NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                           File Name: 12a0263n.06

                                           No. 09-1702

                          UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                               FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
                                                                                     FILED
                                                   )                  Mar 08, 2012
MARIO C. CURVAN,                                   )              LEONARD GREEN, Clerk
                                                   )
       Petitioner-Appellant,                       )
                                                   ) ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED
v.                                                 ) STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE
                                                   ) EASTERN DISTRICT OF MICHIGAN
JAN TROMBLEY, WARDEN                               )
                                                   )
       Respondent-Appellee.                        )
                                                   )
                                                   )
                                                   )

BEFORE: BOGGS and GIBBONS, Circuit Judges; RUSSELL, District Judge*

       JULIA SMITH GIBBONS, CIRCUIT JUDGE. Petitioner-Appellant Mario Curvan, an

inmate convicted of armed robbery and felony murder in Michigan, appeals the district court’s denial

of his petition for habeas corpus pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2254. Curvan contends that the state court,

in holding that his confessions to police were voluntary, unreasonably applied clearly established

federal law and unreasonably determined the facts of his case.

       For the reasons below, we affirm the district court’s denial of Curvan’s habeas petition.




       *
       The Honorable Thomas B. Russell, United States District Judge for the Western District of
Kentucky, sitting by designation.

                                                 -1-
Curvan v. Trombley
No. 09-1702
                                                I.

       On August 21, 2001, the FBI received information that Curvan might have been a witness

to the 1998 murder of Frank Bono. The FBI ran a criminal background check and discovered a

warrant for Curvan involving an immigration violation.        The FBI arrested Curvan for his

immigration violation on the morning of August 21, 2001. Various officers from the FBI and the

Detroit police department then interrogated Curvan over a series of hours.

       FBI Agent Michael Mizer was the first agent to interrogate Curvan. Although Mizer

considered Curvan only a witness at this point, he read Curvan his Miranda rights anyway. He

confirmed that Curvan could read, and Curvan read and initialed a waiver of Miranda rights form.

Mizer told Curvan that the FBI might be able to help him with his immigration problems. Mizer

stated that Curvan never requested an attorney; however, Curvan stated that he asked Mizer twice

to speak to an attorney. Up until this point, Curvan was considered only a witness, not a suspect.

       After speaking with Curvan for a while, Mizer began to believe that his “story did not make

sense.” He then asked if Curvan would take a polygraph test, and Curvan assented. Around 4:30

p.m., Investigator Andrew Sims, a polygraph examiner, administered a polygraph test. At the

conclusion of the test, Sims told Curvan he thought he was lying. Curvan then told Sims about his

role in the murder and wrote a statement. This statement implicated Curvan in the murder of Bono,

though not as the killer. After the polygraph, Investigator Ramone Childs spoke to Curvan. He

advised Curvan of his rights and Curvan initialed another Miranda waiver form after each right he

agreed to waive. After signing the waiver, Curvan gave another, more detailed statement that was




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Curvan v. Trombley
No. 09-1702
also incriminating. Childs stated that Curvan never asked him for an attorney; however, Curvan

insisted that he did.

        Curvan filed a motion to suppress his two incriminating statements on the grounds that the

officers had not halted their interrogation after he had requested an attorney. The state trial court

recognized that the accounts of Curvan and the officers differed but noted that

                [i]t is incumbent upon a Court in an evidentiary hearing to determine the facts
        of the case and assess credibility. And first of all, this Court is going to find that
        [Curvan] never requested a lawyer during any interrogation at any point that he was
        in custody prior to the time or concurrent with the time that the two statements at
        issue were made.

Summarizing the testimony of each one of the officers, the trial court specifically credited their

statements that Curvan had not asked for an attorney. Describing Mizer’s testimony, the trial court

found that Mizer “noted that [Curvan] was of normal intelligence. He was not intoxicated. The

defendant never asked for a lawyer.” Describing Childs’s testimony, the trial court found that

“[Curvan] gave [Childs] a statement . . . . There were no threats made to [Curvan], no promises. The

defendant never asked to speak to an attorney.” The trial court then found that Curvan’s statements

were voluntary and denied the motion to suppress. The statements were read at trial and Curvan was

found guilty of felony murder and armed robbery. Curvan was sentenced to life in prison for felony

murder and twenty to forty years for armed robbery.

        Curvan appealed to the Michigan Court of Appeals on the grounds that he “invoked his Fifth

Amendment Right to counsel and the police failed to scrupulously honor that right by ceasing all

interrogation.” The Michigan Court of Appeals affirmed the decision of the trial court:




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Curvan v. Trombley
No. 09-1702

               Defendant first argues that the trial court erred in denying his pretrial motion
       to suppress his custodial statements. We disagree. When reviewing a trial court’s
       determination of the voluntariness of a confession, an appellate court engages in a de
       novo review of the entire record but will not disturb a trial court’s factual findings
       unless the ruling is found to be clearly erroneous. This Court will affirm the trial
       court’s decision unless we are left with a “definite and firm conviction that a mistake
       has been made.”

               Defendant contends that the trial court erred by not applying Edwards v.
       Arizona, 

, 484; 

; 

(1981). Defendant
       contends that because he requested an attorney while being questioned by the police,
       all questioning should have ceased. However, the trial court found that defendant
       signed a Miranda waiver on two separate occasions at the request of two different
       officers. Neither officer remembered defendant requesting an attorney. Following
       a suppression hearing, the trial court found that “defendant never requested a lawyer
       during any interrogation at any point that he was in custody prior to the time or
       concurrent with the time that the two statements at issue were made.”

               In Sexton, [

(Mich. 2000)], our Supreme Court adopted the
       dissenting opinion of Judge Murphy which stated, in relevant part, “‘Further, if
       resolution of a disputed factual question turns on the credibility of witnesses or the
       weight of the evidence, we will defer to the trial court.”’ In this case, defendant
       stated that at some point during questioning he requested an attorney. The officers
       deny a request was ever made. Additionally, defendant signed two separate Waiver
       of Rights forms. Because we defer to the trial court’s assessment of credibility, we
       affirm the finding of the trial court that defendant’s confessions were voluntary.
       Additionally, we are not left with a definite and firm conviction that the trial court
       made a mistake in its finding of fact.

People v. Curvan, No. 242376, 

, at *1 (Mich. Ct. App. June 29, 2004) (per

curiam) (internal citations omitted).1




       1
         Curvan did successfully argue that the trial court violated the prohibition on double jeopardy
when it sentenced him on both the felony murder and the armed robbery convictions. The Michigan
Court of Appeals accordingly vacated Curvan’s armed robbery conviction but affirmed his life
sentence for felony murder. Curvan, 

, at *1.

                                                 -4-
Curvan v. Trombley
No. 09-1702

       Curvan then filed a petition for writ of habeas corpus in federal court under 28 U.S.C. §

2254. He claimed that the trial court’s denial of his motion to suppress was contrary to and/or

involved an unreasonable application of Supreme Court precedent because he “invoked his Fifth

Amendment right to counsel and the police failed to scrupulously honor that right by ceasing all

interrogation.” The district court denied his petition. It reasoned as follows:

                The record indicates that although Petitioner claims to have requested an
       attorney on three separate occasions, the record also bears out that three law
       enforcement officials deny that any such request was made. Since deference is given
       to the trial court’s assessment of the weight of the evidence and the credibility of the
       witnesses and the trial court findings will not be disturbed unless they are clearly
       erroneous, Sexton, [

(Mich. 2000)], the Michigan Court of Appeals
       was correct in relying upon the determination of the trial court regarding the
       credibility of the Petitioner. Furthermore, there is no evidence, other than Petitioner’s
       self-serving testimony, that he requested counsel during his interrogation.

               Therefore, the record indicates that Petitioner’s Fifth Amendment right to
       have an attorney present during his pretrial interrogation was waived and the decision
       of the Michigan appellate courts was not contrary to [or] an unreasonable application
       of, clearly established Federal law, as determined by the Supreme Court of the United
       States.

Curvan v. Trombley, No. 06-CV-13439, 

, at *7–8 (E.D. Mich. May 8, 2009).

                                                  II.

       Because the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act (“AEDPA”) governs this case,

we review de novo the district court’s conclusions on issues of law and on mixed questions of law.

Montgomery v. Bobby, 

, 676 (6th Cir. 2011) (en banc). We also review the district

court’s factual findings de novo, as the district court did not conduct an evidentiary hearing and

relied solely upon the state court record. Matthews v. Ishee, 

, 889 (6th Cir. 2007).



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Curvan v. Trombley
No. 09-1702

        Under AEDPA, a federal court shall not grant a habeas petition with respect to any claim that

was adjudicated on the merits in the state court unless the adjudication resulted in a decision that was

(1) contrary to, or involved an unreasonable application of, clearly established federal law as

determined by the Supreme Court or (2) based on an unreasonable determination of the facts in light

of the evidence presented to the state courts. 

; 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d).

To obtain relief, a habeas petitioner must “show that the state court’s ruling on the claim being

presented in federal court was so lacking in justification that there was an error well understood and

comprehended in existing law beyond any possibility for fairminded disagreement.” Harrington v.

Richter, 

, 786–87 (2011)).          This “highly deferential standard” requires that

determinations made in state court “be given the benefit of the doubt.” Cullen v. Pinholster, 131 S.

Ct. 1388, 1398 (2011) (internal quotations marks omitted).

        Curvan argues that the Michigan Court of Appeals erred by affirming the trial court’s

decision to credit the officers’ testimony that Curvan had not asked for an attorney. It is well settled

that “if an individual wishes to assert either the right to remain silent or the right to the presence of

counsel,” the police must “scrupulously honor this decision.” McKinney v. Ludwick, 

,

489 (6th Cir. 2011). If an “individual states that he wants an attorney, the interrogation must cease

until an attorney is present.” 

v. Arizona, 

, 474 (1966)). “[A]fter

an individual asks for counsel during interrogation, the government cannot demonstrate a valid

waiver of this right absent the ‘necessary fact that the accused, not the police, reopened the dialogue

with the authorities.’” 

v. Arizona, 

, 486 n.9 (1981)).



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Curvan v. Trombley
No. 09-1702

       To prevail, Curvan must overcome the presumption that the state court’s factual findings are

correct, 28 U.S.C. § 2254(e)(1), by presenting “convincing contrary evidence.” Moore v. Haviland,

, 401 (6th Cir. 2008). And although the voluntariness of a confession is a legal question

that falls outside of the § 2254(e)(1) presumption, Miller v. Fenton, 

, 115 (1985),

subsidiary factual questions, including a credibility determination at a suppression hearing, are

entitled to the presumption of correctness. See 

Ramonez v. Berghuis, 

, 490

(6th Cir. 2007). Here, Curvan plainly fails to overcome the presumption that the state trial court’s

credibility determination was correct. All of the officers present stated that Curvan did not request

counsel. With only his own testimony to support his claim that he did request counsel, Curvan has

not presented “convincing contrary evidence” under § 2254(e)(1). See 

; see

also Spytma v. Howes, 

, 371 (6th Cir. 2002) (“Petitioner has presented no evidence

other than his own testimony . . . that would allow us to overcome the presumption of accuracy

accorded the [state court] record.”). Further, it was not unreasonable for the Michigan Court of

Appeals to defer to the credibility determination of the trial judge. The Supreme Court has made it

clear that trial judges are to be accorded “great deference” on matters of witness credibility. Felkner

v. Jackson, 

, 1307 (2011) (quoting Batson v. Kentucky, 

, 98 n.21 (1986)).

       Curvan also argues on appeal that due to his “lengthy interrogation” and “[t]he use of

coercive statements regarding his immigration status,” he did not knowingly, voluntarily, and

intelligently waive his Fifth Amendment right to an attorney. However, Curvan did not make these

specific claims before the Michigan Court of Appeals or the district court. Indeed, the word

“coercion” appears nowhere in his habeas petition. Moreover, these claims are distinct from

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Curvan v. Trombley
No. 09-1702

Curvan’s argument above that he asked for an attorney: to assert that a Miranda waiver is invalid

because prior requests for an attorney were not honored is not the same as asserting those waivers

are invalid due to the length or coercive nature of a detention. Therefore, Curvan’s arguments

regarding the length and allegedly coercive nature of the detention amount to a new theory of the

case and are waived on appeal. See Hall v. Warden, Lebanon Corr. Inst., 

, 752 (6th Cir.

2011) (“[Petitioner-appellant’s] argument, despite its surface plausibility, was not presented in the

district court . . . . It has therefore been waived.”); see generally Harvey v. Great Seneca Fin. Corp.,

, 329 (6th Cir. 2006). But even assuming Curvan has not waived these claims, we fail

to see how the trial court’s comments on whether the detention was lengthy or coercive cast any

doubt upon its factual finding that Curvan was not credible.

                                                  III.

        For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the decision of the district court.




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