NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                            File Name: 12a0313n.06

                                             No. 11-1009                                       FILED
                                                                                          Mar 21, 2012
                           UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT                              LEONARD GREEN, Clerk


UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,                                  )
                                                           )
        Plaintiff-Appellee,                                )
                                                           )
v.                                                         )    On Appeal from the United States
                                                           )    District Court for the Western
ROBERT FEALA,                                              )    District of Michigan
                                                           )
        Defendant-Appellant.                               )



Before:         KEITH, MARTIN, and BOGGS, Circuit Judges.

        BOGGS, Circuit Judge. Robert Feala was indicted on sixteen counts of making a false

statement with the intent to deceive an insurance regulatory agency, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1033.

Feala was convicted on all counts after a jury trial. Feala filed an untimely motion for a judgment

of acquittal nearly two months later, which the district court denied on the merits. Feala was

sentenced to twenty-four months of imprisonment for each count, with the sentences to run

concurrently. There are two issues on appeal. First, Feala objects that witnesses at trial improperly

offered a legal conclusion as to his guilt. Second, Feala argues that the district court erred in denying

his post-verdict motion for a judgment of acquittal. Both claims are without merit, and we affirm.

                                                    I

        Surplus-line insurance policies are generally purchased for certain high-risk businesses that

standard insurance carriers will not cover in the state of Michigan. Under Michigan law, an
No. 11-1009
United States v. Feala

insurance broker can sell surplus lines if the broker certifies, using form FIS 0269 that is submitted

to the Michigan Insurance Bureau, that either (a) the customer insisted on buying insurance from an

unauthorized, ineligible company, or (b) the broker first attempted to place the insurance with three

named authorized or eligible insurers. Mich. Comp. Laws § 500.1950.

       Feala, who was not licensed to sell insurance in Michigan, organized the sale of surplus-line

insurance in Michigan through two corporations. Feala formed the first corporation, Whitcomb &

Company, and paid Gene Whitcomb to be his agent. The United States presented evidence that

Whitcomb did not know the names of the companies writing the insurance, and—after defendant

obtained a rubber stamp of Whitcomb’s signature—did not see the policies that were issued.

        Feala formed a second company, Vanguard Insurance Placement, Inc. to act as a successor

to Whitcomb & Company. Feala directed Jill Stekel to obtain a license to sells surplus insurance for

the new firm. After 2002, virtually all surplus-insurance policies sold by Vanguard were written by

a company called Novus Centuriae. Neither Whitcomb nor Stekel knew where Novus Centuriae was

located. Even Thomas Charboneau, Feala’s personal attorney and the attorney for Novus Centuriae,

did not know who owned Novus Centuriae.

       In 2002, Sara Walter was injured during a melee at a Flint night club that was insured by

Novus Centuriae. The owner of the club assigned Walter the rights to his Novus Centuriae policy.

Attempting to collect a $500,000 judgment from the policy, John Nickola, Walter’s attorney,

deposed Whitcomb, Stekel, and Nate Feala (defendant’s son). The depositions revealed that Novus

Centuriae was an investment holding company, formed by Feala in the island nation of Nevis, with

no assets.

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       Nickola reported this information to the Michigan Insurance Bureau and the FBI. An

investigation revealed that between 2005 and 2008, Whitcomb and Vanguard filed thousand of forms

FIS 0269—bearing Stekel’s rubber stamp—reporting that attempts had been made to place the

insurance with Hartford Insurance Company, Lloyd’s, and American Fellowship, before placing it

with Novus. Stekel had not made any such attempts at any time, nor had Whitcomb before her. In

2009, the Bureau ordered Vanguard and Novus Centuriae to stop selling insurance policies in

Michigan.

       Feala was indicted on sixteen counts of making a false statement with the intent to deceive

an insurance regulatory agency, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1033. This timely appeal follows his

conviction.

                                                  II

       Feala first argues that the district court erred in admitting testimony that conveyed to the jury

“that the matter had been prescreened by attorneys in various lawsuits and administrative

proceedings, and that the defendant was determined to have been acting ‘illegally.’” This claim is

without merit.

                                                  A

       The parties dispute whether this issue was raised in the district court, and differ on what the

appropriate standard of review is. Feala concedes that he timely objected to some of the testimony,

and argues that both “error and plain error” is present. On the second day of trial, prior to the

testimony from Attorney John Nickola—who represented Sara Walter during her civil case, and

deposed Whitcomb, Stekel, and Nate Feala—Feala’s counsel objected to Nickola’s testimony. Feala

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was concerned that Nickola “will simply create chaos and confuse the jury, confuse the issues, and

not have anything, any relevant information relating to the 16 counts in the Indictment.”

       Counsel seems to have been concerned about Nickola testifying as to the nature of Feala’s

conduct with respect to the Walters case: “And I'm very concerned that that would paint potentially

Mr. Feala in a light of, Jeez, here is this insurance company, this claim allegedly wasn't paid, and as

a result of that claim not being paid and these forms were improperly filed, therefore, he must be a

bad guy and as a result it’s improper.”

       Counsel was willing to stipulate to the authenticity of the transcripts of Nickola’s depositions,

without having Nickola testify. The district court overruled this objection: “I think this is relevant

testimony as proffered because the government does have to demonstrate both intent and materiality,

and they go hand in hand to some extent.” The court conceded “[t]hat answers from Mr. Nickola,

even if not directly elicited in the questions from [the government], will overstep simple foundational

matters, will include characterizations that Mr. Nickola wants to put on this, and I think we can deal

with that if and when that arises.” 

court seems to acknowledge that Nickola’s

testimony could inadvertently characterize Feala in a negative manner—though not specifically

alluding to a legal opinion of guilt. However, the court remained open to considering objections

during trial if Nickola overstepped the proper bounds of his testimony.

       On appeal, the United States counters that Feala did not raise the same objection below that

he does now—“no objection was made that [the witness, Attorney] Nickola would testify ‘that the

defendant was determined to have been acting ‘illegally.’” Appellee Br. at 8. The United States

contends that none of the objections raised dealt with whether a witness was “rendering an opinion

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on the legality of defendant’s conduct.” As such, the government argues that plain-error review is

appropriate.

       With respect to Nickola’s testimony, we will construe counsel’s objection as an objection

against Nickola testifying that Feala was acting illegally. Because the objection was raised, the

district court’s decision is reviewed for an abuse of discretion. Morales v. American Honda Motor

Company, Inc., 

, 515 (6th Cir. 1998). Counsel did not offer any objections to the

testimony of Michigan Insurance Board Attorney Randall Gregg and Whitcomb. These issues are

reviewed for plain error. United States v. Stonefish, 

, 697 (6th Cir. 2005). Under either

standard, however, the district court’s decisions to permit the testimony of Nickola, Gregg, and

Whitcomb were not in error.

                                                  B

       Witnesses testimony that contains “a legal conclusion” may “convey[] the witness’

unexpressed, and perhaps erroneous, legal standards to the jury. This ‘invade[s] the province of the

court to determine the applicable law and to instruct the jury as to that law.’” Torres v. County of

Oakland, 

, 150 (6th Cir. 1985) (citations omitted). This court has found that “[t]he best

resolution of this type of problem is to determine whether the terms used by the witness have a

separate, distinct and specialized meaning in the law different from that present in the vernacular.”

Based on this standard, the district court did not err—either as an abuse of discretion or

as plain error—in permitting the testimony of Whitcomb, Nickola, and Gregg.




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                                                  1

       When asked whether Whitcomb would have continued to do business with Feala had he

known the nature of the operation, Whitcomb answered, no, because “it’s illegal.” Defense counsel

did not object. The United States argues that Whitcomb was not an attorney, and his personal

opinion that some conduct was illegal was that of a layman. Feala cites no precedent to counter that

Whitcomb—not an attorney—was prevented from offering a lay opinion based on his personal

observations and thoughts. Whitcomb was merely stating how he perceived Feala’s operation, and

why he would have chosen not to do business with him. He was not offering any opinion on Feala’s

guilt in the case before the jury. The admission of this testimony did not constitute plain error.

                                                  2

       Nickola, the attorney who represented Sarah Walter, was asked by the government to explain

what an investment holding company is. He answered that “it could be anything, including a shell

corporation.” Defense counsel objected, and the trial court struck the latter part of the answer. The

admission of the former part—“it could be anything”—does not constitute an abuse of discretion.

It offers no opinion on the legality of the conduct.

       Later, Nickola testified that after he conducted the depositions, he reported “this situation to

the Michigan Insurance Bureau and the FBI,” and provided the insurance bureau with copies of the

depositions and documents. The United States argues that though Nickola was a lawyer, he was not

offering his professional legal opinion. Rather he simply explained what he did after conducting the

depositions.



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       Nickola merely testified about what he did after he discovered the evidence from the

depositions. Reporting allegations to a government agency does not equate to opining on whether

the conduct was legal or illegal, even if it raises a specter of suspicion. In any event, it was not an

abuse of discretion for the district court to admit this testimony.

                                                  3

       Randall Gregg, an attorney with the Michigan Insurance Bureau testified, without objection,

that after receiving Nickola’s report, he reviewed the forms FIS 0269 and 0270 filed by Whitcomb

and Vanguard with the insurance bureau:

       We did. Initially after reviewing, we came to realize that Vanguard Insurance
       Placement, Inc., was not properly licensed in Michigan, and so we issued a cease and
       desist order to stop them from selling. Subsequent to that we realized that obviously
       based on this bankruptcy petition that Core States Management was financially
       insolvent. In addition, based on Mr. Feala’s own testimony, Novus Centuriae had no
       assets, so we reached the conclusion that neither one of those entities was financially
       stable, and, therefore, they could not sell surplus lines insurance in the State of
       Michigan. And we issued a cease and desist order against both those entities later
       that year.

Defendant argues that by saying that Vanguard was not properly licensed, Gregg was opining on the

legality of selling insurance without a license. Defendant argues that since the judge’s instruction

to the jury did not say that a person engaged in the “business of insurance” must be licensed, it was

error for Gregg to effectively instruct the jury that there was such a requirement.

       The United States counters that this testimony was offered to explain to the jury how Gregg

came to learn about Feala’s conduct, and what he did after he learned about it. The United States

makes two arguments.



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       First, that this testimony, offered without objection, simply informed the jury about the steps

Gregg took after receiving Nickola’s report. Second, the government argues that even if any of the

three statements made by Gregg constitute legal opinions,1 as an attorney working for the insurance

bureau, Gregg was certainly qualified to make those legal determinations.

       The first position is an adequate basis to affirm. Gregg was never qualified as an expert to

testify about insurance law according to the requirements of Rule 702 and Daubert v. Merrell Dow

Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 

(1993). Rather, he provided testimony to establish a foundation

about his position, and what he did. The district court did not commit plain error in admitting this

testimony. Gregg simply stated that Vanguard was not licensed to sell insurance in Michigan.

Although this is seemingly a legal conclusion, it is more accurately characterized as a statement of

fact. Further, it is fairly commonly held knowledge that in order to sell insurance, one must be

licensed. Similarly, while what constitutes financial insolvency may be subject to reasonable debate,

Gregg simply observed that Core States Management and Novus Centuriae had no assets. To find

that these statements are not legal conclusions, and are thus admissible, is not plain error.

       Feala waived any objection to testimony elicited by his lawyer from Gregg on cross

examination. United States v. Abdullah, 

, 904 (6th Cir. 1998) (“defendant’s own

attorney elicited the testimony to which he now objects”; “we cannot conclude that reversible error

occurred”).



       1
         First, “Vanguard Insurance Placement, Inc., was not properly licensed in Michigan”;
second, “Core States Management was financially insolvent”; and third, “based on Mr. Feala’s own
testimony, Novus Centuriae had no assets.”

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                                                  III

        Defendant argues that the district court erred in denying his motion for a judgment of

acquittal notwithstanding the verdict. In reviewing the denial of an acquittal motion, “the relevant

question is whether, after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any

rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable

doubt.” Jackson v. Virginia, 

, 319 (1979). This court will not independently judge the

credibility of the witnesses, and all reasonable inferences will be drawn in the government’s favor.

United States v. Beverly, 

, 532-33 (6th Cir. 2004).

        First, Feala contends that “the evidence was insufficient that the defendant ‘caused’ the filing

of the particular forms in question.” Appellant Br. at 26. His argument is effectively a sufficiency

challenge, as he argues that “no rational trier of fact could have found that the crime occurred in this

case.” 

consistently that Feala established and directed aspects

of the actions of Whitcomb and Vanguard. Feala admitted as much in his civil deposition—which

was introduced into the record—stating that he chose to conduct business in Michigan, that he

formed Novus Centuriae in Nevis, and that Novus Centuriae had no assets. Sabrina Hubbard, who

actually filed the insurance forms with the Michigan Insurance Bureau, placed a rubber stamp of Jill

Stekel’s name on them because Feala instructed her to do so. Whitcomb testified that, even though

American Fellowship did not issue surplus-line insurance, Feala told him to include it on the forms

because they “just needed a third company on the form so that it could go through.” There is more

than enough evidence in the record to allow a rational trier of fact to determine that Feala caused the

forms to be filled out.

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       Second, Feala argues that “if a false statement appeared on form FIS 0269, it was not a

‘knowing’ false statement for purposes of criminal liability.” Appellant Br. at 26-27.           Feala

maintains that the errors made at his direction on thousands of forms were consistent with

typographical errors—just like “checking the wrong box.” However, the errors were not limited to

checking the wrong box. Rather, the multitude of forms each falsely listed three “authorized and

eligible unauthorized” insurers that Whitcomb or Vanguard had attempted “to place this insurance

with” before placing it with an unauthorized and ineligible “surplus lines” insurer. Listing these

three insurers permitted Feala to continue selling insurance from Novus Centuriae without tipping

off the authorities. There is more than enough evidence in the record for a rational trier to find that

the false statements made on the forms were made knowingly.

       Third, Feala contends that any false statements on form FIS 0269 did not constitute “material

misstatement[s].” 

Feala would have the jury believe that he could have filled the forms

out differently, if he had checked the box stating that the insured “insisted the insurance be placed

with an unauthorized insurer,” and continued to sell Novus Centuriae insurance on that basis. 

In other words, he could have committed a different type of fraud—there was no evidence

that any of his clients so insisted. The false statements were indeed material, because they prevented

the Michigan Insurance Board from realizing that something was amiss, and resulted in the Board

not investigating Feala’s sale of surplus lines for years. As soon as the Board realized that the forms

were filled out improperly, it issued a cease-and-desist order. There is sufficient evidence in the

record for a rational trier of fact to find that the false statements were material misstatements.



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       The district court did not err in denying Feala’s post-trial motion for a judgment of acquittal.

                                                 IV

       The judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.




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