United States Court of Appeals
                           FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
                                  _____________

                                  No. 97-3401WM
                                  _____________

Midland Psychiatric Associates, Inc.,  *
                                       *
                   Appellant,          *
                                       * Appeal from the United States
      v.                               * District Court for the Western
                                       * District of Missouri.
United States of America; Mutual of    *
Omaha Insurance Company,               *
                                       *
                   Appellees.          *
                                 _____________

                           Submitted: April 15, 1998
                               Filed: June 4, 1998
                                _____________

Before FAGG and HANSEN, Circuit Judges, and STROM,* District Judge.
                           _____________

FAGG, Circuit Judge.

      Midland Psychiatric Associates, Inc. (Midland) appeals the district court’s two-
pronged order dismissing Midland’s lawsuit against the United States and Mutual of
Omaha Insurance Company (Mutual) for lack of subject matter jurisdiction. See Fed.
R. Civ. P. 12(b)(1). The district court held Midland’s tortious interference with
contract claim against Mutual, and Midland’s Federal Tort Claims Act (FTCA)


      *
      The Honorable Lyle E. Strom, United States District Judge for the District of
Nebraska, sitting by designation.
negligent supervision claim against the United States, were jurisdictionally barred by
42 U.S.C. §§ 405(h) and 1395ii. The district court also dismissed Midland’s claim
against Mutual based on common-law official immunity. We affirm.

      Like the district court, we take our statement of the facts from Midland’s
complaint, but we supplement the complaint with the district court’s findings where the
complaint is silent on jurisdictionally significant facts. Under contracts with two
Kansas City area hospitals, Midland provided partial hospitalization services to
nursing-home residents. Partial hospitalization is an intensive outpatient service
covered under Part B of the Medicare Act. See 42 U.S.C. §§ 1395k(a)(2)(J), 1395x(ff)
(1994). Part B claims are processed by Medicare carriers--chiefly insurance
companies, see 

contract with and on behalf of the Department of
Health and Human Services. See 

Midland billed the hospitals, and the
hospitals in turn submitted Medicare claims for Midland’s services to Mutual, a
Medicare carrier.

       Mutual denied thousands of the hospitals’ Midland-related claims on the grounds
that Midland’s services were unsupervised by a physician and medically unnecessary.
See 

(2). Midland contends Mutual denied the claims to put
Midland out of business. According to the district court, the hospitals sought
administrative review of Mutual’s claims denials, see Midland Psychiatric Assocs., Inc.
v. United States, 

, 547-48 (W.D. Mo. 1997), but Midland was not a
party to the hospitals’ administrative appeal, see 

Midland maintained it was
not eligible to join the appeal, and the district court did not find otherwise. See 

obtain payment through Medicare, the hospitals eventually dropped
Midland’s services, and several hospitals thinking of contracting with Midland decided
against it. Midland then filed this lawsuit against Mutual and the United States,
claiming Mutual had tortiously interfered with Midland’s past and prospective hospital
contracts and the Government had supervised Mutual negligently. The district court
dismissed both claims for lack of subject matter jurisdiction. See 

We

                                          -2-
review de novo whether the district court properly did so. See Clarinda Home Health
v. Shalala, 

, 528 (8th Cir. 1996).

       Like the district court, we begin our analysis with the Missouri law governing
Midland’s diversity-based tortious interference with contract claim. Under that law,
Midland would have to prove, among other elements, that Mutual interfered with
Midland’s hospital contracts without justification. See Rice v. Hodapp, 

, 245 (Mo. 1996). Contrary to Midland’s assertion, Midland would not be able to
prove absence of justification solely with evidence Mutual wanted to put Midland out
of business. Regardless of its intent, Mutual cannot be held liable for tortious
interference if it had a right to deny the hospitals’ claims. See 

court
thus correctly concluded that hearing Midland’s tortious interference claim against
Mutual would mean reviewing the merits of Mutual’s Medicare claims decisions. See

.

       The district court also concluded 42 U.S.C. § 405(h) deprived it of the power to
conduct such a review. See 

Section 405(h) is a provision of the Social
Security Act made applicable to the Medicare Act by 42 U.S.C. § 1395ii. As modified
by § 1395ii for Medicare Act purposes, § 405(h) reads:

      The findings and decision of the [Secretary of Health and Human
      Services] after a hearing shall be binding upon all individuals who were
      parties to such hearing. No findings of fact or decision of the [Secretary]
      shall be reviewed by any person, tribunal, or governmental agency except
      as herein provided. No action against the United States, the [Secretary],
      or any officer or employee thereof shall be brought under section 1331 or
      1346 of title 28 to recover on any claim arising under this subchapter.

The district court held § 405(h) barred Midland’s tortious interference claim in two
distinct ways. First, because Midland failed to exhaust administrative remedies, its
claim was barred by sentence two of § 405(h). See 

.

                                          -3-
Second, because Midland’s claim fell within the scope of the jurisdictional bar imposed
by § 405(h)’s third sentence, it was independently barred on that ground as well. See

We believe the district court complicated matters somewhat by taking
the administrative exhaustion requirement out of context and leaving undiscussed the
interplay between § 405(h) and a related statute, 42 U.S.C. § 405(g).

        As the district court noted, see 

-48, the Supreme
Court has held the first two sentences of § 405(h) require exhaustion of administrative
remedies. See Weinberger v. Salfi, 

, 757 (1975). More precisely, the last
four words of § 405(h)’s second sentence--“except as herein provided”--refer to the
rest of 42 U.S.C. § 405, particularly § 405(g), see Illinois Council on Long Term Care
Inc. v. Shalala, No. 97-2315, 

, at *2 (7th Cir. May 8, 1998), and §
405(g), as adapted to the Medicare Act by 42 U.S.C. § 1395ff(b)(1), creates federal
jurisdiction over final agency decisions in administrative Medicare appeals, see
American Academy of Dermatology v. Department of Health & Human Servs., 

, 1497-98 (11th Cir. 1997). Finality, for purposes of § 405(g), has two
components: a nonwaivable requirement that a claim be presented for administrative
review, and a waivable requirement that all administrative remedies be fully pursued.
See Heckler v. Ringer, 

, 617 (1984) (citing Mathews v. Eldridge, 

, 328 (1976)). After opening the door to judicial review of administratively
exhausted Medicare claims decisions in this way, Congress otherwise denied judicial
review of Medicare claims decisions in the third sentence of § 405(h). As the Supreme
Court has said, sentence three of § 405(h) makes § 405(g) “the sole avenue for judicial
review for all claims arising under the Medicare Act.” 

(alteration and internal quotations omitted).

       The burden of establishing that federal jurisdiction exists “rests upon the party
asserting jurisdiction.” Kokkonen v. Guardian Life Ins. Co. of Am., 

, 377
(1994). To carry this burden on its tortious interference claim and overcome the
jurisdictional hurdles erected by §§ 405(g) and (h), Midland had two options. It could

                                          -4-
have contended its claim does not fall within the scope of § 405(h)’s third sentence.
Alternatively, Midland could have argued that if its claim against Mutual was
jurisdictionally barred by sentence three, jurisdiction nonetheless exists under § 405(g).
Midland chose the first option only. Although Midland claimed it was not eligible to
participate in the hospitals’ administrative appeal--and on this record we cannot tell if
that is so--Midland did not ask the district court, and does not ask us, to treat the
hospitals’ administrative appeal as satisfying the nonwaivable presentment requirement,
and to waive full exhaustion because Midland lacked standing to carry forward the
administrative appeal. See Bowen v. City of New York, 

, 482 (1986)
(excusing exhaustion in circumstances where imposing it would be unfair). Thus, we
need not and do not decide whether the district court had jurisdiction over Midland’s
tortious interference claim based on § 405(g).

       Midland argued below, and argues on appeal, that its claim does not fall within
the scope of § 405(h)’s third sentence: “No action against the United States, the
[Secretary], or any officer or employee thereof shall be brought under section 1331 or
1346 of title 28 to recover on any claim arising under this subchapter.” To decide if
Midland is correct, we must determine whether, as a matter of law, (1) Mutual is an
officer or employee of the United States, (2) sentence three bars diversity-based claims
as well as those brought under federal-question jurisdiction (§ 1331) or the jurisdictional
statute for suits against the United States (§ 1346), and (3) Midland’s tortious
interference claim arises under the Medicare Act. We consider these issues in turn.

       The district court first concluded that as a Medicare carrier, Mutual is an officer
or employee of the United States. See 

. The district court
relied on the Seventh Circuit’s opinion in Bodimetric Health Servs., Inc. v. Aetna Life
& Cas., 

(7th Cir. 1990). Bodimetric was a case much like ours, involving
diversity-based tort claims brought by a health-care provider against a private insurer
acting as a Medicare fiscal intermediary. (“Fiscal intermediaries” process Medicare


                                           -5-
Part A claims. See 42 U.S.C. § 1395h(a) (1994).) The Bodimetric court held that in
their role as fiscal intermediaries, private organizations serve as federal officers or
employees. 

. This conclusion holds good for Medicare carriers
as well. Carriers are governmental agents. See Bushman v. Seiler, 

, 655
(8th Cir. 1985). Under contract with the Secretary of Health and Human Services, they
do the work of the Government on the Secretary’s behalf. See 42 U.S.C. § 1395u(a);

.

        Second, the district court concluded that despite its literal wording, sentence three
of § 405(h) bars claims based on diversity of citizenship under 28 U.S.C. § 1332, the
jurisdictional basis of Midland’s claim against Mutual. See 

-49. Bodimetric sheds light on this issue as well. 

. As the
Seventh Circuit explains, § 405(h) as originally enacted barred all claims brought under
28 U.S.C. § 41, an earlier jurisdictional statute that included the grant of diversity
jurisdiction now contained in § 1332. See 

When Congress revised sentence
three, it labeled the amendment a technical correction, and at the same time made clear
that no substantive change in the law was intended. See 

The Seventh Circuit
thus concluded that the current version of § 405(h) bars diversity actions just the same
as the original version did. See 

is not in disagreement with our decision in Rochester Methodist
Hosp. v. Travelers Ins. Co., 

(8th Cir. 1984). See 

n.8. We held in Rochester Methodist that sovereign immunity does not shield
a Medicare fiscal intermediary from tort liability for conduct beyond its official
authority. 

, 1015-16. Although the effect of our decision was to
permit a diversity-based tort claim against a fiscal intermediary, we did not interpret or
apply § 405(h). Now that we are called on to do so, we find the Seventh Circuit’s
analysis persuasive. We thus hold the jurisdictional bar imposed by sentence three of
§ 405(h) extends to claims based on diversity of citizenship.


                                            -6-
       Third, the district court concluded Midland’s tortious interference claim arises
under the Medicare Act. See 

. Again, we agree. A
claim may arise under the Medicare Act even though, as pleaded, it also arises under
some other law. See 

(interpreting § 405(h) in Social Security
Act context). A claim does arise under the Medicare Act if it is “inextricably
intertwined” with a Medicare benefits determination. 

, 624;

. That standard is met here. At bottom, Midland is claiming
Mutual should have paid for its services. See 

. As we have
explained, hearing Midland’s tortious interference claim would necessarily mean
redeciding Mutual’s Midland-related Medicare claims decisions. Summing up, then,
because Mutual is an officer or employee of the Government when it acts as a Medicare
carrier, because § 405(h) extends to diversity-based claims, and because Midland’s
tortious interference claim arises under the Medicare Act, Midland’s claim against
Mutual is jurisdictionally barred by sentence three of § 405(h).

      We take up next the district court’s last alternative basis for dismissing Midland’s
claim against Mutual: the federal common-law doctrine of official immunity. Under
Westfall v. Erwin, 

, 297-98 (1988), federal officials are absolutely immune
from tort liability for discretionary conduct within the scope of their official duties.
After Westfall was decided, Congress amended the FTCA, broadening the immunity
enjoyed by federal employees by eliminating Westfall’s discretionary conduct
requirement. See Heuton v. Anderson, 

, 359 (8th Cir. 1996). Under the
amendments, known as the Westfall Act, see 

federal employee is sued in
tort, the United States is substituted as the defendant if the Attorney General certifies
that the conduct giving rise to the lawsuit was within the scope of the employee’s office
or employment, see 28 U.S.C. §§ 2679(d)(1), (2) (1994), unless the district court finds
to the contrary, see 

. Although Mutual, as a Medicare carrier,
is a federal officer or employee, immunity under the Westfall Act amendments was
unavailable in this case because the Government withdrew its request to be substituted
for Mutual, and the Attorney General never provided the necessary certification. See

                                           -7-


. As the district court notes, see 

n.6, had the
United States been substituted for Mutual, Midland’s claim would have been outside
the scope of the FTCA. See 28 U.S.C. § 2680(h) (1994); Selland v. United States, 

, 347 (8th Cir. 1992) (per curiam). The district court concluded, however, that
Mutual was entitled to common-law official immunity under Westfall. See 

.

       Despite the changes wrought by the Westfall Act, it is well established that
Westfall still articulates the more restrictive federal common-law rule limiting official
immunity to discretionary conduct. See Beebe v. Washington Metro. Area Transit
Auth., 

, 1289 (D.C. Cir. 1997); Mangold v. Analytic Servs., Inc., 

, 1447 n.4 (4th Cir. 1996); see also Slotten v. Hoffman, 

, 335-37 (8th
Cir. 1993) (relying on Westfall after enactment of Westfall Act). Applying that rule
here is a straightforward matter. First, we have held Medicare carriers are governmental
agents for purposes of official immunity. See 

. Second,
Medicare claims decisions fall squarely within the scope of the carrier’s official duties.
Third, these decisions are not merely ministerial. Medicare carriers must exercise
discretion to determine a number of matters, including whether services are covered and
how much they should reasonably cost. See 42 C.F.R. §§ 405.803(a), (b) (1997).
Here, for example, to decide the coverage question, Mutual had to determine whether
Midland’s services were “reasonable and necessary for the diagnosis and active
treatment of the individual’s condition.” 42 U.S.C. § 1395x(ff)(2). So also, in making
cost determinations carriers are to “exercise judgment” so that charges will be “realistic
and equitable.” 42 C.F.R. § 405.502(c) (1997). Medicare claims decisions plainly
satisfy Westfall’s discretionary conduct requirement.

       Before we conclude our analysis, however, the Supreme Court directs us to
consider whether providing immunity would potentially do more harm than good. See

. Having done so, we are persuaded “the contribution to
effective government” made by a grant of immunity in this context outweighs “the

                                           -8-
potential harm to individual citizens.” 

have ample remedies
under a comprehensive regulatory scheme that affords multiple opportunities to appeal
a fiscal intermediary’s or a carrier’s denial of their claims. See 42 C.F.R. §§ 405.701-
.753 (1997) (governing Medicare Part A appeals); 

(governing
Medicare Part B appeals). The administration of the Medicare program, on the other
hand, could be hindered if we denied immunity here. Congress intended private
organizations acting as carriers and fiscal intermediaries to play a significant role in the
Medicare program, see 

, and insurers like Mutual might
well rethink their contracts with the Government if they had to make Medicare claims
decisions under the threat of tort liability. Denying immunity in this case could “shackle
‘the fearless, vigorous, and effective administration of policies of government.’”

(quoting Barr v. Matteo, 

, 571 (1959)). Thus,
whether or not 42 U.S.C. § 405(h) bars Midland’s tortious interference claim, we
conclude Mutual enjoys common-law official immunity from that claim.

       Finally, we turn briefly to the district court’s dismissal of Midland’s FTCA claim
brought against the United States under 28 U.S.C. § 1346. According to Midland’s
complaint, the Government is liable to Midland for negligent supervision because it
allowed Mutual to deny Medicare claims wrongfully. As the district court points out,
“[t]he Government’s liability is . . . derivative; it depends upon a showing that the entity
the Government was supposed to supervise--Mutual--acted tortiously.” 

. Thus, once again Mutual’s benefits determinations are intertwined with
Midland’s claim, so the FTCA claim arises under the Medicare Act. See 

, 624. Because sentence three of 42 U.S.C. § 405(h) precludes claims
against the United States arising under the Medicare Act and jurisdictionally based on
§ 1346, the district court properly dismissed Midland’s FTCA claim for lack of
jurisdiction.

      We affirm the district court’s dismissal of Midland’s claims for lack of subject
matter jurisdiction.

                                            -9-
A true copy.

      Attest:

               CLERK, U.S. COURT OF APPEALS, EIGHTH CIRCUIT.




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