Judges: Posner
Filed: Jun. 27, 2016
Latest Update: Mar. 02, 2020
Summary: In the United States Court of Appeals For the Seventh Circuit _ No. 15-3361 NATIONWIDE ADVANTAGE MORTGAGE COMPANY, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. GSF MORTGAGE CORPORATION, Defendant-Appellee. _ Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Wisconsin. No. 2:13-cv-01420-LA — Lynn Adelman, Judge. _ ARGUED MAY 27, 2016 — DECIDED JUNE 27, 2016 _ Before POSNER and FLAUM, Circuit Judges, and ALONSO, District Judge.* POSNER, Circuit Judge. Nationwide Advantage Mortgage Company (we’ll
Summary: In the United States Court of Appeals For the Seventh Circuit _ No. 15-3361 NATIONWIDE ADVANTAGE MORTGAGE COMPANY, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. GSF MORTGAGE CORPORATION, Defendant-Appellee. _ Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Wisconsin. No. 2:13-cv-01420-LA — Lynn Adelman, Judge. _ ARGUED MAY 27, 2016 — DECIDED JUNE 27, 2016 _ Before POSNER and FLAUM, Circuit Judges, and ALONSO, District Judge.* POSNER, Circuit Judge. Nationwide Advantage Mortgage Company (we’ll ..
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In the
United States Court of Appeals
For the Seventh Circuit
____________________
No. 15‐3361
NATIONWIDE ADVANTAGE MORTGAGE COMPANY,
Plaintiff‐Appellant,
v.
GSF MORTGAGE CORPORATION,
Defendant‐Appellee.
____________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the
Eastern District of Wisconsin.
No. 2:13‐cv‐01420‐LA — Lynn Adelman, Judge.
____________________
ARGUED MAY 27, 2016 — DECIDED JUNE 27, 2016
____________________
Before POSNER and FLAUM, Circuit Judges, and ALONSO,
District Judge.*
POSNER, Circuit Judge. Nationwide Advantage Mortgage
Company (we’ll call it NAMC for short) of Des Moines, Io‐
wa, a subsidiary of Nationwide Mutual Insurance Company
(itself affiliated with other insurance companies, many also
called Nationwide), buys, services, and sells residential
* Of the Northern District of Illinois, sitting by designation.
2 No. 15‐3361
mortgages. GSF Mortgage Corporation is a residential‐
mortgage lender that also sells mortgages; its headquarters
are in Wisconsin. (The different states of the parties will fig‐
ure in our analysis.)
NAMC filed this diversity suit against GSF in a federal
district court in Wisconsin, charging breach of contract,
breach of fiduciary duty, fraud, and unjust enrichment. The
district judge granted summary judgment in favor of GSF on
all of NAMC’s claims, and so entered final judgment for
GSF, precipitating this appeal.
In 2006 the two companies had entered into a Corre‐
spondent Lender Purchase Agreement whereby GSF would
sell mortgage loans to NAMC. The agreement provided that
Iowa law would govern any disputes concerning it. GSF
wanted to use a computer program owned by Fannie Mae
(the name by which the Federal National Mortgage Associa‐
tion, which seeks to encourage mortgage lending, is general‐
ly known), called the Fannie Mae Desktop Originator Sys‐
tem (DO for short), which evaluates potential mortgagors to
determine whether they meet Fannie Mae’s eligibility stand‐
ards. To be allowed to obtain DO reports, however, GSF
needed to have at least one sponsoring lender. Any compa‐
ny that routinely sold mortgage loans to Fannie Mae was el‐
igible. GSF had several sponsors in the period relevant to
this case (2006 to 2011)—and one of them was NAMC.
Every time GSF downloaded a DO report it had to pay
Fannie Mae a $15 fee and the sponsoring lender had to pay
Fannie Mae between $20 and $28. GSF claims without con‐
tradiction that it didn’t know that the sponsoring lender as
well as the downloader had to pay a fee. Although in 2008
NAMC tried to terminate its Correspondent Lender Pur‐
No. 15‐3361 3
chase Agreement with GSF (and to simplify this opinion
we’ll assume it succeeded, though there is a dispute about
this), it failed to notify GSF to stop using it as a sponsoring
lender and GSF didn’t stop. Not until 2011 did NAMC re‐
scind its sponsorship of GSF—something it could have done
at any time simply by clicking a box on the DO website.
Between 2008, when NAMC had terminated or thought it
had terminated its lender purchase agreement with GSF, and
2011, when NAMC finally did terminate its sponsorship of
GSF on the DO system, NAMC was billed by Fannie Mae for
almost $278,000 in fees for GSF’s use of the system. It had
paid those fees, and now it seeks damages from GSF equal to
that amount, plus prejudgment interest.
The Correspondent Lender Purchase Agreement author‐
ized but did not require GSF to sell mortgages to NAMC
that NAMC would either service or resell. But GSF stopped
selling mortgages to NAMC in 2008, with the consequence
that NAMC no longer received any benefit from the spon‐
sorship costs that it was continuing to pay Fannie Mae; the
income flow that it had obtained from reselling or servicing
mortgages sold to it by GSF had dried up.
NAMC’s designation as a sponsoring lender of GSF was
not part of the Correspondent Lender Purchase Agreement,
and so NAMC did not cease to be a sponsoring lender when
the agreement expired, or indeed until three years later. And
in the meantime it had to and did pay a fee to Fannie Mae
every time GSF ordered a DO report from Fannie and in do‐
ing so designated NAMC as the sponsoring lender.
NAMC is a sophisticated enterprise, part of a huge con‐
glomerate; its failure to cancel its sponsorship of GSF when
4 No. 15‐3361
it severed all its other relations to that company was an in‐
explicable blunder for which it has only itself to blame.
Its argument that GSF was “unjustly enriched” by
NAMC’s continued sponsorship after termination of the
Correspondent Lender Purchase Agreement with GSF also
fails. Remember that GSF claims to have been unaware (and
that NAMC does not dispute the claim) that Fannie Mae
charged a sponsoring lender a fee for GSF’s use of the DO.
NAMC—receiving monthly invoices from Fannie Mae that
identified GSF as a DO user sponsored by NAMC—had only
to inform Fannie Mae that it was not a sponsor of GSF, and
therefore should not be billed for GSF’s DO downloads, to
avoid the expenses that it is seeking to recover. What would
be unjust would be to force GSF to pay NAMC damages
based on fees that it had no reason to think its sponsor had
incurred and therefore no reason to expect to be liable for
them.
NAMC’s excuse for failing to learn from the Fannie Mae
invoices that GSF was a DO user sponsored by NAMC is
that the invoices used a number to identify GSF rather than
the company’s name. But of course NAMC knew the ID
numbers of all of the mortgage companies for which it was a
sponsoring lender, and so could readily have determined the
source of the DO charges that it was being assessed.
Its claim of unjust enrichment did however provoke a
dispute between the parties over choice of law that warrants
our brief attention. Remember that the Correspondent Lend‐
er Purchase Agreement provides that Iowa law is to govern
any disputes arising out of the agreement. But GSF points
out that NAMC’s claim of unjust enrichment stemming from
the dispute over liability for the fees charged it by Fannie
No. 15‐3361 5
Mae for DO downloads did not arise from the agreement.
The contract, executed before the downloads began and not
cancelled until much later, said nothing about downloads.
And the downloads thus being dehors the contract, the con‐
tract’s choice of law provision doesn’t apply to the parties’
dispute over unjust enrichment.
In any event, there’s no relevant difference between the
two states’ choice of law principles governing claims of un‐
just enrichment, a factor that under Wisconsin law renders a
conflicts of law analysis unnecessary and requires applying
the law of the forum state, which is Wisconsin. A.O. Smith
Corp. v. Allstate Insurance Companies, 588 N.W.2d 285, 294
(Wis. App. 1998). Iowa unjust‐enrichment law asks whether
“it is unjust to allow the defendant to retain the benefit un‐
der the circumstances,” Iowa Dept. of Human Services ex rel.
Palmer v. Unisys Corp., 637 N.W.2d 142, 155 (Ia. 2001), Wis‐
consin law whether the “acceptance or retention by the de‐
fendant of the benefit [takes place] under circumstances
making it inequitable for the defendant to retain the benefit
without payment of its value.” Puttkammer v. Minth, 266
N.W.2d 361, 363 (Wis. 1978). There is little if any substantive
difference between these formulas.
What is important to note, though this is not a choice of
law issue either, is that both states require, for a finding of
unjust enrichment, proof that the defendant is aware of the
benefit that he’s received and the plaintiff wants back. Credit
Bureau Enterprises, Inc. v. Pelo, 608 N.W.2d 20, 25 (Ia. 2000); S
& M Rotogravure Service, Inc. v. Baer, 252 N.W.2d 913, 915
(Wis. 1977). That is critical in this case. There is nothing un‐
just or inequitable (two words that in legal discourse mean
the same thing) about GSF’s refusing to reimburse NAMC
6 No. 15‐3361
for expenses that it had no reason to think that company had
incurred. Had it known it might have to pay such expenses
it might have adjusted its business arrangements to avoid
that liability.
In addition to arguing unjust enrichment, NAMC argues
that GSF violated the provision of the Correspondent Lender
Purchase Agreement that forbids disclosure, or inappropri‐
ate use, of proprietary information, which NAMC contends
includes its name and its sponsoring‐lender sponsorship
number. The fact of sponsorship is not proprietary infor‐
mation, however; NAMC’s name is known throughout the
industry. And all GSF did was select NAMC from a list of
sponsoring lenders on the DO system. We can assume that
the contents of the DO reports were proprietary, but the re‐
ports belonged to Fannie Mae rather than to NAMC.
In desperation it quotes, from paragraph 12 of the Corre‐
spondent Lender Purchase Agreement, a passage which
states that GSF agrees to indemnify NAMC, even after the
agreement is terminated, for “any and all claims, losses,
costs, and expenses, including reasonable attorneys’ fees,
which [NAMC] may incur.” But NAMC omits the rest of the
paragraph, which gives examples of covered acts and omis‐
sions. The examples make clear that a duty to indemnify can
arise only from wrongful acts or omissions by GSF that GSF
could reasonably have been expected to detect, such as
“origination of loans in violation of Applicable Law,”
“breach of any provision … of [the Correspondent Lender
Purchase] Agreement,” “discrimination, malfeasance, negli‐
gence, failure to follow Participant Guidelines … [or] Appli‐
cable Law,” or fraud in the origination of loans. There is no
evidence that GSF committed any of the specified misdeeds,
No. 15‐3361 7
or even misdeeds similar to those specified in the Agree‐
ment. Remember that the Agreement does not address GSF’s
use of NAMC’s DO sponsorship, and so GSF did not violate
the Agreement in continuing to use NAMC as a sponsor af‐
ter their business relationship ended.
NAMC fires a scattershot of other arguments, all as weak
as or even weaker than the ones we’ve discussed, such as
that GSF was its agent and so had a fiduciary duty of care to
NAMC as principal—the Correspondent Lender Purchase
Agreement is explicit that the two companies are independ‐
ent contractors.
Enough said. The judgment of the district court is
AFFIRMED.