Judges: Hamilton
Filed: Aug. 13, 2018
Latest Update: Mar. 03, 2020
Summary: In the United States Court of Appeals For the Seventh Circuit _ No. 16-3860 STRAITS FINANCIAL LLC, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. TEN SLEEP CATTLE COMPANY and RICHARD CARTER, Defendants-Appellees. _ Nos. 16-3903, 16-3967, 17-2100 TEN SLEEP CATTLE COMPANY and RICHARD CARTER, Counter-Plaintiffs/Third-Party Plaintiffs-Appellees/ Cross-Appellants, v. STRAITS FINANCIAL LLC, Counter-Defendant-Appellant/Cross-Appellee, and JASON PERKINS, Third-Party Defendant-Appellant/Cross-Appellee _ 2 Nos. 16-3860, 16-390
Summary: In the United States Court of Appeals For the Seventh Circuit _ No. 16-3860 STRAITS FINANCIAL LLC, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. TEN SLEEP CATTLE COMPANY and RICHARD CARTER, Defendants-Appellees. _ Nos. 16-3903, 16-3967, 17-2100 TEN SLEEP CATTLE COMPANY and RICHARD CARTER, Counter-Plaintiffs/Third-Party Plaintiffs-Appellees/ Cross-Appellants, v. STRAITS FINANCIAL LLC, Counter-Defendant-Appellant/Cross-Appellee, and JASON PERKINS, Third-Party Defendant-Appellant/Cross-Appellee _ 2 Nos. 16-3860, 16-3903..
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In the
United States Court of Appeals
For the Seventh Circuit
____________________
No. 16‐3860
STRAITS FINANCIAL LLC,
Plaintiff‐Appellant,
v.
TEN SLEEP CATTLE COMPANY
and RICHARD CARTER,
Defendants‐Appellees.
___________________
Nos. 16‐3903, 16‐3967, 17‐2100
TEN SLEEP CATTLE COMPANY
and RICHARD CARTER,
Counter‐Plaintiffs/Third‐Party Plaintiffs‐Appellees/
Cross‐Appellants,
v.
STRAITS FINANCIAL LLC,
Counter‐Defendant‐Appellant/Cross‐Appellee,
and
JASON PERKINS,
Third‐Party Defendant‐Appellant/Cross‐Appellee
____________________
2 Nos. 16‐3860, 16‐3903, 16‐3967 & 17‐2100
Appeals from the United States District Court for the
Northern District of Illinois, Eastern Division.
No. 12‐CV‐6110 — James B. Zagel and Manish S. Shah, Judges.
____________________
ARGUED DECEMBER 5, 2017 — DECIDED AUGUST 13, 2018
____________________
Before WOOD, Chief Judge, and ROVNER and HAMILTON,
Circuit Judges.
HAMILTON, Circuit Judge. Atop the Chicago Board of Trade
Building in downtown Chicago stands Ceres, the Roman god‐
dess of agriculture and grain. She faces north, but her reach
extends at least as far west as Ten Sleep, Wyoming, to the fam‐
ily cattle ranch of defendant‐appellee Richard Carter. In 2010,
through a broker in Scottsbluff, Nebraska, Carter opened a
commodities futures and options trading account with a Chi‐
cago‐based financial institution. Carter intended to use the ac‐
count to secure the prices his ranch—defendant‐appellee Ten
Sleep Cattle Company—would receive for its cattle using var‐
ious financial instruments.1
At the same broker’s behest, Carter opened another ac‐
count in 2011 with plaintiff‐appellant Straits Financial to spec‐
ulate in other investment categories. After Carter and the bro‐
ker split a tidy profit of $300,000, Carter instructed the broker
to close out the account in March 2012. The broker did not
follow those instructions. Instead, he continued speculating
1 Because Carter ran Ten Sleep and personally guaranteed Ten Sleep’s
obligations arising from its livestock hedging account, we refer to Carter
and Ten Sleep interchangeably in this opinion.
Nos. 16‐3860, 16‐3903, 16‐3967 & 17‐2100 3
on U.S. Treasury Bond futures, losing approximately $2 mil‐
lion over the course of the next three months before his unau‐
thorized trading was stopped. Straits Financial then liqui‐
dated Carter’s livestock commodities holdings to satisfy most
of that $2 million shortfall, and turned to the courts for the
remaining deficiency. After a bench trial, Carter prevailed on
most points and established his ranch’s right to the seized
funds and an award of attorney fees. However, the district
court significantly reduced the amount of damages, finding
that Carter had failed to mitigate his ranch’s damages by not
closely reading account statements and trading confirmations
during his broker’s trading spree.
Straits Financial and Perkins have appealed, and Carter
and Ten Sleep have cross‐appealed. We must decide three
principal issues: whether the district court correctly inter‐
preted and applied the contracts governing Ten Sleep’s rela‐
tionship with Straits Financial; whether the award of attorney
fees was proper; and whether Ten Sleep’s damages should
have been reduced under Illinois law. We affirm the district
court’s judgment on the first two questions, but we reverse
and remand in part for recalculation of Ten Sleep’s damages.
I. Factual Background and Procedural History
A. The 33 Account and 35 Account
As our western colleagues know, “cattle ranching is a haz‐
ardous business.” Wootten v. Wootten, 159 F.2d 567, 574 (10th
Cir. 1947). Unexpected fluctuations in the price of cattle can
wipe out a family‐run cattle operation. Covering the expenses
of feeding, trucking, and pasturing cattle—plus all the other
costs of running a ranch—is a perennial challenge. Ten Sleep’s
annual gross revenues in 2010 and 2011 were between $24 and
4 Nos. 16‐3860, 16‐3903, 16‐3967 & 17‐2100
$26 million, but the profit margins even in good years were
less than 5%. To protect his business, in March 2010, Carter
opened a commodity futures and options trading account
with a futures commission merchant, R.J. O’Brien (RJO for
short). Carter intended to use this account to protect his profit
by locking in the price Ten Sleep would receive for its cattle
later in the year. He did so by using options and other risk‐
reducing investment positions. In other words, Carter ini‐
tially sought to “hedge” cattle. See generally Merrill Lynch,
Pierce, Fenner & Smith, Inc. v. Curran, 456 U.S. 353, 357–60
(1982) (describing commodities trading and hedging).
Carter set up this hedging account through his broker, Ja‐
son Perkins, who at the time was affiliated with RJO. This ac‐
count, which the parties refer to as the “33 Account” for the
last two digits of the account number, was established by an
account agreement with RJO. The RJO agreement included a
personal guarantee that required Carter to assume any debts
owed by Ten Sleep to RJO. Specifically, that guarantee
pledged “full and prompt payment to RJO of all sums owed
to RJO by Customer pursuant to the [foregoing] Account
Agreement, whether such sums are now existing or are here‐
after created.” In a section titled “DEBIT BALANCES,” the
agreement also allowed RJO to use any account balances or
deposits to offset losses and expenses, and empowered RJO
to pursue Ten Sleep for any remaining deficiencies. RJO also
reserved the right to assign the account to another registered
futures commission merchant. The RJO agreement did not in‐
clude a mandatory arbitration clause, though it required Ten
Sleep to dispute transactions within one year of the transac‐
tion date either through an administrative proceeding at the
Commodity Futures Trading Commission or through a law‐
suit or arbitration in the Northern District of Illinois. The RJO
Nos. 16‐3860, 16‐3903, 16‐3967 & 17‐2100 5
agreement provided that Illinois law would govern. Through
the RJO agreement, Ten Sleep consented to the jurisdiction of
the state and federal courts and arbitration forums in the
Northern District of Illinois.
The 33 Account existed solely to protect against losses in
Ten Sleep’s cattle business and was used in accordance with
that purpose. After about a year, in April 2011 Perkins moved
his brokerage from RJO to plaintiff‐appellant Straits Financial,
where he became an employee and the manager of a branch
office. As part of the “bulk transfer process” of moving ac‐
counts from RJO to Straits Financial, all of Perkins’s custom‐
ers, including Ten Sleep, received a “negative consent letter.”
The letter advised them that their accounts would be trans‐
ferred unless they objected. See 17 C.F.R. § 1.65(a)(2) (2011)
(requiring notice and “a reasonable opportunity to object” to
such transfers). By a separate assignment agreement with
RJO, which Carter did not see, Straits Financial took control
of the 33 Account and its associated personal guarantee. Ten
Sleep did not sign any transfer agreement with Straits Finan‐
cial, and Carter did not give any explicit personal guarantees
directly to Straits Financial at any time.
A few months later, in May 2011, Perkins approached
Carter with a new idea: opening a speculative trading account
with Straits Financial where Perkins would have discretion to
invest Carter’s money without prior authorization. Perkins
assured Carter that he would simply “nibble around the
edges” using this freedom, and that there would be “no mar‐
gin calls,” i.e., no demands for Carter to put new capital into
the account in light of Perkins’s speculative trades. Dkt. 83 at
3 (Judge Zagel’s findings of fact); see also ADM Investor Ser‐
vices, Inc. v. Ramsay, 558 F. Supp. 2d 855, 857 n.3 (N.D. Ill. 2008)
6 Nos. 16‐3860, 16‐3903, 16‐3967 & 17‐2100
(explaining “margin call” in context of futures trading) (cita‐
tion omitted). In this conversation, Perkins proposed that he
and Carter share the profits equally, and Carter agreed.2
No written authorizations or contracts documented this
agreement, aside from Carter’s signature on Straits Finan‐
cial’s one‐page Related Account Authorization form, on
which Perkins indicated that the new account was merely for
“Record Keeping Purposes.” The authorization form at‐
tempted to incorporate by reference “existing account docu‐
mentation including but not limited to agreements … main‐
tained and existing on file with Straits,” and all existing
“terms and conditions.” The authorization form did not, how‐
ever, specifically identify any of the documentation, terms, or
conditions that would carry over to the new account. Within
2 Perkins did not tell Carter that their profit‐sharing agreement ran
afoul of Straits Financial’s policies and commodities industry rules. See
National Futures Association, Rule 2‐3, https://www.nfa.futures.org/rule‐
book/rules.aspx?Section=4&RuleID=RULE%202‐3 (last visited Aug. 13,
2018) (“No Member or Associate shall share, directly or indirectly, in the
profits or losses accruing from commodity futures trading in any account
of a customer carried by the Member, or another Member, unless the cus‐
tomer’s prior written authorization therefor is obtained.”). Nor did Per‐
kins inform Carter that it was against Straits Financial’s policies and in‐
dustry rules to open a discretionary account without written authoriza‐
tion. See National Futures Association, Rule 2‐8(a), https://www.nfa.fu‐
tures.org/rulebook/rules.aspx?Section=4&RuleID=RULE%202‐8 (last vis‐
ited Aug. 13, 2018) (“No Member or Associate shall exercise discretion
over a customer’s commodity futures account unless the customer or ac‐
count controller has authorized the Member or Associate, in writing (by
power of attorney or other instrument) to exercise such discretion.”). Per‐
kins also did not disclose these undocumented aspects of the new account
to Straits Financial. At trial, Perkins admitted these policy and rule viola‐
tions.
Nos. 16‐3860, 16‐3903, 16‐3967 & 17‐2100 7
a few days, Perkins began trading in what the parties call the
“35 Account.”
B. “We Kinda Have a Problem”
One might guess what happened next. After sustaining
some initial setbacks from trading various commodities fu‐
tures contracts, in early 2012 Perkins turned his speculative
attention to Treasury Bond futures, and accumulated several
hundred thousand dollars in profits. By mid‐March, the net
profit from Perkins’s Treasury Bond trading in the 35 Account
reached $300,000. On March 16 Perkins called Carter to share
the good news. Carter instructed Perkins to “send [the
$300,000] to me,” and “I will send you your half back,” which
Carter later did by mailing Perkins a $150,000 check. Carter
then told his broker, “close it out, don’t do anything more …
Shut it down and don’t do anything more.”3
But Perkins did more. On twenty different days between
March 16 and June 4, Perkins executed trades in the 35 Ac‐
count, wagering hundreds of thousands of dollars on Treas‐
ury Bond futures even though the two accounts were nomi‐
nally for livestock hedging and “Record Keeping Purposes.”
By mid‐June, and without Carter’s actual knowledge of them,
the losses in the 35 Account exceeded $2 million. Carter did
not realize there was a problem in his Straits Financial ac‐
counts until he tried to cash out a sizable position in the 33
Account and received no response. Carter finally got Perkins
on the phone around June 20. Perkins admitted: “we kinda
have a problem … they’re holding your account money in
3 Though Perkins later disputed receiving these instructions, on this
critical point the district judge sided with Carter, finding his testimony
credible. Dkt. 83 at 4.
8 Nos. 16‐3860, 16‐3903, 16‐3967 & 17‐2100
your livestock account to clear this up,” with “this” being the
$2 million shortfall in the 35 Account for “record‐keeping.”
Besides the fact that broker Perkins did not tell him about
the losses, the record discloses at least two other reasons why
Carter did not realize there was a problem until June 20. The
first had to do with Straits Financial’s margin policies. Be‐
cause the two related accounts were being cross‐margined,
Ten Sleep’s deposits into the 33 Account masked the problems
developing in the 35 Account.4 This meant that while Carter
wired well over a million dollars into his hedging account at
Straits Financial between March and June 2012 in response to
Perkins’s requests, Carter did not know that these cash infu‐
sions into the 33 Account actually served to stave off the clo‐
sure of both accounts as Perkins’s trades kept digging the 35
Account into a deeper hole. Nor did Carter realize that the
statements being sent to him covered not just the expected ac‐
tivity in the 33 Account but also the unexpected problems in
the 35 Account.
The second reason why Carter failed to realize what was
happening in the 35 Account was bovine. Although Straits Fi‐
nancial mailed him statements every month and after every
trade was made, between March and May Carter spent all of
his waking hours in Manderson, Wyoming, 40 miles away
from Ten Sleep, because it was calving season. Between May
4 Cross‐margining refers to the practice of counting the excess margin
in one account toward the margin requirements in another account that
has fallen below the margin requirements. See In re Refco Capital Markets,
Ltd. Brokerage Customer Securities Litig., 586 F. Supp. 2d 172, 188 & n.22
(S.D.N.Y. 2008) (explaining language in a trade confirmation form that
dealt with “cross‐margining”).
Nos. 16‐3860, 16‐3903, 16‐3967 & 17‐2100 9
and June, Carter was busy driving his cattle 240 miles to pas‐
ture in Rawlins, Wyoming. During this period, Perkins used
Carter’s unavailability as a stalling tactic with his Chicago‐
based bosses at Straits Financial, claiming Carter “is supposed
to be calling me back” about the margin calls and assuring his
superiors, “Don’t worry we will be fine. [Carter] is just mov‐
ing some stuff around in the fields.”
Once Perkins came clean to Carter about the losses, the
two agreed to meet at Carter’s lawyer’s office in Casper, Wy‐
oming to discuss the problem and the fact that Straits Finan‐
cial had moved to offset the shortfall in the 35 Account by
seizing and liquidating the 33 Account. At the meeting, Carter
explained that he thought the 35 Account was “supposed to
zero out” and that Straits Financial should send him “100 per‐
cent of the money that was in the 33 account.” Perkins re‐
sponded: “that will not happen and can’t happen.” After sev‐
eral hours of discussion, Perkins signed an affidavit in which
he admitted that he conducted “account activity on numerous
occasions without consulting” Carter. Dkt. 6–2 at 2.5 After re‐
turning home, Perkins retained counsel, resigned from Straits
Financial, and moved his brokerage to yet another firm.
C. The Litigation
In late June 2012, the combined balance of Carter’s ac‐
counts had finally gone negative. Straits Financial liquidated
the positions worth $1,823,168.77 in the 33 Account and ap‐
plied them to the $1,992,045.79 deficiency in the 35 Account.
This left a debit balance of $168,877.02, which Straits Financial
5 Perkins did not dispute that part’s accuracy when asked about the
affidavit at trial, and the district court relied on the admissions in the affi‐
davit.
10 Nos. 16‐3860, 16‐3903, 16‐3967 & 17‐2100
sought to recover from Ten Sleep and Carter by filing this
case, originally in an Illinois state court. Carter removed the
case to the Northern District of Illinois based on diversity of
citizenship, answered the complaint, and filed a counterclaim
against Straits and a third‐party complaint against Perkins.
Carter alleged that the seizure of his 33 Account funds by
Straits Financial amounted to conversion; that Straits Finan‐
cial and Perkins were unjustly enriched, breached fiduciary
duties, committed commodities fraud, and violated the Illi‐
nois Consumer Fraud and Deceptive Business Practices Act
(ICFA); and that Straits Financial negligently supervised Per‐
kins. The case proceeded to a bench trial in September 2014.
Carter prevailed on most of the points disputed at trial.
Judge Zagel found that Perkins had defrauded him, that
Straits Financial was vicariously liable for that fraud and for
an ICFA violation, and that Carter also had proven unjust en‐
richment and conversion. Quoting Grundstad v. Ritt, 166 F.3d
867, 870 (7th Cir. 1999), the judge rejected Straits Financial’s
argument that the RJO agreement and its associated personal
guarantee applied to the losses in the 35 Account. Because
Straits Financial “failed to clearly and specifically communi‐
cate to Ten Sleep which agreements and contracts were being
assigned,” the attempted assignment was invalid, and Straits
Financial could not enforce the personal guarantee. Because
Ten Sleep had prevailed on its ICFA claim, and because that
statute permits the court to award “reasonable attorney’s fees
and costs to the prevailing party,” 815 Ill. Comp. Stat. Ann.
505/10a(c), the judge also ordered Straits Financial to pay Ten
Sleep’s attorney fees.
However, the court agreed with Straits Financial’s argu‐
ment that by neglecting its account statements, Ten Sleep had
Nos. 16‐3860, 16‐3903, 16‐3967 & 17‐2100 11
failed to mitigate its damages through the exercise of “reason‐
able diligence and ordinary care,” an expectation the court
found to be imposed by Illinois law. The court reduced Ten
Sleep’s damages recovery “by the proportion of responsibil‐
ity” Carter bore by not noticing Perkins’s fraud earlier. In ad‐
dition, the court rejected Ten Sleep’s request for punitive dam‐
ages.
After further briefing, the district court determined that
Carter should be held responsible for losses accrued in the 35
Account between June 11 and 20, because of his failure to read
and act on “dozens of communications from Straits including
23 letters” and statements related to the account. This reduced
Ten Sleep’s recovery from $2,206,754.80 to $1,457,601.50,
though the district court did grant prejudgment interest on
the eventual damages award. See Dkts. 99, 111, 113. After still
more briefing and reassignment of the case to Judge Shah, the
court awarded attorney fees and costs, finding the attorneys’
work on Ten Sleep’s ICFA claim “inextricably intertwined”
with the other claims presented. Straits Financial LLC v. Ten
Sleep Cattle Co., No. 12 CV 6110, 2017 WL 5900280, at *1 (N.D.
Ill. May 2, 2017).
Both sides have appealed. In the end, we agree with Carter
and Ten Sleep on all three of the disputed issues. We affirm all
of the district court’s conclusions regarding Straits Financial’s
liability and the fee award, but we reverse the portion of its
judgment requiring mitigation of damages. We remand for re‐
calculation of Ten Sleep’s damages.
12 Nos. 16‐3860, 16‐3903, 16‐3967 & 17‐2100
II. Analysis
A. Standard of Review
Coming on the heels of a seven‐day bench trial, the argu‐
ments and issues in this appeal defy easy labels. In most cases
it is enough to repeat the usual refrain: “We review the district
court’s findings of fact for clear error, and review its conclu‐
sions of law de novo.” Frentz v. Brown, 876 F.3d 285, 293 (7th
Cir. 2017), citing In re Rovell, 194 F.3d 867, 870 (7th Cir. 1999).
That usual statement is not quite adequate in this case. Here
we have one issue for which the standard of review is
straightforward—the decision to grant attorney fees under
the ICFA is reviewable only for an abuse of discretion.
Krautsack v. Anderson, 861 N.E.2d 633, 643–44 (Ill. 2006) (“Be‐
cause section 10a(c) [of the ICFA] states that the court ‘may’
award attorney fees and costs, and the word ‘may’ ordinarily
connotes discretion, attorney fee awards are left to the sound
discretion of the trial court.”) (citations omitted); see also
Pickett v. Sheridan Health Care Center, 664 F.3d 632, 639 (7th Cir.
2011) (“We review the award of attorneys’ fees for abuse of
discretion” unless “the district court denies a fee award based
on a legal principle”) (citations omitted).
The other issues in these appeals are “mixed question[s] of
fact and law,” which is not necessarily a helpful label. See In
re Text Messaging Antitrust Litig., 630 F.3d 622, 625 (7th Cir.
2010); see also U.S. Bank Nat’l Ass’n ex rel. CWCapital Asset
Management LLC v. Village at Lakeridge, LLC, 138 S. Ct. 960, 967
(2018) (“Mixed questions are not all alike.”). Our general task
on such questions “is to determine the legal significance of a
set of facts” found by the district court, which entails signifi‐
cant deference to the district court’s conclusions when those
Nos. 16‐3860, 16‐3903, 16‐3967 & 17‐2100 13
conclusions are confined to the specific context of the case pre‐
sented. Text Messaging Antitrust Litig., 630 F.3d at 625 (distin‐
guishing the “application of a legal standard to a unique, non‐
recurring set of particular facts”).
For the most part, that is the approach we take here, ana‐
lyzing the district court’s conclusions of mixed questions for
clear error. See Trovare Capital Group, LLC v. Simkins Industries,
Inc., 794 F.3d 772, 778 (7th Cir. 2015) (“We review mixed ques‐
tions of fact and law (that do not involve constitutional rights)
for clear error.”), citing Levenstein v. Salafsky, 414 F.3d 767, 773
(7th Cir. 2005). But that deference ends when the district court
ventures beyond “case‐specific factual issues” and reaches
broader legal conclusions applicable to a whole class of future
cases. Village at Lakeridge, 138 S. Ct. at 967. In such situations
the Supreme Court reminds us that it is an appellate function
to “expound on the law, particularly by amplifying or elabo‐
rating on a broad legal standard” and to develop “auxiliary
legal principles of use in other cases.” Id. We therefore apply
a clear‐error standard of review in this case, taking care not to
defer to the district court’s judgment where it effectively an‐
nounced new legal rules that would govern future cases.
B. Issues Presented
Straits Financial appeals the district court’s findings on li‐
ability, but it does not challenge the district court’s most basic
findings: that Perkins committed fraud, for which Straits Fi‐
nancial is vicariously liable as his employer.6 Instead, Straits
6 Perkins separately appealed from the district court’s judgment, but
we consolidated the appeals and Perkins has adopted all of Straits Finan‐
cial’s arguments as his own. This opinion resolves all the issues presented
in all of the consolidated appeals.
14 Nos. 16‐3860, 16‐3903, 16‐3967 & 17‐2100
Financial argues that the district court erred by not ruling in
its favor on several contract‐based defenses that in its view
should establish its right to liquidate the 33 Account and to
recover the debit balance from Ten Sleep, as well as negate its
liability for conversion and unjust enrichment. In this vein,
Straits Financial first argues that the original RJO agreement
and personal guarantee for the 33 Account should be ex‐
tended to cover the losses in the 35 Account. If those terms,
conditions, and guarantees apply through any one of several
theories, then Carter and Ten Sleep are legally responsible for
the 35 Account losses, and Straits Financial acted appropri‐
ately in pursuing them for those losses. We treat this as a
mixed question of fact and law that involves interpreting the
legal significance of a unique series of transfers, notices,
agreements, and events that established Ten Sleep’s relation‐
ship with Straits Financial.
Second, Straits Financial argues that the ICFA attorney fee
award should be reduced. Its theory is that the work per‐
formed for Ten Sleep’s ICFA claim was separable from attor‐
ney work on its other statutory and common‐law claims. The
district court’s judgment on this question is reviewed for an
abuse of discretion, as explained above.
Both Straits Financial and Ten Sleep (via a cross‐appeal)
challenge the district court’s decision on mitigation of dam‐
ages. Straits Financial challenges the district court’s selection
of June 11 as the date from which Carter’s damages should
have been mitigated under Illinois law, arguing that the
proper date should be April 5. Ten Sleep contends that no mit‐
igation was required and that the district court erred by ap‐
plying comparative negligence principles in a fraud case. As
an application of a legal standard to a particular set of facts,
Nos. 16‐3860, 16‐3903, 16‐3967 & 17‐2100 15
this too is a mixed question of fact and law, but it has legal
repercussions well beyond the facts of this particular case.
These are all issues of Illinois state law. We apply the rele‐
vant decisions of the Illinois Supreme Court, and if a question
of law has not yet been decided by that court, we are to make
a “prediction of how the Supreme Court of Illinois would
rule” on it, using decisions of the state’s intermediate appel‐
late courts for guidance as necessary. Community Bank of Tren‐
ton v. Schnuck Markets, Inc., 887 F.3d 803, 811–12 (7th Cir.
2018), quoting Taco Bell Corp. v. Continental Cas. Co., 388 F.3d
1069, 1077 (7th Cir. 2004).
C. The Rules Governing the 35 Account
Straits Financial contends that the terms, conditions, and
guarantees that constitute the 33 Account’s original RJO
agreement apply to both the 33 Account and new 35 Account
at Straits. It points out that the RJO agreement specifically en‐
visioned the possibility that the 33 Account could be moved
to another financial institution, that the assignment of the
agreement from RJO to Straits Financial is valid under Illinois
law, and that Carter has admitted that Straits Financial sent
the negative consent letter called for in federal regulations.
See 17 C.F.R. § 1.65(a)(2) (requirements for “bulk transfers” of
commodity accounts). Straits Financial argues further that the
33 Account’s “terms and conditions” are the only ones that it
and Ten Sleep could have adopted by reference through the
boilerplate language in the Related Account Authorization
form. Thus, Straits Financial concludes, the district court was
wrong when it reasoned that the authorization form was “so
opaque as to be unenforceable” against Ten Sleep. To what
other terms and conditions could Carter have been assenting?
16 Nos. 16‐3860, 16‐3903, 16‐3967 & 17‐2100
On the surface this seems like a strong argument. Illinois
courts will enforce an assignment even if the “party whose
obligations were assigned” did not receive notice of the trans‐
action, absent exceptions not relevant here. See Grunloh v. Eff‐
ingham Equity, Inc., 528 N.E.2d 1031, 1039 (Ill. App. 1988). In‐
corporation by reference is also permitted. See Wright v. Mr.
Quick, Inc., 486 N.E.2d 908, 910 (Ill. 1985), citing Provident Fed‐
eral Savings & Loan Ass’n v. Realty Centre, Ltd., 454 N.E.2d 249,
251 (Ill. 1983). To be enforceable, an Illinois contract need be
only “sufficiently definite and certain” that a court may “as‐
certain what the parties have agreed to do,” Reese v. Forsythe
Mergers Group, Inc., 682 N.E.2d 208, 214 (Ill. App. 1997), quot‐
ing Academy Chicago Publishers v. Cheever, 578 N.E.2d 981, 983
(Ill. 1991), which in this case was simple: open the 35 Account
under the same standard rules, terms, and conditions as the
33 Account. We agree with Straits Financial to the extent that
there must have been some rules that governed the 35 Ac‐
count, and the authorization form shows an intent to make
the RJO agreement’s standard account formation terms like
the forum selection clause and the electronic signature provi‐
sions apply to both accounts.
Straits Financial’s argument runs aground, however, on a
different point highlighted by the district court: how Illinois
courts interpret guarantees. To have allowed Straits Financial
to confiscate the property in the 33 Account, one of two theo‐
ries must be correct. Either Carter’s personal guarantee of “all
sums owed to RJO … now existing or … hereafter created”
under the 33 Account agreement must also have applied to
guarantee losses in the 35 Account, or the RJO agreement’s
Nos. 16‐3860, 16‐3903, 16‐3967 & 17‐2100 17
short section on debit balances and offsets, which briefly re‐
fers to a “Customer’s obligations,” must have served that
same promissory function for the 35 Account.7
Yet guarantees are construed strictly in Illinois, meaning
that “the scope of a guarantor’s liability extends no further
than that which the guarantor has agreed to accept.” Southern
7 The personal guarantee attached to the 33 Account’s RJO agreement
reads in relevant part:
The undersigned (jointly and severally if there is more
than one) hereby unconditionally and irrevocably guar‐
antees full and prompt payment to RJO of all sums owed
to RJO by Customer pursuant to the [foregoing] Account
Agreement, whether such sums are now existing or are
hereafter created. …
All monies, securities, … or other property belonging to
the undersigned now or at any future time that are on de‐
posit with RJO, for any purpose, are hereby pledged to
RJO for discharge of all of the undersigned’s obligations
hereunder, and RJO may, in its discretion, transfer any of
such property from any of the undersigned’s accounts to
RJO to offset and credit against any of the undersigned’s
obligations to RJO under this Guarantee.
Dkt. 153–1 at 22. The debit balances section of the 33 Account’s RJO agree‐
ment reads in relevant part:
All monies, securities, … or other property now or at any
future time on deposit or in safekeeping with RJO, shall
constitute security for Customer’s obligations hereunder
and Customer grants RJO the right to sell or use such se‐
curity to offset and credit any of those obligations not
promptly paid. Customer understands that Customer is
liable to RJO for any deficit (“debit”) balance in the ac‐
count(s) remaining after any such offset.
Id. at 13 ¶5.
18 Nos. 16‐3860, 16‐3903, 16‐3967 & 17‐2100
Wine & Spirits of Illinois, Inc. v. Steiner, 8 N.E.3d 1065, 1069 (Ill.
App. 2014), citing Riley Acquisitions, Inc. v. Drexler, 946 N.E.2d
957, 965–66 (Ill. App. 2011). “A guarantor has acquired status
as a favorite of the law, and when construing liability the
court accords the guarantor the benefit of any doubts that
may arise from the language of the contract.” Southern Wine &
Spirits of Illinois, 8 N.E.3d at 1069, citing Schiff v. Continental
Nat’l Bank & Trust Co. of Chicago, 255 Ill. App. 333, 340 (1930).
In addition, even where a guarantee’s terms may apply after
an assignment, a guarantor is discharged from liability if
there is “a material change in the business dealings” between
the parties “and some increase in the risk undertaken by the
guarantor.” See Southern Wine & Spirits of Illinois, 8 N.E.3d at
1070, citing Harris Trust & Savings Bank v. Stephans, 422 N.E.2d
1136, 1139 (Ill. App. 1981); see also Grundstad v. Ritt, 166 F.3d
867, 870 (7th Cir. 1999). In the words of the district court, “Il‐
linois courts look to ‘whether there has been a material change
in risk to the guarantor.’” Dkt. 83 at 9, quoting Grundstad, 166
F.3d at 870.
There certainly was a material change in business dealings
and Ten Sleep’s risks here. What began as a non‐discretionary
trading relationship designed to secure livestock price cer‐
tainty for Ten Sleep turned into unauthorized and unre‐
strained speculation on Treasury Bond futures at the sole dis‐
cretion of Straits Financial’s employee, who defrauded Ten
Sleep. The 35 Account was neither the same kind of business
relationship nor, once the unauthorized trading began, did it
present the same risks to Ten Sleep and Carter as the 33 Ac‐
count. It was also not set up through clear and unambiguous
contracts that would indicate Carter and Ten Sleep’s willing‐
ness to be held responsible for Perkins’s fraud (assuming such
terms would even be enforced). Holding either Carter or Ten
Nos. 16‐3860, 16‐3903, 16‐3967 & 17‐2100 19
Sleep liable for those losses would stretch the boilerplate of
the personal guarantee and the RJO agreement much further
than Illinois law on guarantees permits. As Illinois courts
have repeatedly said: “A guarantor’s liability is not to be var‐
ied or extended beyond the terms of the guaranty.” Roels v.
Drew Industries, Inc., 608 N.E.2d 411, 415 (Ill. App. 1992) (cita‐
tions omitted).
Straits Financial also argues that by not immediately ob‐
jecting to the unauthorized trades Perkins made, Ten Sleep
ratified those trades and must be held financially responsible
for them. This is an offshoot of Straits Financial’s argument
that the RJO agreement applies, since paragraph 11 of the RJO
agreement provided:
Unless a managed (discretionary) account has
been arranged through the execution of a writ‐
ten trading authorization, each order should be
communicated to RJO by the Customer or Cus‐
tomer’s duly authorized broker. Instructions
should include, but may not necessarily be lim‐
ited to, the commodity involved, quantity,
price, and delivery month. Any trade not specifi‐
cally authorized by Customer must be immediately
reported by Customer directly to RJO’s Compliance
Department. Customer will be financially responsi‐
ble for all trades not so reported and for any losses
arising by virtue of a course of dealing involving his
grant of de facto control over the account to his bro‐
ker.
20 Nos. 16‐3860, 16‐3903, 16‐3967 & 17‐2100
Dkt. 153–1 at 14 (emphasis added). The RJO agreement pro‐
vided further that a customer’s failure to respond immedi‐
ately would be considered a ratification of all account activ‐
ity.8
Straits Financial’s ratification argument fails under Illinois
law for several reasons. First, deeming Carter’s silence during
the April–June period as consent to fraud would amount to
yet another way of applying the 33 Account’s personal guar‐
antee to relieve Straits Financial and Perkins of liability for
proven fraud.
Second, though Illinois permits “particular definitions” of
contract terms to supersede the “generally accepted mean‐
ing” of the words used, see Continental Casualty Co. v. Donald
T. Bertucci, Ltd., 926 N.E.2d 833, 839 (Ill. App. 2010), citing Sims
v. Allstate Ins. Co., 851 N.E.2d 701, 704 (Ill. App. 2006), regard‐
less of the particular definition of “ratification” used here, Il‐
linois law allows contracting parties relief from fraudulent
transactions as long as the fraud victim disavows the transac‐
tion “promptly after learning of the fraud.” Freedberg v. Ohio
Nat’l Ins. Co., 975 N.E.2d 1189, 1197 (Ill. App. 2012) (“One
seeking to rescind a transaction on the ground of fraud or mis‐
representation must elect to do so promptly after learning of
8 Regarding this duty to report problems immediately, paragraph 12
of the RJO agreement provided:
IN THE EVENT THAT CUSTOMER DOES NOT
RESPOND IMMEDIATELY, EXECUTED ORDERS AND
STATEMENT REPORTS SHALL BE CONSIDERED
RATIFIED BY CUSTOMER AND SHALL RELIEVE RJO
OF ANY RESPONSIBILITY WHATSOEVER RELATIVE
TO THE ORDER(S) IN QUESTION.
Dkt. 153–1 at 15.
Nos. 16‐3860, 16‐3903, 16‐3967 & 17‐2100 21
the fraud or misrepresentation, must announce his purpose
and must adhere to it.”), quoting Mollihan v. Stephany, 340
N.E.2d 627, 629 (Ill. App. 1975); Kanter v. Ksander, 176 N.E. 289,
291 (Ill. 1931) (same).
Immediately upon learning of this fraud, Carter main‐
tained that the 35 Account was “supposed to zero out” on
March 16 and that Straits Financial had to send him “100 per‐
cent of the money that was in the 33 account” when it was
seized. Dkt. 146 at 637; see also Dkt. 6 at 13 (alleging conver‐
sion and demanding “immediate possession of the assets”
taken). Carter had the right to seek this refund since “a party
may exercise a right to rescind for fraud as to part of the con‐
tract” when valid business dealings can be severed from
fraudulent activity. See Olson v. Eulette, 74 N.E.2d 609, 613 (Ill.
App. 1947); see also Keeshin v. Levin, 334 N.E.2d 898, 906 (Ill.
App. 1975). Here, Perkins’s fraudulent activity after March 16
in the 35 Account is easily divisible from the legitimate ac‐
counts and trades authorized by Ten Sleep.
Finally, Illinois courts have rejected strict formalism when
asked to excuse fraud. They are loathe to reach “a result …
contrary to the established principle that a party committing
fraud should be precluded from benefiting therefrom.” Sha‐
nahan v. Schindler, 379 N.E.2d 1307, 1316 (Ill. App. 1978), citing
Bell v. Felt, 102 Ill. App. 218 (1902). So are we.
Under basic contract principles, Carter did not have an ob‐
ligation to repudiate Perkins’s trades until he had actual
knowledge of them. See Restatement (Third) of Agency § 4.06
(2006) (“A person is not bound by a ratification made without
knowledge of material facts”); see also Clews v. Jamieson, 182
U.S. 461, 483 (1901) (noting the “well known” principle that a
principal’s ratification comes “within a reasonable time after
22 Nos. 16‐3860, 16‐3903, 16‐3967 & 17‐2100
the fact has come to his knowledge”); Eastern Trading Co. v.
Refco, Inc., 229 F.3d 617, 625 (7th Cir. 2000) (ratification occurs
“by failing to repudiate [trades] upon discovery of them”);
Stathis v. Geldermann, Inc., 692 N.E.2d 798, 808 (Ill. App. 1998)
(“full knowledge of the act” needed), citing Peskin v. Deutsch,
479 N.E.2d 1034, 1039 (Ill. App. 1985). Carter objected imme‐
diately upon discovering the fraud—he did not acquiesce to
it. The RJO agreement does not change that conclusion.9
Also, Straits Financial’s legal theory relies too heavily on a
suggestion we made in a footnote in Anspacher & Associates,
Inc. v. Henderson, 854 F.2d 941 (7th Cir. 1988). That opinion’s
footnote 2 hypothesized that “the terms of a signed customer
agreement” requiring prompt action by the customer to dis‐
pute transactions “could … bar a commodities customer from
recovering damages for his broker’s fraud” under Illinois law.
Id. at 947 n.2. For this possibility under Illinois law, though,
Anspacher cited an Arizona case where a customer noticed and
9 One decision of the Illinois Appellate Court took a slightly different
view: “although normally a principal’s actual knowledge of the transac‐
tion is essential, ‘one whose ignorance or mistake was the result of gross
or culpable negligence in failing to learn the facts will be estopped as if he
had full knowledge of the facts.’” Progress Printing Corp. v. Jane Byrne Po‐
litical Committee, 601 N.E.2d 1055, 1067–68 (Ill. App. 1992), quoting 18 Ill.
Law & Prac. Estoppel § 23 at 84 (1956). But Progress Printing was not a case
about fraud. It affirmed a “finding of ratification where a political com‐
mittee did not fully pay for printed campaign materials that it had ac‐
cepted and used.” Coyne v. Claypool, No. 1–16–0061, 2016 WL 7429443 at
*10 (Ill. App. Dec. 23, 2016) (summarizing Progress Printing). This case is
markedly different. Carter did not have knowledge of the trades when
they were made, nor did he ratify them “by accepting the benefits of those
acts” later. See Kulchawik v. Durabla Mfg. Co., 864 N.E.2d 744, 750 (Ill. App.
2007), citing City of Burbank v. Illinois State Labor Relations Bd., 541 N.E.2d
1259, 1264 (Ill. App. 1989).
Nos. 16‐3860, 16‐3903, 16‐3967 & 17‐2100 23
was irritated by (but did not formally object in writing to) un‐
authorized transactions occurring repeatedly over a period of
several years. Id., citing Shapiro v. Bache & Co., Inc., 569 P.2d
267, 270–71 (Ariz. App. 1977). Indeed, Shapiro reads like a case
about an investor whose equivocal complaints about unau‐
thorized transactions bordered on bad faith. As the Shapiro
court explained, despite these purportedly unauthorized
transactions:
Shapiro continued to execute transactions
through his registered representatives, and to
accept repeated notifications of the transactions
in question and to pay margin calls on demand,
all of which conduct continued for more than
three years from the time of the first unauthor‐
ized transaction.
569 P.2d at 271 (emphasis added).
Nothing remotely like the facts in Shapiro happened here.
Unlike the customer in Anspacher itself, Carter was not “wait‐
ing to see the results of those [unauthorized] trades” before
expressing his concern. 854 F.2d at 942. Carter did not actually
know about these trades until it was too late. When he found
out, he immediately set up a meeting with Perkins. Finding
Carter or Ten Sleep responsible for losses resulting from Per‐
kins’s proven fraud would in essence apply a guarantee or
ratification that was never given. We affirm the district court’s
rejection of Straits Financial’s defenses based on the RJO
agreement.10
10 Straits Financial makes an estoppel argument as well, claiming that
“Straits was lulled into a false sense of security that Ten Sleep had agreed
that its RJO Agreement continued to govern” the relationship. This is not
24 Nos. 16‐3860, 16‐3903, 16‐3967 & 17‐2100
D. The ICFA Attorney Fee Award
We also agree with the district court, Ten Sleep, and Carter
regarding the attorney fee award under the Illinois Consumer
Fraud and Deceptive Business Practices Act (ICFA or Act).
The ICFA permits trial courts to award fees to the prevailing
party as a matter of discretion. 815 Ill. Comp. Stat. Ann.
505/10a(c); Ciampi v. Ogden Chrysler Plymouth, Inc., 634 N.E.2d
448, 462–63 (Ill. App. 1994). Illinois courts have interpreted
this fee provision to allow fee awards for work on an ICFA
claim and “for work on non‐Act claims when the Act claim is
so inextricably intertwined with the non‐Act claims that it
cannot be distinguished.” Dubey v. Public Storage, Inc., 918
N.E.2d 265, 283 (Ill. App. 2009), citing Ardt v. State, 687 N.E.2d
126, 131–32 (Ill. App. 1997) (discussing case that “arose from
a common core of facts”). Dubey also explained what Illinois
courts mean by inextricably intertwined: “Here, we find that
the conversion and breach of contract claims were [1] based
on the same evidence and [2] the time spent on each issue
could not be distinguished.” Id., citing Ciampi, 634 N.E.2d at
463. But it is not the case that “all counts in a consumer action
tried together are compensable”—the party seeking fees must
do more than show that “some of the evidence was the same.”
Schorsch v. Fireside Chrysler‐Plymouth, Mazda, Inc., 677 N.E.2d
976, 979 (Ill. App. 1997).
a reason to hold Ten Sleep or Carter liable for something Ten Sleep did not
do. As explained above, the most basic terms governing the Straits‐Ten
Sleep relationship were supplied by the stock terms of the 33 Account’s
RJO agreement. But as also explained above, Illinois law does not permit
the guarantees, obligations, or immediate ratification language pertaining
to that account to be applied silently to a very different later relationship
with a higher risk to the customer‐guarantor.
Nos. 16‐3860, 16‐3903, 16‐3967 & 17‐2100 25
The district court did not abuse its discretion in awarding
Ten Sleep fees for “the work reasonably performed on all of
Ten Sleep’s claims and defenses.” Straits Financial LLC v. Ten
Sleep Cattle Co., No. 12 CV 6110, 2017 WL 5900280, at *2 (N.D.
Ill. May 2, 2017). Among other elements, ICFA plaintiffs must
prove a “deceptive act or practice by the defendant,” must
prove that the defendant intended for the plaintiff to rely on
that deception, and must also prove that the deception proxi‐
mately caused the plaintiff’s damages. De Bouse v. Bayer, 922
N.E.2d 309, 313 (Ill. 2009). This need to prove deception, in‐
tent, causation, and damages, and to defend these theories
from legal counter‐attack, meant that Ten Sleep had to un‐
cover and present volumes of facts and arguments about Per‐
kins’s unauthorized trading and the relationships among
Carter, Perkins, and Straits Financial. The details of the ac‐
count formation, the unauthorized trading, and its conse‐
quences formed the common core of all theories in this case.
As Judge Shah correctly observed: “Facts tending to prove
fraudulent or deceptive activity were woven throughout this
case and the work done to develop those facts and theories
cannot be neatly separated by claim.” Straits Financial, 2017
WL 5900280, at *2.11
E. Mitigation of Damages on the Fraud Claims
1. The Parties’ Arguments
In their cross‐appeal, Carter and Ten Sleep ask us to over‐
turn the district court’s judgment that they failed to mitigate
their damages by “neglecting communications … and never
11 Counsel for Ten Sleep subtracted time for work demonstrably un‐
related to ICFA issues, such as the work on an unsuccessful jurisdictional
motion to dismiss.
26 Nos. 16‐3860, 16‐3903, 16‐3967 & 17‐2100
inquiring about suspicious circumstances,” including the fact
that Carter “did not know what document … govern[ed] his
relationship with Straits.” Dkt. 83 at 10. The district court
found that Carter should have discovered and put a stop to
Perkins’s fraud before June 20, 2012 by reading the mailed
trading confirmations and asking about the status of the 35
Account. Judge Zagel found this amounted to a failure to ex‐
ercise reasonable diligence and ordinary care under general
principles of Illinois contract law. Id., citing Ner Tamid Congre‐
gation of North Town v. Krivoruchko, 638 F. Supp. 2d 913, 919–
20 (N.D. Ill. 2009); see also Nancy’s Home of the Stuffed Pizza,
Inc. v. Cirrincione, 494 N.E.2d 795, 800 (Ill. App. 1986) (in gen‐
eral, a “party being damaged cannot stand idly by and allow
the injury to continue and increase without making reasona‐
ble efforts to avoid further loss”), citing Jensen v. Chicago &
Western Indiana R.R. Co., 419 N.E.2d 578, 591 (Ill. App. 1981).
Accordingly, the district court decided to reduce Ten
Sleep’s damages to those incurred as of the June 11, 2012 trad‐
ing day, an “earlier date” by which Perkins’s unauthorized
trading “could and should have been discovered.” This re‐
sulted in a $749,153.30 reduction in Ten Sleep’s damages, from
approximately $2.21 million to around $1.46 million. Ten
Sleep contests this conclusion and the resulting reduction in
damages, arguing that the district court should not have ap‐
plied duties and principles for ordinary contract or compara‐
tive negligence cases to reduce the recovery of a victim of in‐
tentional fraud. It argues further that no mitigation was pos‐
sible until Carter learned the real facts of the fraud on June 20,
at which point he took action immediately. For its part, Straits
Financial asks us to affirm the district court’s legal analysis,
but to choose a much earlier starting date for the duty of mit‐
igation: April 5, which would cut damages sharply.
Nos. 16‐3860, 16‐3903, 16‐3967 & 17‐2100 27
Judge Zagel decided in essence that inquiry notice—in the
form of trading confirmations and statements piling up in
Carter’s mailbox during calving season—was enough to treat
Carter as if he were actually aware of the fraudulent activity
in Ten Sleep’s account, and was also enough to hold him re‐
sponsible for Perkins’s later unauthorized trades. The judge
then selected a date by which Carter should have had that
awareness, June 11, and reduced Ten Sleep’s damages to the
amount it should receive if Carter had intervened then.
2. Analysis
The Solomonic character of the judge’s approach to the is‐
sue is readily apparent. We find, however, that the compro‐
mise was based on a faulty legal premise. Fraud victims are
not responsible for their agent’s fraud before they even learn
of any unauthorized activity. Illinois courts have not adopted
Straits Financial’s or the district court’s position on this issue.
Under Illinois law, the injured party must have actual
knowledge of the problem before it must act to mitigate its
damages. See Continental Concrete Pipe Corp. v. Century Road
Builders, Inc., 552 N.E.2d 1032, 1042 (Ill. App. 1990). Though
Continental Concrete Pipe was a defective product case, its rea‐
soning provides significant guidance here.
In Continental Concrete Pipe, according to the project speci‐
fications and unless it received contrary instructions, a con‐
struction company should have tested the sewer pipe it was
laying after installing the first 1,200 feet of pipe. On the in‐
structions of the local village engineer, though, the construc‐
tion company delayed the pipe test until 1,800 feet had been
completed. At that point, a test showed the pipe to be defec‐
tive. Even though the construction company had laid an ad‐
ditional 600 feet of pipe before performing the required test,
28 Nos. 16‐3860, 16‐3903, 16‐3967 & 17‐2100
the court held it could still recover the full damages it suffered
from the supplier’s defective pipe. This was because, under
Illinois law, “the duty to mitigate damages does not arise until
the party upon whom the duty is impressed is aware of facts
which make the duty to mitigate necessary.” Id. (citation, quo‐
tation marks and brackets omitted). Because the construction
company “did not become aware of any facts which made any
duty to mitigate necessary” until it performed the belated test,
no duty to mitigate arose before that time. Id.
We have reached the same conclusion in another case of
fraud. The duty to mitigate damages does not arise until the
injured party has actual knowledge of the injury. In other
words, fraud victims are expected to take reasonable action
once they are made aware of the real situation. But fraud vic‐
tims will not lose the benefit of later remedies simply because
better precautions on their part might have avoided the fraud
or ended it sooner, which is often the case, especially with a
court’s benefit of hindsight. In a case about a loan from a pen‐
sion fund and the fund’s imprudent trustees, we said:
Had the trustees [simply] done what any inves‐
tor should have done, there would have been no
loss here….
But such investigations and other devices are
distinctly second‐best solutions to legal and
practical problems, and we will not establish a
legal rule under which investors must resort to
the costly self‐help approach of investigation on
pain of losing the protection of the principal le‐
gal safeguard, the rule against fraud.
Nos. 16‐3860, 16‐3903, 16‐3967 & 17‐2100 29
This is just another way to state the common law
rule that contributory negligence is not a de‐
fense to an intentional or reckless tort. Prosser &
Keeton, The Law of Torts 462 (5th ed. 1984); Re‐
statement (Second) of Torts §§ 481, 482 (1965).
The best solution is for people not to harm oth‐
ers intentionally, not for potential victims to
take elaborate precautions against such depre‐
dations.
Teamsters Local 282 Pension Trust Fund v. Angelos, 762 F.2d 522,
527–28 (7th Cir. 1985). We did not base this rule on how elab‐
orate the suggested precaution would be. Instead, we summa‐
rized the relevant inquiry in two parts:
The first question for the legal system is whether
to create a duty to disclose information truth‐
fully. Such a duty, if created, rests on the prop‐
osition that the information ought to come out,
and that people ought not be left to their own
investigative talents. Once the duty to disclose
exists, and lying or nondisclosure is condemned
as an intentional tort, it no longer matters
whether the buyer conducts an investigation
well or at all.
Id. at 528; see also Astor Chauffeured Limousine Co. v. Runnfeldt
Inv. Corp., 910 F.2d 1540, 1546 (7th Cir. 1990) (explaining Team‐
sters Local 282).12
12 Exceptions to this general rule further underscore the importance
of the injured party’s actual knowledge. In Teamsters Local 282, we noted
that “there are some occasions when the plaintiff’s ‘gross conduct some‐
what comparable to that of the defendant’ could bar recovery.” Indosuez
30 Nos. 16‐3860, 16‐3903, 16‐3967 & 17‐2100
Here, it is established that Perkins (and by extension,
Straits Financial) had a fiduciary duty to Ten Sleep, and that
he breached this duty by continuing his unauthorized trading
“even after Carter instructed him to stop.” Dkt. 83 at 6. Per‐
kins breached it again “by failing to disclose this activity to
Carter.” Id. Since fraud is, of course, an intentional tort under
Illinois law, we must not forget that “an action for an inten‐
tional tort cannot be defeated by an assertion of negligence on
the part of the plaintiff” regardless of whether the fraud claim
is brought “at law or in equity.” Mother Earth, Ltd. v. Straw‐
berry Camel, Ltd., 390 N.E.2d 393, 405 (Ill. App. 1979) (citations
omitted); see also Roda v. Berko, 81 N.E.2d 912, 916 (Ill. 1948)
(“where there is an intentional and deliberate fraud … it is not
the privilege of the perpetrator of the fraud to interpose the
defense that the one defrauded was not sufficiently careful to
discover the fraud and prevent its accomplishment”); see also
Williams Electronics Games, Inc. v. Garrity, 366 F.3d 569, 573 (7th
Cir. 2004) (same). In light of Continental Concrete Pipe and
Teamsters Local 282, this is true whether the defrauding party
seeks complete relief from liability or only partial relief from
Carr Futures, Inc v. Commodity Futures Trading Comm’n, 27 F.3d 1260, 1265
(7th Cir. 1994), quoting Teamsters Local 282, 762 F.2d at 529. In those in‐
stances, the fraud victim already knows about a misrepresentation and
decides not to object to it. Investors cannot act on a known misrepresenta‐
tion “and later claim deception,” or rely “upon an isolated oral variance
contradicting” information they know to be true, or claim deception re‐
garding “things actually known to the investor equally or better than to
the speaker.” Id. at 1266. We have also applied this actual knowledge an‐
alysis when futures commission merchants point to the customer’s faulty
“due diligence” as a defense. See DeRance, Inc. v. PaineWebber Inc., 872 F.2d
1312, 1322–23 (7th Cir. 1989) (discussing Teamsters Local 282). Inquiry no‐
tice, in the form of a pile of mail, is not enough to impose new responsi‐
bilities on a fraud victim as a matter of law.
Nos. 16‐3860, 16‐3903, 16‐3967 & 17‐2100 31
the full measure of damages.13 Because the district court held
Carter and Ten Sleep to the wrong legal standard for mitiga‐
tion of damages, that portion of the district court’s judgment
must be reversed and remanded for recalculation of Ten
Sleep’s damages, and a supplemental fee award for appellate
work may be needed.
The judgment of the district court as to the parties’ liabili‐
ties and its award of attorney fees are AFFIRMED. The district
court’s award of damages to Ten Sleep is REVERSED because
of the erroneous reliance on the doctrine of mitigation of dam‐
ages, and on that issue, we REMAND the case for further pro‐
ceedings consistent with this opinion.
13 Neither the RJO agreement’s insistence on prompt action in re‐
sponse to erroneous statements nor Anspacher operate to change this con‐
clusion. See above at 19–23. Only in situations like Shapiro, where the cus‐
tomer had actual knowledge of the years of unauthorized activity, see 569
P.2d at 271, and troubling situations like Anspacher, where the customer
decided to “wait[] to see the results of those [unauthorized] trades,” see
854 F.2d at 942, should the law make a customer responsible for losses
created by a broker’s fraud.