___________

                                 No. 95-2269
                                 ___________

United States of America,             *
                                      *
      Appellee,                       *
                                      * Appeal from the United States
      v.                              * District Court for the
                                      * District of Nebraska.
Christopher G. White,                 *
                                      *
      Appellant.                      *
                                 ___________

                   Submitted:    November 14, 1995

                        Filed:   April 18, 1996
                                 ___________

Before BEAM, HEANEY, and MORRIS SHEPPARD ARNOLD, Circuit Judges.
                               ___________

BEAM, Circuit Judge.


      Christopher G. White (White) entered a conditional plea of guilty to
conspiracy to distribute cocaine and possession with intent to distribute
cocaine in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 846.    White's plea was conditioned on
                                        1
his right to appeal the district court's denial of his motion to suppress
evidence discovered during a search of his vehicle.    We affirm.


I.   BACKGROUND


      Shortly after 12:00 noon on June 16, 1993, White was driving his
Lincoln Town Car eastbound on Interstate Highway 80 (I-80) when he overtook
Lieutenant Steven Evans (Evans) of the Nebraska State Patrol.       Evans,
traveling in his unmarked cruiser at approximately sixty-five miles per
hour, estimated that White was traveling




        1
       The Honorable Thomas M. Shanahan, United States District
Court Judge for the District of Nebraska.
seventy-five miles per hour, thereby exceeding the posted speed limit.


     After passing Evans' cruiser, White returned to the right lane of
eastbound I-80 without signaling his lane change.        He then began weaving
on the interstate, alternately driving on the right shoulder of the road
and crossing the center line separating the two eastbound lanes of traffic.
White's erratic driving pattern continued for several miles.          Observing
this behavior, Evans radioed Trooper Daniel Wilson (Wilson), another
patrolman in the area.      Evans described White's driving to Wilson, who
caught up to White and began to follow White in his marked patrol car.
Wilson also observed White's erratic driving.      Concerned that White might
be driving under the influence of alcohol or drugs, Wilson stopped the Town
Car at about 12:20 p.m.


     Wilson exited his patrol car and approached the driver's side of
White's vehicle.      Sergeant Roger Schmidt, who had been traveling with
Wilson that day as an observer, stationed himself near the passenger side
of White's car.   Evans, who had pulled in behind Wilson's cruiser, remained
in his own vehicle.   Upon reaching White, Wilson requested White's driver's
license and vehicle registration.      White promptly produced his Virginia
operator's license and a New York temporary registration.     Because White's
car bore Virginia license plates, Wilson asked White if he possessed a
Virginia   registration.      White   produced   the   Virginia   registration,
explaining that he had purchased the car in New York a few weeks earlier
and had retained the in-transit registration.


     While Wilson inspected White's license and registration, he asked
White about his employment and destination.        White told Wilson he was
employed by a construction company in Virginia and was returning from a
vacation in Las Vegas.    Wilson advised White that he had stopped White for
an improper lane change and for driving on the shoulder, and added that he
was concerned White was




                                      -2-
driving under the influence of alcohol or drugs.   White replied that he was
merely tired, and explained that he was expected back at work in Richmond,
Virginia, the following Monday and had had only five hours of sleep since
he had left Las Vegas the previous day. Wilson found White's comments
unusual, believing White should have no trouble making it back to Richmond
since it was only Wednesday.   Although Wilson did not notice any signs of
drug or alcohol impairment as he questioned White, Wilson found White's
manner unusually nervous, noting White's shaking hands and rapid breathing.
Wilson also noticed that the interior of White's vehicle smelled strongly
of deodorizer, although he could see only one small deodorizer in the rear
view mirror.


     At the end of this exchange, Wilson decided to issue White a written
warning for the traffic violations he had observed.    Wilson told White to
remain in his car and returned to his cruiser to fill out the warning card
and run a "wants and warrants" computer check on White.   The computer check
revealed no irregularities, so Wilson returned to White, handed him his
license and registration, and explained the warning ticket.   White thanked
Wilson and said he would get some rest.    Wilson then asked to search the
Town Car for drugs, weapons, large amounts of cash, alcohol, and illegal
fireworks.


     At this point, the parties offer different versions of the facts.
Wilson testified at the hearing on White's motion to suppress that White
consented to a search of his vehicle.      White testified that he advised
Wilson the car did not contain contraband but did not consent to the
search.   In any event, the parties agree that Wilson asked White to get out
of the vehicle.    White exited and Wilson conducted a pat-down search of
White, discovering a pager.     Wilson then introduced White to Sergeant
Schmidt, who stood with White while Wilson and Trooper Evans, who had
joined them, began to search the vehicle.     Trooper Wilson asked to gain
access to the trunk of the car, and White walked to the front driver's




                                    -3-
side door and entered a numeric code which opened the trunk.            The search
of the trunk revealed that the trunk carpeting was glued down unevenly and
that a freshly-painted metal compartment was lodged directly underneath the
trunk, indicating recent alterations to the vehicle.             The trunk also
contained several deodorizers.      After discussing these observations, the
troopers radioed for a police dog.     The dog arrived at approximately 12:50
p.m. and promptly alerted to the odor of narcotics.         White's car was then
taken to a State Patrol office, where a warrant was obtained and a more
thorough search revealed 112 pounds of cocaine.


        White filed a motion to suppress the evidence seized pursuant to the
search of his vehicle.       Following an evidentiary hearing, a federal
magistrate judge issued a Report and Recommendation to deny the motion.
The district court adopted the magistrate judge's recommendations, and
White    now   appeals.   White   argues   that   Trooper   Wilson   unjustifiably
escalated the traffic stop into an investigative stop in violation of the
Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution.


II.    DISCUSSION


        The district court held, and White concedes, that the initial stop
of White's vehicle for traffic violations was lawful.            White contends,
however, that Wilson's questions during the stop were not, as our cases
require, reasonably confined to the circumstances which justified the
detention in the first instance. See United States v. Cummins, 

, 502 (8th Cir. 1990), cert. denied, 

(1991) (detention
during lawful traffic stop must be reasonably related in scope to the
circumstances which justified the interference in the first place).           When
Wilson asked White for permission to search for contraband, White argues,
he    escalated the traffic stop into an investigative stop which was
unsupported by the requisite level of reasonable suspicion as defined in
Terry v. Ohio, 

(1968).     White further asserts that, assuming his




                                      -4-
consent was given, it was not sufficiently voluntary to purge the taint of
the unconstitutional Terry stop, and thus the fruits of the search must be
suppressed.


      We disagree with White's characterization of his encounter with
Trooper Wilson.      We have held that a reasonable investigation during a
traffic stop "may include asking for the driver's license and registration,
requesting the driver to sit in the patrol car, and asking the driver about
his destination and purpose."       United States v. Ramos, 

, 1163
(8th Cir. 1994), cert. denied, 

(1995).           A law enforcement
officer may also run a computer check to establish whether the vehicle has
been stolen and to ascertain whether there are outstanding arrest warrants
for the occupants of the car.       See United States v. McManus, 

,
993   (8th   Cir. 1995).       Wilson efficiently carried out all of these
procedures during his stop of White.         After completing those tasks, Wilson
returned to White, handed White his license and registration, and explained
the warning ticket.        Under the circumstances of this case, those actions
ended the initial traffic stop.       The events beyond that point, however, did
not constitute a Terry stop as White contends.             Instead, after White's
license and registration were returned and the warning was issued, the
encounter became nothing more than a consensual encounter between a private
citizen and a law enforcement officer.         See United States v. Werking, 

(10th Cir. 1990) (traffic stop concluded and became consensual
encounter when officer returned driver's license and registration).


      A.     Consensual Encounters


      It is well established that not all personal contacts between law
enforcement     officers    and   citizens   constitute    "seizures"   for   Fourth
Amendment purposes.    

n.16.        A seizure does not occur
simply because a law enforcement officer approaches an individual and asks
a few questions or requests permission to




                                        -5-
search an area--even if the officer has no reason to suspect the individual
is involved in criminal activity--provided the officer does not indicate
that compliance with his request is required.   Florida v. Bostick, 

, 434-35 (1991).   So long as a reasonable person would feel free "`to
disregard the police and go about his business,'" the encounter is
consensual and implicates no Fourth Amendment interest.          

(quoting California v. Hodari D., 

, 628 (1991)).     During such
an encounter, the person approached "need not answer any question put to
him; indeed, he may decline to listen to the questions at all and may go
on his way."    Florida v. Royer, 

, 497-98 (1983) (plurality
opinion).


     Although there is no litmus test for determining when an encounter
becomes a seizure, we have noted that circumstances indicative of a seizure
may include "`the threatening presence of several officers, the display of
a weapon by an officer, some physical touching of the person of the
citizen, or the use of language or tone of voice indicating that compliance
with the officer's request might be compelled.'"    United States v. Angell,

, 809 (8th Cir. 1993) (quoting United States v. Mendenhall, 

, 554 (1980) (opinion of Stewart, J.)), cert. denied, 

(1994).   The ultimate determination of whether a seizure occurred is
a question of law which we consider de novo. 

found by the district court, all of which are amply
supported in the record, clearly demonstrate that White was no longer
seized within the meaning of the Fourth Amendment after Wilson returned
White's identification and issued a warning ticket.       The district court
found that Wilson displayed no weapons during the encounter, and that the
tone of the entire exchange was cooperative.       Although there were three
officers present at the scene of the stop, the record indicates that
Trooper Evans and Sergeant Schmidt were little more than passive observers
prior to




                                    -6-
commencement of the search.              While it is true that Wilson did not tell
White    he   was   free   to    leave    after    he   returned   White's   license   and
registration, it was White who prolonged the encounter beyond that time by
telling Wilson he would get some rest.             Moreover, at the time Wilson asked
to search the vehicle White had everything he needed to lawfully proceed
on his journey.          See 

(individual seized when
officers      retained     his   airline     ticket     and   driver's   license   during
questioning).       Under these circumstances, we believe a reasonable person
in White's position at the time Wilson asked for permission to search would
feel free to terminate the encounter and be on his way.                  Thus, Wilson's
request to search came during the course of a consensual encounter and was
permissible with or without reasonable suspicion.2


          2
        Contrary to White's assertions, our prior cases do not
dictate a different conclusion. Indeed, the facts of this case are
almost indistinguishable from those in United States v. White, 

(8th Cir. 1994). There, a patrolman stopped the driver of
a rental truck for swerving on the interstate. 

After
questioning the driver, the patrolman issued a warning ticket,
returned the driver's license and rental agreement, and told the
driver he was free to go. 

Immediately thereafter, the
patrolman asked if he could search the driver's truck. The driver
voluntarily consented. 

On appeal, we declined to
suppress the evidence found during the search of the truck. Noting
that "a consensual search does not violate the Fourth Amendment if
the consent was voluntarily given," we held that the search posed
no constitutional problems. 

believes his detention was similar to that
found unconstitutional in United States v. Ramos, his reliance on
Ramos is misplaced. In Ramos, an officer stopped two brothers for
a violation of Iowa's seatbelt law. The officer requested that the
driver sit in the patrol car as he ran a computer check, but
allowed the passenger to remain in the 

-
62.   After completing the computer check, the officer kept the
brothers separated and asked each of them additional questions
about where they lived, their destination, their employment, and
the contents of their vehicle. 

Only after pursuing
these questions did the officer ask for permission to search the
vehicle.   We held that under the circumstances the additional
questioning and delay constituted a Terry stop unsupported by
reasonable suspicion. 

        This case involves none of the additional delay or further

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     B.   Voluntariness of Consent


     Because Wilson's request to search White's vehicle involved no Fourth
Amendment violation, the fruits of that search need not be suppressed so
long as White voluntarily consented to the search. See, e.g., United States
v. Miller, 

, 930 (8th Cir.), cert. denied, 

(1994); United States v. Cortez, 

(8th Cir. 1991), cert.
denied, 

(1992).   It is the prosecution's burden to prove by
a preponderance of the evidence that a consent to search was freely given.

.    In determining whether the prosecution has met
that burden, courts look to both the characteristics of the accused and the
details of the environment in which the consent was given.    United States
v. Chaidez, 

, 381 (8th Cir. 1990).      We review the district
court's assessment of voluntariness for clear error.     

     As noted earlier, Wilson and White offer different accounts of
White's response to Wilson's request to search.   Wilson testified that upon
asking permission to search the vehicle, White promptly consented.     White,
on the other hand, testified that he did not give Wilson permission to
search.   The district court credited Wilson's testimony, and nothing in the
record has persuaded us that that finding is clearly erroneous.


     The district court then analyzed the factors, enunciated in Chaidez,
relevant to the voluntariness of White's consent.   The court found that the
defendant was twenty-six years old and had completed an eleventh grade
education.   It noted that White was not




questioning which created the Terry stop in Ramos. Nor were there
circumstances in this case, like the continued separation of the
brothers in Ramos, which prevented White from terminating his
encounter with Wilson after his identification was returned. We
therefore find Ramos clearly distinguishable from this case.

                                     -8-
under the influence of drugs or alcohol when he was questioned, and that
he had no apparent difficulty understanding Wilson's request to search the
vehicle.       The district court also observed that the encounter took place
during daylight hours on the shoulder of the interstate after the defendant
had been detained for only ten minutes.       Although Wilson did not inform
White he had the right to refuse to consent, the district court emphasized
that nothing in the officer's manner indicated he was attempting to
misrepresent White's rights in order to convince White to consent.3
Further, and perhaps most significantly, the district court found that
White's actions were consistent with a finding of voluntary consent.    White
made no objections to the search either before or after the search began,
and even opened the trunk.     Under these circumstances, the district court
found that White voluntarily consented to the search of his vehicle.      We
have reviewed the record and have found nothing which suggests we should
reverse the district court on this point.      Accordingly, we conclude that
the search of White's vehicle was constitutional and that the evidence
seized pursuant to that search should not be suppressed.


III.   CONCLUSION


       For the reasons set forth above, we affirm the judgment of the
district court.


       A true copy.


               Attest:


                     CLERK, U. S. COURT OF APPEALS, EIGHTH CIRCUIT.




           3
        The court also correctly noted that a law enforcement
officer's failure to inform an individual of his right to refuse to
consent does not preclude a finding of voluntariness. Schneckloth
v. Bustamonte, 

(1973).

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