United States Court of Appeals
                             FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
                                    ___________

                                    No. 97-3153
                                    ___________

State Farm Mutual Automobile             *
Insurance Company,                       *
                                         *
             Appellee,                   *
                                         *   Appeal from the United States
      v.                                 *   District Court for the
                                         *   Eastern District of Missouri.
Andrew Shahan, Nancy Hunolt,             *
Leo Hunolt,                              *
                                         *
             Appellants.                 *
                                    ___________

                             Submitted: January 12, 1998

                                 Filed: April 1, 1998
                                    ___________

Before RICHARD S. ARNOLD, Chief Judge, WOLLMAN and HANSEN, Circuit
      Judges.
                           ___________

WOLLMAN, Circuit Judge.

       This appeal stems from a dispute over the terms of automobile insurance policies
issued by State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Company (State Farm) to Leo and
Nancy Hunolt. After Andrew Shahan made a claim for underinsured motorist coverage
under the policies, State Farm initiated this action seeking a declaration of non-
responsibility. The Hunolts and Shahan counterclaimed, alleging vexatious refusal to
pay. The district court1 entered summary judgment for State Farm. We affirm.

                                          I.

       In 1991, Andrew Shahan sustained significant injuries in a single-vehicle
accident while a passenger in a 1987 Chevrolet pickup driven by his half-brother. At
the time of the accident, Shahan resided with his mother, Nancy Hunolt, and her
husband, Leo. The pickup involved in the accident was owned by the Hunolts and was
covered by an automobile insurance policy issued by State Farm. The Hunolts owned
two other vehicles, a 1987 Oldsmobile and a 1956 Chevrolet, both of which were
insured through State Farm. The policies for the three vehicles were identical. Each
provided for $25,000 personal liability coverage. In addition, each provided for
underinsured motorist coverage, with limits of $100,000 per person and $300,000 per
occurrence. The Hunolts also carried an underinsured motorist umbrella policy that
was issued by State Farm and had a policy limit of $1,000,000.

      Shahan brought an action seeking damages for injuries sustained in the accident.
This action resulted in a judgment for Shahan in the amount of $225,000. Because
Shahan’s half-brother was an authorized driver of the Hunolts’ vehicle, he was insured
under the liability portion of their policy. Consequently, State Farm paid Shahan
$25,000 under the personal liability coverage in partial satisfaction of the judgment.

       Shahan thereafter filed a claim with State Farm seeking satisfaction of the
remainder of his judgment under the underinsured motorist provisions in the Hunolts’
policies. State Farm denied Shahan’s claim and initiated this proceeding. The district
court concluded that Shahan was not entitled to underinsured motorist coverage under




      1
        The Honorable Charles A. Shaw, United States District Judge for the Eastern
District of Missouri.

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the terms of the policies and that State Farm had not acted vexatiously in refusing to
pay. Accordingly, the court entered summary judgment in favor of State Farm. Shahan
now appeals this ruling. The parties agree that the law of Missouri applies in this
diversity action. See Erie R. Co. v. Tompkins, 

, 78 (1938).

                                          II.

        We review a grant of summary judgment de novo, applying the same standard
as that applied by the district court. See Rabushka ex rel. United States v. Crane Co.,

, 562 (8th Cir. 1997), cert. denied, 

(1998). We will
affirm a grant of summary judgment if the evidence, viewed in the light most favorable
to the nonmoving party, demonstrates that no genuine issue of material fact exists and
that the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. See 

that the district court erred in granting summary judgment for State
Farm, Shahan contends that: (1) the language excluding coverage under the policy
covering the 1987 Chevrolet pickup violates public policy; (2) the language excluding
coverage under the policies covering the 1987 Oldsmobile and the 1956 Chevrolet is
ambiguous; (3) a genuine factual dispute exists regarding the precise umbrella policy
in effect at the time of the accident, precluding summary judgment; and (4) the district
court misapplied the law in assessing his counterclaim for vexatious refusal to pay.

                            The 1987 Chevrolet Pickup

       The policy insuring the Hunolts’ 1987 Chevrolet pickup promises to pay
“damages for bodily injury an insured is legally entitled to collect from the owner or
driver of an underinsured motor vehicle.” An underinsured vehicle is defined as:

             [a motor vehicle] whose limits of liability for bodily injury
             liability:



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                    a. are less than the amount of the insured’s damages;
                       or
                    b. have been reduced by payments to persons other
                       than the insured to less than the amount of the
                       insured’s damages.

In addition, the policy contains the following exclusion:

             An underinsured motor vehicle does not include a land
             motor vehicle:
                   1. insured under the liability coverage of this policy.

       As the district court noted, this language unambiguously states that
a motor vehicle insured under the policy is not an underinsured motor
vehicle. Nevertheless, Shahan contends that the exclusion violates public
policy because it contravenes the letter and spirit of Missouri’s Motor
Vehicle Financial Responsibility Law. See Mo. Ann. Stat. § 303.010 et
seq. (West 1994). This argument, however, is premised upon a
fundamental misunderstanding of the nature and purpose of underinsured
motorist coverage.

        Shahan points to Mo. Ann. Stat. § 303.190, which requires that a
liability policy be carried on every motor vehicle owned, maintained, or
used in the United States or Canada. This statute reflects a clear public
policy interest in ensuring that all motor vehicles carry liability coverage.
The Missouri Code contains no statute requiring underinsured motorist
coverage, however, nor is such coverage mandated by Missouri public
policy. See Rodriguez v. General Acc. Ins. Co. of America, 

, 383 (Mo. 1991) (en banc). Rather, underinsured motorist coverage
is entirely optional and is governed only by the law of contracts. See
American Family Mut. Ins. Co. v. Turner, 

, 21 (Mo. Ct.
App. 1991). Shahan nevertheless argues that because an insured’s
underinsured motor vehicle coverage will be rendered inapplicable
whenever the insured carries the liability coverage required by section

                                           -4-
303.190, the exclusionary language in question is incompatible with the
policy concerns expressed in section 303.190.

        Shahan’s argument is misconceived. The policy’s exclusionary
clause states simply that the vehicle insured under the liability portion of
that same policy will not be considered an underinsured motor vehicle.
This exclusion precludes coverage where, as here, a passenger is injured
in a single vehicle accident while riding in the insured vehicle. Shahan’s
assertion that coverage will inevitably be precluded in every imaginable
scenario is simply false. Indeed, the policy at hand is specifically tailored
to provide coverage in the situation ordinarily contemplated by purchasers
of underinsured motorist policies. Underinsured motor vehicle coverage
is designed to pay “for losses incurred because another negligent motorist’s
coverage is insufficient to pay for the injured person’s actual losses.”
Hopkins v. American Economy Ins. Co., 

, 935 (Mo. Ct.
App. 1995). The typically envisioned situation arises when the driver of
one vehicle is injured due to the negligence of another driver. If the second
driver’s liability coverage is insufficient to compensate for the first driver’s
injuries, the first driver may recover under his own underinsured motor
vehicle policy. Nothing in the policy at hand prevents payment in such a
situation. Public policy is not contravened merely because Shahan’s claim
falls within the narrow class of claims for which coverage has been
precluded.

       The Missouri Court of Appeals has concluded that language identical
to that found in the Hunolts’ policy does not violate public policy. See
Eaton v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 

, 193-94 (Mo. Ct.
App. 1993). Shahan contends that Eaton is distinguishable because it
involved uninsured motorist coverage rather than underinsured motorist
coverage. This distinction, however, actually cuts against Shahan’s
position. Missouri statutorily requires uninsured motorist coverage. See
Mo. Ann. Stat. § 379.203 (West 1991). This requirement reflects a strong
public policy interest in preserving uninsured motorist coverage. No
corresponding statutory requirement or policy interest exists in favor of
underinsured motorist coverage. See

                                            -5-


. We may assume that Missouri courts
would be even less receptive to exclusions on uninsured coverage, which
is mandated by statute, than to those on underinsured coverage, which is
purely optional. Accordingly, we conclude that the language in the
Hunolts’ policy does not violate Missouri public policy.

            The 1987 Oldsmobile and the 1956 Chevrolet

      Shahan also argues that he is entitled to underinsured motorist
coverage under the terms of the policies covering the 1987 Oldsmobile and
the 1956 Chevrolet. The district court held that the following language
precluded recovery:

             There is no coverage under coverage W [underinsured
             motorist] for bodily injury to an insured:

             1. While occupying a motor vehicle owned by you, your
             spouse, or any relative if it is not insured for this coverage
             under this policy.

      Because Shahan was occupying a vehicle owned by his mother and not insured
under either the 1987 Oldsmobile policy or the 1956 Chevrolet policy, the district court
concluded that coverage was precluded as a matter of law. Shahan disputes this
conclusion, contending that the above-referenced language is ambiguous under
Missouri law.

       Where the language of an insurance policy is unambiguous, it should be enforced
as written. See Peters v. Employer’s Mut. Cas. Co., 

, 302 (Mo. 1993)
(en banc). The language should be accorded its plain meaning. This is true even where
the language appears within the restrictive provisions of a policy. See 

. However, if language is ambiguous, it should be construed in favor
of the insured and against the insurer. See 

. Language is




                                          -6-
ambiguous if it is reasonably open to different constructions. See Robin v. Blue Cross
Hosp. Serv., Inc., 

, 698 (Mo. 1982) (en banc).

       Shahan contends that the phrase “a motor vehicle owned by you, your spouse,
or any relative if it is not insured for this coverage under this policy” is subject to more
than one reasonable construction. Specifically, he asserts that the word “it” could
reasonably refer to either “motor vehicle” or to “you, your spouse, or any relative.”
We cannot agree. In this context, the word “it” clearly and unequivocally refers to
“motor vehicle.” Any other interpretation would defy the most fundamental principles
of construction. We are neither obliged nor permitted to entertain novel interpretations
of insurance policies so as to “create an ambiguity under the policy language where
none exists.” Harrison v. MFA Mut. Ins. Co., 

, 142 (Mo. 1980) (en
banc). Instead, we must give effect to the plain language of the policy. See 

plain language unambiguously precludes recovery.

                                 The Umbrella Policy

       State Farm contends that it delivered to the Hunolts a copy of an amended
umbrella policy prior to the accident and that this policy was in effect when the
accident occurred. Shahan, on the other hand, claims that the Hunolts never received
the amended policy and that the previous umbrella policy was therefore in effect. As
a consequence of this dispute, Shahan contends that a genuine issue of material fact
existed regarding the precise umbrella policy in effect and that summary judgment was
inappropriate.

       Shahan’s argument is without merit. While this dispute might present a genuine
issue of fact, the fact is simply not material. Both umbrella policies contain identical
clauses stating that underinsured motorist coverage is available “in accordance with the
terms and conditions of your underlying Underinsured Motorist Coverage.” This clause
expressly incorporates the same terms and conditions that must be met in order to




                                            -7-
obtain payment under the underlying policies. Thus, the terms and conditions that
preclude coverage under the underlying policies act as a barrier to recovery regardless
of which umbrella policy was in effect. Shahan argues that the phrase “in accordance
with” should not be strictly interpreted and should instead be read to require that the
umbrella policy be interpreted “in harmony with” the underlying policies. This
proposed interpretation is unnecessarily vague and lacks any ascertainable standards.
It also is incompatible with our duty to give effect to the clear and unambiguous
meaning of the umbrella policy. See 

.

       Shahan argues, further, that the umbrella policy should be interpreted to allow
coverage because the underlying terms that it incorporates are ambiguous and against
public policy. This argument is essentially a reiteration of arguments we have already
rejected. As we have explained, the underlying policies are unambiguous and do not
violate public policy. Thus, we decline Shahan’s indirect invitation to revisit the
language of the underlying policies.

                              Vexatious Refusal to Pay

       Finally, Shahan contends that the district court erred in granting summary
judgment for State Farm on his counterclaim seeking damages for vexatious refusal to
pay under Mo. Ann. Stat. § 375.420 (West 1991). Section 375.420 is penal in nature
and therefore must be strictly construed. See Mears v. Columbia Mut. Ins. Co., 

, 394 (Mo. Ct. App. 1993). Under section 375.420, an insured can recover
damages for vexatious refusal to pay insurance proceeds by demonstrating “that the
insurer’s refusal to pay the loss was willful and without reasonable cause, as the facts
would appear to a reasonable and prudent person.” DeWitt v. American Family Mut.
Ins. Co., 

, 710 (Mo. 1984) (en banc). Even where a genuine litigable
issue exists, vexatious refusal may be found if “there is evidence the insurer’s attitude
was vexatious and recalcitrant.” 

This determination must be made by




                                          -8-
viewing the facts as they appeared at the time of the refusal to pay. See Storhaug v.
State Farm Fire & Cas. Co., 

, 444 (8th Cir. 1984).

       Shahan’s vexatious refusal claim is without merit. As we have explained, State
Farm’s refusal to pay was based on the clear and unambiguous language of the
insurance policies. Therefore, it was clearly not without reasonable cause.
Furthermore, Shahan fails to identify any evidence that could conceivably support a
finding that State Farm’s attitude was “vexatious and recalcitrant.” Absent such
evidence, the district court’s grant of summary judgment was proper.

      The judgment is affirmed.

      A true copy.

         Attest:

             CLERK, U.S. COURT OF APPEALS, EIGHTH CIRCUIT.




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