); Webster’s Third New International Dictionary of the English

Language Unabridged 461 (1976 & 1981 eds.); see also Merriam-Webster Online,

http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/company (definition 3(b) (same)) (last visited Nov. 22,

2011). Nothing in this definition provision, or elsewhere in the relevant policies, suggests that the

term “company” only extends to formal business entities, such as corporations, partnerships, or sole

proprietorships, and Appellants’ counsel conceded as much at oral argument.


       With these definitions in mind, we consider the Reardon Division and Old Reardon claims.




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       1. The Reardon Division (Post-1966)


       Although Appellants deny that Republic/RPM ever controlled or actively managed Old

Reardon, Appellants do not dispute that Republic/RPM controlled and actively managed the Reardon

Division that continued Old Reardon’s business after its purchase and later dissolution in 1966. The

Reardon Division did not have a separate legal existence from Republic/RPM, and the undisputed

record reveals that the Reardon Division used the same manufacturing plants, employed the same

employees, and made and sold many of the same products under the same brand names as Old

Reardon. To the extent the relevant policies even view the Reardon Division as a distinct entity, we

have no doubt that the Reardon Division constituted a company under the control and active

management of Named Insured Republic/RPM at inception, and thus qualifies as a Named

Insured. Nor do we doubt that the products, which Republic/RPM continued to manufacture and

sell through the Reardon Division, qualify as Named Insured’s Products. The same conclusion

necessarily holds for products manufactured by Old Reardon (pre-1967), but sold, handled, or

distributed by the Reardon Division (post-1966). Consequently, the policies’ Products Hazard caps

apply to the Reardon Division claims.


       2. Old Reardon


       The question remains whether the Products Hazard caps apply to claims arising from

products manufactured, sold, handled, and distributed by Old Reardon prior to the 1966 purchase



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agreement and dissolution. We find that the undisputed business continuity between Old Reardon

and the Reardon Division justifies application of the caps.


       Notably, of the three relevant policy terms—Named Insured, Named Insured’s Products,

and Products Hazard—only Named Insured includes a specific temporal limitation. By focusing on

“the inception date of th[e] policy,” the term takes a snapshot of companies under the Named

Insured’s control and active management at the time the policies took effect. As noted above, the

undisputed record reflects that the Reardon Division continued Old Reardon’s business—making

many of the same paint and drywall products, at the same plants, with the same employees, and then

selling these products under the same brand names. Republic/RPM went so far as to adopt Old

Reardon’s founding and date-of-incorporation as its own in business filings and public releases.

Appellants maintain that factual disputes remain, but they show no genuine dispute with regard to

the above facts, which demonstrate a continuity of Old Reardon’s business. Although Old Reardon

lost its cloak of corporate independence after the 1966 purchase agreement and dissolution, the

same “association of persons for carrying on a commercial enterprise”—and thus, the same

company under the plain meaning of that term—continued as a division of Republic/RPM.

Because the temporal element of “Named Insured” looks to the date of inception, it does not matter

that Republic/RPM did not control Old Reardon prior to the 1966 purchase agreement; it only

matters that they controlled and actively managed the company at the onset of the relevant policies,

the first of which took effect in 1973.



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       Appellants focus on Old Reardon’s corporate independence prior to 1967 has no application

to this insurance dispute, which requires us to apply the plain language of the relevant policies.

Nothing in the policy language supports applying the policies’ definition of Named Insured so as to

limit coverage for Reardon Division products but provide unlimited coverage for Old Reardon’s

products. Indeed, as previously noted, Appellants’ counsel conceded at oral argument that the

definition’s use of the broad term “any other company” extended beyond formal corporate entities.

Cf. SmithKline Beecham Corp. v. Rohm & Haas Co., 

, 161 (3d Cir. 1996) (majority

narrowly construed indemnification agreement where contract provided a limited definition to the

term “business,” but noted that a broader definition, or no definition at all, would have changed

the outcome).


       Despite this concession, Appellants’ counsel suggests that a broad interpretation of the

term “company” leads to inconsistent usage of that word in sub-definition (2) of the term

“Named Insured.” But, according to the policy examples provided in the record, that provision does

not even use the word “company”; rather, it refers to “new organizations acquired by the Named

Insured during the policy period, through consolidation, merger, purchase of . . . assets . . . , or

assumption of control and active management.” We see no inconsistency. From later statements

we understand Appellants’ counsel to argue that, because sub-definition (2) identified “purchase of

assets” as a covered method of acquisition, sub-definition (1) should have included this method too.

But this logic oversteps the limited contours of Ohio’s ambiguity analysis. We may not ponder

whether the insurance companies (or we) could have drafted more precise language; we only

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consider whether Appellants have offered a reasonable alternative interpretation. 

; Hacker v. Dickman, 

, 1006 (Ohio 1996) (“It is axiomatic that this rule [of

strict construction against the insurer] cannot be employed to create ambiguity where there is none.

It is only when a provision in a policy is susceptible of more than one reasonable interpretation that

an ambiguity exists in which the provision must be resolved in favor of the insured.”).


       Furthermore, Appellants’ argument overlooks the different functions of the two sub-

definitions. The first focuses on the policies’ inception dates and broadly encompasses “any other

company under [the Named Insured’s] control and active management.” The second provision

focuses on acquisitions made during the policy period (i.e., after the insurance company has already

assumed the risk) and sets reporting requirements for the insured to receive coverage for certain

types of acquisitions. Viewed in the context of the entire definition of Named Insured—the

designation which triggers Products Hazard caps for Named Insured’s Products—sub-definition (1)’s

all-encompassing language serves to extend the policies’ aggregate limits to covered entities not

identified in the other sub-definitions: the Named Insured’s formal subsidiaries and any other

company controlled or actively managed by the Named Insured at inception. Appellants would have

us read the definition of Named Insured to create a loophole that does not exist—a once-independent

corporation that the Named Insured had long since absorbed at the time of inception, whose

liabilities qualify for the Named Insured’s coverage, but which receives unlimited coverage, unlike

every other covered entity on Named Insured’s policy. Given the sub-definitions’ different purposes,



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we see no reason to constrain the broad language of the first provision by reference to the narrow

language of the second provision.


B. Extrinsic Evidence


        Appellants attempt to bolster their ambiguity argument by pointing to insurance industry

developments in the 1980s, namely (i) an internal legal memorandum circulated by counsel for a

prominent industry association, and (ii) industry changes to the standard policy definition of “Named

Insured’s Products” to ensure coverage caps for predecessors’ products. Under Ohio law, we may

consider extrinsic evidence “to interpret, but not to contradict, the express language,” Ohio

Historical Soc’y v. Gen. Maint. & Eng’g Co., 

, 344 (Ohio Ct. App. 1989), and we

note that courts have looked to industry practice for guidance on the interpretation of insurance

policies, see, e.g., U.S. Fire Ins. Co. v. J.S.U.B., Inc., 

, 884–85 (Fla. 2007). Yet

Appellants’ industry developments carry little weight because they occurred at the end of the relevant

policies, and they addressed a global policy issue rather than the specific coverage circumstances at

issue in this case. The earliest industry developments cited by Appellants occurred in 1981

(legal memo)—coincidentally, the same year of the first underlying asbestos case filed against

Appellants—eight years into the relevant policies. Appellants further acknowledge that the revised

definition of named insured’s products did not appear in industry standard policy forms until 1986,

after the initiation of coverage under the last of the relevant policies.




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        In any event, the industry practice interests us less in light of the parties’ actual course of

business. Most significantly, Appellants claim that they did not discover that the insurance

companies had “misclassified” the Reardon claims as Products Hazard claims until 2003, more than

20 years after the filing of the first asbestos claim. We find this stance regarding “misclassification”

difficult to accept, considering that Appellants have long known that the insurers treated the Old

Reardon claims as subject to the policies’ aggregate limits.


        Throughout the 1990s and early 2000s, Appellants submitted their underlying asbestos claims

to the insurance companies by priority of insurance, proceeding up the chain of excess insurance

each time they exhausted policy coverage under a Products Hazard cap. At the same time,

Appellants did not submit Reardon claims to one insurance company, USF&G, whose policy

completely excluded Products Hazard claims from coverage. The fact that the insurance companies

repeatedly claimed exhaustion of their policies with Reardon claims over this lengthy

claims-submission period in the 1990s and early 2000s—which itself occurred long after the end of

the relevant policy periods (1973–1985)—should have alerted Appellants that they were not

receiving the unlimited coverage they now seek under the policies.


        Also telling, Appellants entered into two settlement agreements with their primary insurers

in the 1990s that conspicuously treated Old Reardon and the Reardon Division as insureds. These

agreements reflected this understanding in both the preamble and the definition of “Insured,” and

each further stipulated that all “Indemnity Payments”—defined to include “Asbestos-Related Bodily


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Injury Action[s]” arising from Old Reardon and Reardon Division products—would “impair

and may Exhaust the Aggregate Limits of the Policies.” Though we do not use these agreements to

interpret the meaning of the policies, they do show that, at least as of the early 1990s, Appellants

were aware that the insurers treated the Reardon claims as Products Hazard claims subject to the

policies’ limits. The aforementioned circumstances suggest that Appellants discovered a new theory

for unlimited coverage in 2003, rather than a misclassification of their claims.


C. Alternative Theory of Coverage: Contractual Liability


       Our resolution of the primary coverage issue requires us to consider Appellants’ alternative

theory of uncapped coverage against Century and Mt. McKinley under the “contractual liability”

provisions of certain insurance policies. Appellants did not identify this theory as a separate cause

of action in the Amended Complaint, and the district court did not squarely address these arguments.

Finding the record sufficiently developed for our review, we reject this theory of coverage.


       Preliminarily, we do not consider this theory of coverage against Century because Appellants

forfeited the claim by failing to raise it in any pleadings or at any stage of the proceedings below.

See, e.g., Scottsdale Ins. Co. v. Flowers, 

, 552 (6th Cir. 2008); Thomas v. City of

Detroit, 299 F. App’x 473, 476–77 (6th Cir. 2008). Whereas the Amended Complaint presented

facts relevant to a contractual liability claim against Mt. McKinley, it did not link Century to these

factual allegations, and Appellants further failed to respond to Century’s treatment of the issue in

its motion for summary judgment. Appellants suggested at oral argument that the pleadings’ generic

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references to the misconduct of “all Defendants” encompassed this theory of coverage against

Century, but we cannot accept such threadbare allegations as meeting the Federal Rules’ notice-

pleading standard. See Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 

, 1949 (2009) (noting that, while the

Federal Rules do not require detailed factual allegations, they “demand[] more than an unadorned,

the-defendant-unlawfully-harmed-me accusation”); Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 

, 555

(2007) (explaining that the pleadings should “‘give the defendant fair notice of what the . . . claim

is and the grounds upon which it rests’”) (quoting Conley v. Gibson, 

, 47 (1957)).


       With regard to Mt. McKinley, we reject the theory on the merits because Appellants fail to

substantiate their claim for uncapped coverage under the predecessor’s policy (“Gibraltar policy”).

Appellants assert contractual liability coverage only under the Gibraltar policy effective from May

to December, 1983. (See Appellants’ Br. at 67–68; Appellants’ Reply Br. at 88 n.16.) According

to Appellants, the Gibraltar policy incorporated unlimited contractual liability coverage from the

underlying Cardinal policy via the Gibraltar policy’s “broad as primary insurance” provision. The

record evidence, however, belies Appellants’ assertion that the underlying Cardinal policy provided

unlimited contractual liability coverage for Products Hazard claims. While the 1983 Cardinal policy

sets no aggregate limits on contractual liability coverage, Appellants fail to explain how this

coverage applies to Products Hazard claims under the terms of the policy. We note that the 1981

Cardinal policy—which uses the same standard form as the 1983 Cardinal policy—expressly

excludes all Products Hazard claims from contractual liability coverage (R. 614, App’x 5759,

Exclusion (q)), but the version of the 1983 Cardinal policy included in the record conspicuously

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lacks the exclusions page (see R. 672, App’x 2097). Mt. McKinley noted this oversight in their

brief, stating that the 1983 Cardinal policy had the same standard exclusion as the 1981 Cardinal

policy, and Appellants did not respond. Under the circumstances, we view Appellants’ silence as

a concession.


        But even if the 1983 Cardinal policy did not expressly exclude Products Hazard claims, we

fail to see how the Cardinal policy’s contractual liability coverage abrogates the Gibraltar policy’s

express Products Hazard caps. Mt. McKinley correctly notes that contractual liability coverage

generally applies to a third-party’s claims against an insured on the basis of a contractual agreement,

not an insured’s claims against the insurer on the basis of products liability claims. See, e.g., Dreis

& Krump Mfg. Co. v. Phoenix Ins. Co., 

, 683 (7th Cir. 1977) (explaining that

contractual liability coverage only applies where “the party seeking to recover against the insured

. . . [is] in a contractual relationship with [the insured]”); W. Waterway Lumber Co. v. Aetna Ins. Co.,

, 566–67 (Wash. Ct. App. 1976) (declining broad interpretation of contractual liability

provision and noting that “its purpose is to provide coverage in the event the insured is held liable

under a ‘hold harmless’ or ‘save harmless’ clause”). Similarly, courts have narrowly construed

“broad as primary” provisions appearing in excess insurance policies, finding that such provisions

only refer to the scope of coverage and, thus, only incorporate the underlying policy’s covered risks.

E.g., Dexter Corp. v. Nat’l Union Fire Ins. Co. of Pittsburgh, Pa., No. 3:95cv00702, 

, at *4 (D. Conn. Mar. 12, 1997) (concluding that “broad as primary” provision did not

overcome excess insurance policy’s express limits of liability); Highlands Ins. Co. v. New England

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Ins. Co., 

, 275 & n.4 (Tex. Ct. App. 1991) (rejecting contention that “broad as

primary” provision modified the excess insurance policy’s subrogation provisions). Appellants do

not respond to these authorities. Because Appellants offer no cogent rationale for disregarding the

Gibraltar policy’s express Products Hazard caps, we reject their contractual liability theory against

Mt. McKinley.


D. De Facto Merger


       Because we conclude that the policies’ plain language resolves these disputes, we need not

consider the district court’s de facto merger analysis. We note, however, that federalism principles

caution against a federal court expanding the de facto merger doctrine—a state-law equitable remedy

concerning successor liability—into a general rule of contract interpretation. See, e.g., Grantham

& Mann, Inc. v. Am. Safety Prods., Inc., 

, 608 (6th Cir. 1987) (explaining that federal

courts applying state law must do so “in accordance with the then controlling decisions of the highest

state court”) (citations and internal quotation marks omitted).


                                                IV.


       Appellants also challenge the district court’s denial of their bad faith and exhaustion claims

against Mt. McKinley. Like Appellants’ primary coverage claims, these claims fall flat.




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A. Exhaustion


        Beyond reiterating their primary coverage position, Appellants challenge Mt. McKinley’s

method of payment and the district court’s laches judgment; the laches judgment awarded

$231,073.33 in overpayments to Mt. McKinley. Appellants do not deny that Mt. McKinley paid its

aggregate limits under the relevant policies—$39 million—into trust accounts managed by

Appellants’ national coordinating counsel. They nevertheless contend that this indirect form of

payment did not satisfy Mt. McKinley’s coverage obligations, and therefore that Mt. McKinley

remains liable for millions of dollars in continuing defense costs incurred after payment of the

aggregate limits. Appellants support their argument with cases where the courts found that an

insurer’s payment to its own trust accounts or third-party accounts did not satisfy coverage

obligations. See, e.g., Nat’l Cas. Co. v. Ins. Co. of N. Am., 

(N.D. Ohio 1964)

(payment to court). Yet these cases do not speak to this case’s situation, where the insurance

company, with the insured’s consent, paid the insurance proceeds to a trust fund managed by the

insured’s attorney. Appellants’ national coordinating counsel’s deposition testimony confirms that

Mt. McKinley’s form of payment complied with the parties’ routine claims-submission practice.

(See R. 608, Bowers Dep. 116–18, App’x 1561–62 (explaining that, once the parties approved a

settlement, the insurance companies would send a check to Bowers’s firm, his firm would record the

check in its trust notebooks, and then his firm would issue a settlement check from the trust account

to either local counsel or the underlying plaintiff’s attorney).) The record further reflects the absence



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of objection by Appellants at the time of payment. Appellants provide no justification for their

newfound objection to Mt. McKinley’s form of payment, and we will not speculate as to one.


       With regard to the district court’s laches judgment, which concerned Mt. McKinley’s

indemnification payments for another RPM subsidiary, Appellants do not deny that Mt. McKinley

paid $231,073.33 on those claims.         Rather, Appellants take issue with the district court’s

determination that Mt. McKinley overpaid its aggregate limits. Positing that they believed

these payments were just settlement contributions and not coverage, Appellants generally deny that

Mt. McKinley presented sufficient evidence to establish a laches defense. But Appellants do not

identify any deficiency in Mt. McKinley’s showing or the district court’s laches analysis. See State

ex rel. Polo v. Cuyahoga Cnty. Bd. of Elections, 

, 1279 (Ohio 1995) (“The elements

of laches are (1) unreasonable delay or lapse of time in asserting a right, (2) absence of an excuse

for the delay, (3) knowledge, actual or constructive, of the injury or wrong, and (4) prejudice to the

other party.”). Nor do Appellants dispute the relevant facts the district court relied on: that

Mt. McKinley sent five separate notices to Appellants more than six years before this lawsuit

informing Appellants that these payments counted toward the aggregate limits, and that Appellants

never objected to these notices. We find no error in the district court’s laches ruling on the basis of

these undisputed facts.




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Bondex Int’l, Inc., et al. v. Hartford Accident & Indem. Co., et al.


B. Bad Faith


       Finally, Appellants attempt to resurrect their bad faith claim against Mt. McKinley as a

free-standing claim. Appellants argue that “McKinley committed bad faith by failing, without

reasonable justification, to pay a portion of defense costs incurred by Plaintiffs before McKinley

allegedly exhausted its Policies that McKinley admitted was due and owing.” But the pleadings do

not support this breach-before-exhaustion assertion.


       The Amended Complaint points to the following conduct for bad faith:


       156. On or about February 28, 2003, Mt. McKinley wrongfully claimed that
       it had exhausted all of its remaining aggregate limits of liability under the
       Gibraltar Umbrella Policies.


       157. Prior to its wrongful claim of exhaustion, Mt. McKinley acknowledged
       its duty to defend and indemnify RPM, Bondex and New Republic in asbestos
       bodily injury cases. Mt. McKinley also specifically agreed to pay a portion of
       all defense counsel fees and other defense costs (“defense costs”) incurred by
       RPM, Bondex and New Republic in asbestos bodily injury cases prior to the date
       of the alleged exhaustion of the Gibraltar Umbrella Policies.


       158. In material breach of its duty to defend and its specific agreement to pay a
       portion of defense costs incurred by RPM, Bondex and New Republic in asbestos
       bodily injury cases, Mt. McKinley has wrongfully failed and refused to pay
       defense costs in excess of $350,000. . . .


Fairly read, the Amended Complaint fails to allege sufficient factual matter to assert a plausible

claim that Mt. McKinley breached some agreement other than the relevant insurance policies. See


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–50; 

–63. Presented with these pleadings, the

district court properly treated the bad faith claim as a contingent claim that fell with Appellants’

primary coverage claims. If Mt. McKinley exhausted its coverage obligations in February 2003, it

did not owe anything more to Appellants under the relevant insurance policies, and its denial of

coverage cannot constitute bad faith. See O’Malley v. U.S. Fid. & Guar. Co., 

, 501

(5th Cir. 1985) (noting that the insured’s bad faith claim depended on the outcome of the

coverage claim).


        Appellants attempt to flesh out the bad faith claim in their reply brief by pointing to a

May 13, 2003 fax sent by Mt. McKinley’s claims manager, arguing that it shows that Mt. McKinley

threatened to discontinue paying defense costs before Mt. McKinley exhausted its coverage. We do

not consider this argument raised for the first time in a reply brief. See, e.g., Sanborn v. Parker, 

, 579 (6th Cir. 2010). Even if properly raised, the fax adds nothing to Appellants’ argument;

it does nothing more than state Mt. McKinley’s position that it had already exhausted its coverage

by notice of February 2003. Appellants also object to the district court’s sua sponte denial of this

claim, after previously having stayed discovery. But, because Appellants articulate no distinct

factual basis for bad faith, we agree with the district court that the primary coverage claims subsume

the bad faith claim. Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56(f) permits a court to grant judgment to a

nonmovant, or on grounds not raised by the parties, if it first “giv[es] notice and a reasonable time

to respond.” Although it appears that the district court did not provide notice before issuing the

initial ruling in December 2008, Appellants had notice and an opportunity to respond to that ruling

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in its later motion for clarification and to amend judgment, which prompted the final opinion and

order of February 2009. Furthermore, even if the district court failed to provide sufficient notice

before the sua sponte ruling, Appellants’ argument fails in the absence of a showing of prejudice.

See, e.g., Delphi Auto. Sys., LLC v. United Plastics, Inc., 418 F. App’x 374, 380 (6th Cir. 2011);

Yashon v. Gregory, 

, 552 (6th Cir. 1984). Under such circumstances, we need not

engage in “an empty formality.” Excel Energy, Inc. v. Cannelton Sales Co., 246 F. App’x 953, 960

(6th Cir. 2007).


                                                 V.


       For these reasons, we AFFIRM the district court’s judgment on all counts. We DISMISS

as MOOT the insurance companies’ contingent cross-appeals.




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