Plaintiff-appellant 37712, Inc., an Ohio corporation ("the plaintiff"), has challenged the constitutionality of Ohio statutes which permit "local option" elections in a political subdivision of a county (namely an election precinct or a residence district)1 whereby the local voters (in this instance the voters in a city election precinct within the City of Eastlake), via initiative and referendum, may forbid certain sales of alcoholic beverages2 otherwise authorized by licenses issued by defendant-appellee the Ohio Department of Liquor Control ("ODLC"). The plaintiff contests the district court's denial of its petition for a preliminary injunction, pending resolution of the merits of the case, to restrain ODLC and its Director (defendant-appellee Michael Akrouche) from interfering with the plaintiff's operation of its tavern under its license to sell alcoholic beverages following an adverse local option election; and further attacks the trial court's dismissal of its complaint for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted. The plaintiff contends that the operative Ohio local option statutes are facially unconstitutional as violative of due process and equal protection guarantees.

The Ohio legislature has created ten major classifications (incorporating numerous subcategories) of licenses to sell, manufacture, or transport alcoholic beverages, namely types A through I and type W. Ohio Rev.Code §§ 4303.02-4303.231. Generally, retailers which purchase one of the various class C permits may distribute, subject to the terms, conditions, and restrictions appertaining to the particular license subtype, intoxicants including beer, wine, and/or mixed beverages, for off-premises consumption. Ohio Rev.Code §§ 4303.11-4303.121. Service establishments including restaurants, hotels, clubs, and the like which procure one of the sundry class D licenses may retail, subject to the terms, conditions, and restrictions applicable to the particular license subcategory, alcoholic beverages for on-premises consumption or for both on-premises and off-premises consumption. Ohio Rev.Code §§ 4303.13-4303.183. However, Ohio law enables "local option elections" whereby local voters, via referendum, may prohibit certain retail sales of alcoholic beverages within an election precinct or residence district.3 Ohio Rev.Code §§ 4301.35 & 4305.14. To the extent that a local option election forestalls particular types of sales of alcoholic beverages in the pertinent geographical area, that election effectively nullifies, as applicable to that limited territory, the privilege of conducting retail transactions in the foreclosed alcoholic beverages which erstwhile had been enjoyed by the owner of any ODLC-issued permit which, but for the referendum, would authorize such sales in that region.

The plaintiff owned a tavern in Ward 4, Precinct A, City of Eastlake, Lake County, Ohio, commonly known as the Gold Mine Saloon, and possessed class C and D liquor permits authorizing the retail sale of beer.4 See Order of February 23, 1996, at 2 (J.A. at 16). On May 12, 1995, a valid Petition for Election was presented to the Lake County Board of Elections containing the following propositions:

Shall the sale of beer as defined in Section 4305.08 of the Revised Code under permits which authorize sale for off-premises consumption only be permitted in Eastlake City Ward 4 Precinct A?

Shall the sale of beer as defined in Section 4305.08 of the Revised Code under permits which authorize sale for on-premises consumption only, and under permits which authorize sale for both on-premises and off-premises consumption, be permitted in Eastlake City Ward 4 Precinct A?

These measures appeared on the November 7, 1995 ballot, and did not pass, which neutralized plaintiff 37712, Inc.'s legal authorization to sell beer at the Gold Mine Saloon as of January 18, 1996.

On February 2, 1996, plaintiff 37712, Inc. (together with two other parties plaintiff, to wit, Evelyn E. Kinsey, Inc., an Ohio corporation doing business as Paradise Inn; and Smaz, Inc., an Ohio corporation doing business as CCC Tavern),5 initiated the instant action for temporary and permanent injunctions and a declaration invalidating the subject local option statutes (which authorized the Lake County referenda in controversy) as unconstitutional. On February 6, 1996, the defendants opposed the plaintiffs' petition for preliminary injunctions, and inaugurated a motion to dismiss the complaint. A hearing followed later that day. On February 23, 1996, the district court denied the plaintiff's request for a preliminary injunction and granted the defense petition for dismissal of the complaint, ruling that the Ohio local option statutes were facially constitutional. Plaintiff 37712, Inc. filed a timely notice of appeal.6

Generally, the states possess broad powers under the Twenty-first Amendment to the Constitution of the United States (which repealed national prohibition of the sale of alcoholic beverages), as well as inherent police powers, to regulate, restrict, or ban the sale of alcoholic beverages within their borders. 44 Liquormart, Inc. v. Rhode Island, 517 U.S. 484, ----, 116 S. Ct. 1495, 1514, 134 L. Ed. 2d 711 (1996); California v. LaRue, 409 U.S. 109, 114, 93 S. Ct. 390, 395, 34 L. Ed. 2d 342 (1972). However, this state power may not be abused to violate a person's federal constitutional rights. See 44 Liquormart, 517 U.S. at ---- - ----, 116 S. Ct. at 1514-15 (ruling that a state ban on liquor price advertising infringed free speech protected by the First Amendment). In essence, the plaintiff avers that the challenged Ohio local option statutes facially violate the due process and the equal protection clauses of the Fourteenth Amendment7 and hence the trial court legally erred by dismissing its complaint for failure to state a claim under Fed.R.Civ.P. 12(b)(6).8

The plaintiff's due process attack encompassed both procedural and substantive dimensions. This review initially addresses the plaintiff's procedural due process argument that the Ohio local option statutes facially empower local voters to deprive persons of property without due process because no hearing is afforded prior to the taking of the owner's alleged property interest in the use of its liquor permit in a particular locality. See Brookpark Entertainment, Inc. v. Taft, 951 F.2d 710, 716 (6th Cir.1991) ("[A] holder of an Ohio liquor license has a property interest protected under the Due Process Clause. Therefore, the state must accord a liquor licensee due process before revoking the license.") (note omitted), cert. denied, 506 U.S. 820, 113 S. Ct. 68, 121 L. Ed. 2d 35 (1992).

Contrary to the plaintiff's contention, however, the failure of Ohio law to provide notice and a hearing prior to the alleged "taking" (consequent to an adverse local option election) of a person's privilege pursuant to an ODLC-issued liquor license to market one or more varieties of alcoholic beverages in a particular precinct or residence district does not violate due process, because no notice or opportunity to be heard need proceed any legislative action of general applicability. United States v. Florida East Coast Railway Co., 410 U.S. 224, 244-45, 93 S. Ct. 810, 820-21, 35 L. Ed. 2d 223 (1973); Bi-Metallic Inv. Co. v. State Bd. of Equalization, 239 U.S. 441, 445, 36 S. Ct. 141, 142, 60 L. Ed. 372 (1915); Nasierowski Bros. Inv. v. Sterling Heights, 949 F.2d 890, 895-96 (6th Cir.1991); accord, Pro-Eco v. Bd. of Comm'rs of Jay County, 57 F.3d 505, 513 (7th Cir.), cert. denied, 516 U.S. 1028, 116 S. Ct. 672, 133 L. Ed. 2d 522 (1995). A local option referendum of general applicability produces a legislative rather than an adjudicative public policy decision.9 Philly's v. Byrne, 732 F.2d 87, 92-93 (7th Cir.1984). Accordingly, no person actually or potentially adversely impacted by a local option election of a type presently authorized by Ohio law possesses any procedural due process right to notice and a hearing prior to implementation of the referendum's dictates.10

Next, the plaintiff maintains that the Ohio local option laws facially conflict with substantive due process protections because they empower the local voters to target for closure, in an arbitrary and capricious manner, one or more particular types of merchants of imbibable alcohol in a defined area while leaving the businesses of other categories of alcoholic beverage dispensers in the same territory relatively or absolutely unimpaired. Generally, if a referendum result is substantively "arbitrary and capricious, bearing no relation to the police power," that result is judicially voidable as impinging substantive due process guarantees. Eastlake v. Forest City Enterprises, Inc., 426 U.S. 668, 676, 96 S. Ct. 2358, 2363, 49 L. Ed. 2d 132 (1976); see Gutzwiller v. Fenik, 860 F.2d 1317, 1328 (6th Cir.1988) (resolving that substantive due process safeguards prevent "arbitrary and capricious" government action which deprives a person of a property or liberty interest). A municipal ordinance is "arbitrary and capricious," and hence is constitutionally invalid as transgressing due process requirements, "if it fails to advance a legitimate governmental interest or if it is an unreasonable means of advancing a legitimate governmental interest." Curto v. Harper Woods, 954 F.2d 1237, 1243 (6th Cir.1992). However, if any conceivable legitimate governmental interest supports the contested ordinance, that measure is not "arbitrary and capricious" and hence cannot offend substantive due process norms. Id. A fortiori, if state statutes authorize, via local referenda, only enactments of types which are non-arbitrary, those statutes facially accord with substantive due process values.

In Brookpark Entertainment, Inc. v. Taft, 951 F.2d 710 (6th Cir.1991), cert. denied, 506 U.S. 820, 113 S. Ct. 68, 121 L. Ed. 2d 35 (1992), the Sixth Circuit resolved that a former version of Ohio's local option legislation violated due process strictures because it arbitrarily and capriciously permitted the local electorate to forbid sales of alcohol at a particular business premise, thus effectively rendering "dry" a single establishment, while contemporaneously preserving the authorization of all other similar enterprises in the same precinct or residence district to vend alcoholic beverages. However, the current version of Ohio's local option laws avoid this constitutional defect because all holders of the same type of license to dispense alcoholic beverages in a particular precinct or residence district are exposed to the same potential disabilities consequent to a local option election. Stated differently, the local voters cannot preclude any type(s) of licensed alcoholic beverage sales at any specific establishment without banning the same type(s) of transactions under the same types of permits by all other retailers in the subject territory. See Philly's, 732 F.2d at 92.

Local voters possess a legitimate interest in regulating the types, modes, and circumstances of alcohol sales in their neighborhood. Legislative distinctions between various types, modes, and circumstances of dispensing alcoholic beverages generally constitute a reasonable means of furthering that public interest. As accurately pronounced by this court via unpublished adoption of a published district court opinion:

The statutes involved in this case [including Ohio Rev.Code § 4301.35] do not permit voters to target particular establishments. Plaintiffs argue the statutes are arbitrary because they permit voters to "pick and choose" between the types of permit holders they wish to exclude.... However, there are obvious distinctions between different types of licensees. Establishments that sell alcohol for on-premises consumption and those that sell alcohol for off-premises consumption are subject to different, legitimate public interest concerns, as are establishments which sell alcohol and those that simply permit the consumption of alcohol on their premises. Particular businesses cannot be "targeted" under these statutes because voters must completely exclude all businesses holding a particular [type of] license. Moreover, voters cannot vote on the issue again for four years. Ohio Rev.Code Ann. § 4301.37. These protections prevent the type of arbitrary action which rendered the statute in Brookpark unconstitutional. The Court therefore finds that the Ohio local option election laws at issue here do not violate the Due Process Clause. See Philly's v. Byrne, 732 F.2d 87 (7th Cir.1984).

Colson v. Shaker Heights, 880 F. Supp. 1161, 1166 (N.D.Ohio 1995) (emphasis in original), aff'd, 103 F.3d 129 (Table), No. 95-3538, 1996 WL 683595 (6th Cir. Nov.22, 1996). Simply stated, distinct categories of alcoholic beverage vendors, and sales of different categories of alcoholic beverages, may reasonably and legitimately be subject to different regulations without facially offending the due process clause.11

The plaintiff protests that no rationale can justify the state legislature's grant of statutory immunity to beer manufacturers holding A-1-A permits from exposure to certain local option election restrictions on their ability to engage in certain retail beer sales, while statutorily rendering vulnerable to local option restraints all other retail beer sales. This contention is misconceived. The Ohio legislature has provided that an owner of a class A-1 permit (which licenses beer manufacture, Ohio Rev.Code § 4303.02) or a class A-2 license (which authorizes wine manufacture, Ohio Rev.Code § 4303.03) may also purchase a type A-1-A permit, which enables certain retail sales of alcoholic beverages on the manufacturing premises.12 Ohio Rev.Code § 4303.021. Ohio law expressly mandates that a local option referendum impacting retail beer sales shall affect only transactions licensed by a class C or D permit. Ohio Rev.Code § 4305.14(B). See supra note 3. Thus, retail beer sales authorized by a type A-1-A license cannot be banned by a local option referendum. Contrary to the plaintiff's posture, however, non-arbitrary material distinctions exist between breweries which sell beer as an incident to their manufacturing operations, and retail operations which merely dispense beer for on-premises or off-premises consumption.

Manifestly, a legislative judgment that retail beer sales of the type allowed under an A-1-A permit by a brewery or a brew pub do not pose the same risks of fights, automobile accidents, public disorderly conduct, crime, neighborhood decay, alcohol abuse, and other conceivable ills, as might be presented by ordinary taverns or carry out stores, is not irrational. Additionally, the exemption afforded by A-1-A licenses to breweries and brew pubs from exposure to termination, by local option election, of retail beer sales, is supported by a legislative public policy decision to encourage and protect private investment in costly brewery and brew pub equipment and facilities, and to promote domestic in-state production of beer. Beyond contradiction, the holders of A-1-A licenses are not similarly situated with ordinary retailers of alcoholic beverages, and hence the challenged legislative distinction is not arbitrary and capricious. See Colson, 880 F. Supp. at 1166 (explaining that local option election statutes which do not enable the arbitrary targeting of discreet businesses but which instead require equivalent treatment of all similarly situated alcohol merchants in the pertinent locality operating under the same type of license are constitutional).

For this reason, the plaintiff's equal protection challenge is likewise ill founded. The Supreme Court has recognized a tripartite assessment standard under the equal protection clause. Where a statute or ordinance uniquely impacts adversely a "suspect class" such as one defined by race, alienage, or national origin, or invades a "fundamental right" such as speech or religious freedom, the rigorous "strict scrutiny" standard governs, whereby such laws "will be sustained only if they are suitably tailored to serve a compelling state interest." City of Cleburne v. Cleburne Living Center, 473 U.S. 432, 440, 105 S. Ct. 3249, 3254, 87 L. Ed. 2d 313 (1985). Where legislation uniquely affects a "quasi-suspect" class (i.e. gender or illegitimacy), a somewhat less stringent evaluative norm controls (sometimes called "intermediate scrutiny") whereby a legislative classification is deemed legitimate if it is "substantially related to a sufficiently important governmental interest" (gender classifications) or is "substantially related to a legitimate state interest" (illegitimacy classifications). Id. at 440-41, 105 S.Ct. at 3254-55.

However, ordinary enactments which do not especially impair the interests of members of any suspect or quasi-suspect class, and do not inordinately burden the exercise of anyone's fundamental rights (such as those statutes at issue sub judice ), are tested under the least demanding equal protection standard, namely the "rational relationship" inquiry, whereby "legislation is presumed to be valid and will be sustained if the classification drawn by the statute is rationally related to a legitimate state interest."13 Id. at 439-40, 105 S.Ct. at 3254; see Romer v. Evans, 517 U.S. 620, ----, 116 S. Ct. 1620, 1627, 134 L. Ed. 2d 855 (1996). "When social or economic legislation is at issue," such as the Ohio local option statutes in controversy, "the Equal Protection Clause allows the States wide latitude, and the Constitution presumes that even improvident decisions will eventually be rectified by the democratic processes." Cleburne, 473 U.S. at 440, 105 S.Ct. at 3254 (citations omitted). "The burden upon a party seeking to overturn a legislative enactment for irrationally discriminating between groups under the equal protection clause is an extremely heavy one." Borman's, Inc. v. Michigan Prop. & Cas. Guar. Ass'n, 925 F.2d 160, 162 (6th Cir.), cert. denied, 502 U.S. 823, 112 S. Ct. 85, 116 L. Ed. 2d 58 (1991). As in the analogous substantive due process analysis developed above, an enactment subject to "rational relationship" equal protection review must be sustained if any conceivable basis rationally supports it. Federal Communications Commission v. Beach Communications, Inc., 508 U.S. 307, 313-14, 113 S. Ct. 2096, 2100-01, 124 L. Ed. 2d 211 (1993); Arthur v. Toledo, 782 F.2d 565, 574 (6th Cir.1986).

As evolved herein, the Ohio local option statutes authorize local voters to eliminate some types of retail transactions in alcoholic beverages while retaining other types, which may adversely impact some type(s) of alcohol retailers while leaving other classes of alcohol vendors less affected or entirely unaffected. Nonetheless, this result does not violate equal protection guarantees for reasons succinctly articulated by the Colson court:

Plaintiffs contend the Ohio local option election laws violate the Equal Protection Clause because they treat "similarly situated persons in the liquor business differently without a rational basis." ... [P]laintiffs claim only "C" and "D" permit holders may be affected by a local option election, and the voters may "pick and choose" among "C" and "D" permit holders.... Therefore, plaintiffs claim the Ohio law permits voters to discriminate selectively against certain types of liquor establishments, without a rational basis.

There is nothing invidiously discriminatory about Ohio's local option election scheme, so strict scrutiny is not required here. Rather, the Court must determine whether the statutory scheme is rationally related to a legitimate governmental purpose. Plaintiffs apparently argue that, to comply with the Equal Protection Clause, Ohio's local option election laws must provide for elections which will either permit or exclude all kinds of sales of all kinds of alcohol.... Plaintiffs do not explain, however, how all alcohol sales ... are "similarly situated." In attacking these statutes, plaintiffs bear the burden of showing that the classifications are arbitrary and cannot serve a legitimate governmental goal. Curto v. City of Harper Woods, 954 F.2d 1237, 1245 (6th Cir.1992). The mere fact that liquor is involved in all such transactions does not mean that any distinctions among them are arbitrary and do not serve any governmental interest.

The "all or nothing" approach advocated by plaintiffs is not the only rational one. The distinction between sales of alcohol for on-premises consumption and for off-premises consumption is rationally related to legitimate concerns such as crowd control and unruly behavior which may accompany liquor sales for consumption on the premises.

Colson, 880 F. Supp. at 1166-67 (citation omitted) (ruling, inter alia, that Ohio Rev.Code § 4301.35 does not affront equal protection standards).

The federal courts must accord great deference to state legislative classifications created for legitimate social or economic purposes. Borman's, 925 F.2d at 162. As developed herein, the Ohio local option statutes, and referenda which may be adopted thereunder, create sensible legislative distinctions which rationally further legitimate public interests; as such, they cannot infringe the Equal Protection Clause.

Accordingly, the judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.