United States Court of Appeals
                            FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
                                     ___________

                                     No. 99-1890
                                     ___________

International Paper Company,           *
                                       *
              Appellee,                *
                                       * Appeal from the United States
       v.                              * District Court for the Eastern
                                       * District of Arkansas.
United Paperworkers International      *
Union; United Paperworkers             *        [PUBLISHED]
International Union, Local 735;        *
International Brotherhood of           *
Electrical Workers,                    *
                                       *
              Appellants.              *
                                  ___________

                              Submitted: December 15, 1999

                                   Filed: June 12, 2000
                                    ___________

Before BEAM, HEANEY, and HANSEN, Circuit Judges.
                           ___________

BEAM, Circuit Judge

      The United Paperworkers International Union, its Local, and the International
Brotherhood of Electrical Workers (collectively, "the Union") appeal the district court's
order vacating an arbitration award. We affirm the district court.
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I.    BACKGROUND

      International Paper Company ("the Company") owns and operates a paper mill
in Pine Bluff, Arkansas. The production and maintenance workers at the mill are
members of the Union. The workers are covered by a collective bargaining agreement
(CBA) with the Company. The 1993 to 1998 CBA was in force at the time of the
dispute at issue in this case.

       The CBA provides that "maintenance employees are generally expected to
perform operating maintenance, preventive maintenance and day-to-day equipment
repairs." CBA Article XVII § (B)(1)(b). Another provision in the agreement requires
the Company to employ a "crew sufficient to do the work required in each department,"
including maintenance. CBA Article XVII § (A)(1). The CBA also recognizes,
however, that "situations may arise which will necessitate the use of outside forces to
perform such work." CBA Article XVII § (B)(1)(b). In such cases, "when outside
forces are in the Mill to perform such work," the agreement provides for a "matching
hour penalty," that requires employees to be offered overtime to the same extent as the
outside forces. CBA Article XVII § (B)(1)(b).

       The parties' bargaining history shows that over time the parties have agreed to
accept more work by outside contractors. Before 1983, the agreement generally
prohibited subcontracting of maintenance work except in very limited circumstances.
Both the 1983 and 1990 agreements relaxed the maintenance subcontracting
restrictions.

       The "crew sufficient" language was first proposed by the Union and added to the
CBA in 1970 in response to concerns that crews were often understaffed and it was
unfair, for example, to require three employees to do the work of four. The language
appeared in two places in the 1983 and 1990 agreements: in Article XVII, paragraph
(A)(1) (referring to all departments) and again in paragraph (C)(1)(a), the paragraph

                                         -3-
that refers to subcontracting of maintenance work. Although the first reference to
"crew sufficient" still appeared in the 1993-98 CBA, the second reference to the "crew
sufficient" language was deleted from the agreement.

       On February 15, 1994, the Company shut down a large piece of equipment for
eight hours of routine preventive maintenance work and hired an outside contractor to
perform the work. The Union filed a grievance asserting that the Company had
violated the terms of the contract by hiring outside contractors to perform routine
maintenance. The Union contended that the "crew sufficient" language required the
Company to maintain a maintenance work force of 186 general maintenance (GM)
engineers and that the Company had failed to maintain that work force level. Its
desired settlement was that the Company "hire enough GM's to replace retired GM's
and future GM's as they retire." The Company was also asked to "[s]top this practice
of using [outside workers] on [preventive maintenance] for shut-downs." The
Company denied the grievance asserting that the shutdown was a situation that
necessitated "the use of outside forces to perform such work" under the contract.

        The matter proceeded to arbitration. After a hearing, the arbitrator found that,
although the "crew sufficient" language of the contract did not require the Company to
maintain any particular number of maintenance employees, it obligated the Company
to hire enough employees to accomplish the work of the maintenance department. The
arbitrator thus found that the "employees of the Maintenance Department [had] the
right to perform operating maintenance work, preventive maintenance work, and day-
to-day equipment repairs" and ordered the Company to "cease and desist from the
practice of using contractors or any outside forces to perform that work."

      The Company appealed the decision to the district court. On cross-motions for
summary judgment, the district court found that the arbitrator's award "fails to draw its
essence from the contract" and vacated the award. The Union appeals.


                                          -4-
II.   DISCUSSION

       The scope of judicial review of an arbitrator's decision is narrow. See Alvey,
Inc. v. Teamsters Local Union No. 688, 

, 1211 (8th Cir.1997). A court
may not reconsider the merits of an award even if the award rests on errors of fact or
on a misinterpretation of the contract. See 

as an arbitrator's award draws
its essence from the collective bargaining agreement, the award is legitimate. See 

cannot interfere with the arbitrator's award unless the contract is not susceptible
of the arbitrator's interpretation. See Kewanee Machinery Div. v. Local Union No. 21,

, 318 (8th Cir.1979).

      In deciding whether an award draws its essence from the agreement, we must
decide whether the award is simply a mistaken interpretation of the contract that we
must uphold, or whether it violates the fundamental principle that "an arbitrator is
confined to interpretation and application of the collective bargaining agreement; he
does not sit to dispense his own brand of industrial justice." United Steelworkers v.
Enterprise Wheel and Car Corp., 

, 597 (1960). Although an arbitrator
may look to outside sources to aid in interpreting a collective bargaining agreement, he
must construe the contract and he may not amend it. See Keebler Co. v. Milk Drivers
and Dairy Employees Union, 

, 288 (8th Cir.1996).

       We agree with the district court that the award does not draw its essence from
the contract. The award effectively nullifies the contract language stating that
"situations may arise which will necessitate the use of outside forces to perform such
[preventive maintenance] work." The failure of the CBA to define those situations does
not justify writing them out of the contract altogether. Moreover, the course of dealing,
bargaining history, and industry custom supports the Company's contention that a
shutdown may qualify as such a situation. In addition, an injunction banning the use
of all maintenance subcontracting ignores the agreement's express provision of a
"matching hour penalty" in the event of the use of such outside contractors. The Union

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concedes that even if the Company were to employ a "crew sufficient" in the
maintenance department, there would still be situations that required outside
contractors to do maintenance work. Thus, we find that the arbitrator's broad
injunction banning the use of outside contractors for all preventive maintenance
contravenes the contract.1

       The Union's reliance on the "crew sufficient" language as essentially a condition
precedent to the Company's use of outside contractors for maintenance is misplaced.
We find no support in the record for the contention that the Company agreed to
maintain any specific number of maintenance employees. The record supports the
Company's contention that the "crew sufficient" language in the agreement is aimed at
the problem of overworked employees and not the outside-contracting-of-maintenance-
work issue. This is shown by the bargained-for deletion of the "crew sufficient"


      1
        The dissent contends that the court simply disagrees with the arbitrator's
construction of the agreement and implies that the court engages in result-oriented
jurisprudence. This is simply wrong.

       The arbitrator's decision does not draw its essence from the contract because it
is expressly contrary to the terms of the agreement. The arbitrator framed the question
thusly: "Did the Company violate the contract by its assignment of preventive
maintenance work to outside contractors on February 15, 1994? If so, what shall be
the remedy?" He never answered the framed question "yes" or "no." If he had done
so, he would have been forced to decide if the eight-hour shutdown was a "situation"
where the CBA permitted the Company to bring in outside contractors to do the work
pursuant to the provisions of Article XVII § (B)(1)(b). Instead, he issued a blanket
injunction against the Company ever hiring outside workers to do preventive
maintenance work. That blanket prohibition eviscerates and writes out of the CBA the
language that permits the Company to hire outside workers to do preventive
maintenance work in certain "situations." The real issue, avoided by the arbitrator but
clearly within and the object of his statement of the issue, was whether the eight-hour
shutdown was one of those "situations" where the CBA gave the Company the right to
bring in outside workers. The arbitrator did not interpret the contract, he rewrote it.

                                          -6-
language in the portion of the contract dealing specifically with subcontracting
maintenance work.

III.   CONCLUSION

      For the above reasons, the judgment of the district court vacating the arbitrator's
award is affirmed.

HEANEY, Circuit Judge, dissenting.

      The majority overturns the arbitrator's award simply because it disagrees with
the arbitrator's decision. The Supreme Court and our court have consistently
disapproved such activism.

I.     BACKGROUND

       The facts giving rise to this case are quite simple. On February 15, 1994, the
Company shut down a paper machine to perform eight hours of routine maintenance
work. It assigned that work to an outside contractor, rather than to its Union
employees. The Union filed a timely grievance objecting to the assignment. The
parties agreed to arbitrate the dispute. The CBA provides that the decision of the
arbitrator shall be final and binding.

        At the outset of the hearing, the Union and the Company were unable to agree
on the issue to be arbitrated, but stipulated that the arbitrator should frame the issue.
The arbitrator framed the issue as follows: “Did the Company violate the Contract by
its assignment of preventive maintenance work to outside contractors on February 15,
1994? If so, what shall be the remedy?” (J.A. at 57.)




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      In defense of its position, the Company claimed that it was permitted by the
CBA to use non-Union employees to perform routine maintenance work. Article XVII
§ (B)(1)(b) of the CBA states:

      The Company recognizes that maintenance employees are generally
      expected to perform operating maintenance, preventative maintenance and
      day-to-day equipment repairs. However, situations may arise which will
      necessitate the use of outside forces to perform such work.

(J.A. at 108.)

       The arbitrator agreed that the governing provision was Article XVII(B)(1)(b).
However, he found that the language in the second sentence of this Article was
ambiguous in that it did not define what type of “situations” would arise that would
permit the company to use outside contractors for work that Union employees are
typically entitled to perform. He construed the ambiguity against the Company because
it authored this provision.

      The arbitrator then stated:

             As described by the Company[,] the disputed work involved
      checking rotating equipment bearings that could only be checked while
      the equipment was not operating, and referred to that work as "preventive
      maintenance." The Company has conceded that such work is normally
      performed by General Mechanics in the Maintenance Department, but
      argues that the use of contractors in this instance was justified by (a) the
      necessity to complete it within the scheduled time frame of 8 hours, (b)
      not all the work could be performed by General Mechanics, (c) all
      available General Mechanics were being utilized, and (d) the decision to
      use a contractor was justified as opposed to interrupting work in other
      areas of the Mill, and was based on sound business practices.




                                          -8-
             Under other circumstances such reasons for the decision could be
      sound, but the problem with the Company's rationale in these
      circumstances is that it is based on exceptions which are not authorized
      by the Contract, such as Article XVII(B)(2). The Contract doesn't say
      routine maintenance work will be performed by General Mechanics
      "except" when there is a time scheduling problem, or "except" when all
      the General Mechanics are being utilized, or "except" when work in other
      areas would have to be interrupted, or "except" when the decision to use
      contractors is based on sound business practices.

             The Company has no absolute right to employ contractors at will.
      It must do so within the restrictions imposed by the Contract. The
      decision to use contractors can't be justified on the basis of enlightened
      management, labor costs, work efficiency, area priorities, available
      manpower, etc. The question is simply what is allowed by the Contract.

(J.A. at 70-71 (emphasis added).)

        Because the Company's use of outside contractors to perform maintenance work
was not specifically permitted by the CBA, he ruled that such use of outside contractors
in this circumstance violated the CBA.

II.   DISCUSSION

       It is well established that federal policy strongly favors arbitration as a means of
resolving labor disputes. See United Paperworkers Int'l Union v. Misco, 

,
37 (1987); Kewanee Mach. Div. v. Local Union No. 21, Int'l Bhd. of Teamsters, 

, 316-17 (8th Cir. 1979). Accordingly, our review of an arbitrator's decision
is “extremely limited.” United Food & Commercial Workers, Local No. 88 v. Shop
'N Save Warehouse Foods, Inc., 

, 894 (8th Cir. 1997). We must construe
the arbitrator's award broadly, resolving all doubts in favor of its validity. See 

“Because the parties have contracted to have disputes settled by an arbitrator



                                           -9-
chosen by them rather than by a judge, it is the arbitrator's view of the facts and of the
meaning of the contract that they have agreed to accept.” 

.

      Contrary to the majority's assertion, the arbitrator did not nullify any contract
language. He simply construed the CBA in a manner that was unacceptable to the
Company and unacceptable to the majority. The arbitrator disregarded a portion of the
CBA that he found too ambiguous to be given any meaning. Absent that portion of the
CBA, he found no support for the Company's position.

       The arbitrator then ordered the Company to comply with the CBA. The majority
asserts that this part of the award bans the use of all maintenance subcontracting,
contravening the plain language of the CBA. I disagree. The arbitrator's award
recognized that the Company may still use outside contractors, but required that the
Union workforce be fully utilized before the Company used outside contractors to
perform routine maintenance.

        Because the majority is not satisfied that the arbitrator's decision was the right
one, it undertakes its own review and substitutes its own interpretation of the contract
for that of the arbitrator. This conflicts directly with the Supreme Court's restriction on
such practices. “[A]s long as the arbitrator is even arguably construing or applying the
contract and acting within the scope of his authority, that a court is convinced he
committed serious error does not suffice to overturn his decision.” 

; see also Shop 'N Save Warehouse 

; John Morrell & Co.
v. Local Union 304 A of the United Food & Commercial Workers, 

, 559
(8th Cir. 1990). The arbitrator's result is fully supported by the record. Therefore, the
decision should not have been disturbed by the district court, nor should it be disturbed
by this court. Accordingly, I cannot join in the majority's affirming opinion.




                                           -10-
III.   CONCLUSION

       When we review arbitration cases, whether or not this court would reach the
same conclusion as the arbitrator is not the issue. Rather, we are obligated to broadly
consider whether there is any support in the record for the arbitrator's award,
irrespective of whether we believe the arbitrator reached the right conclusion. We are
not permitted to micro-manage the business of arbitration. The arbitrator's award is
what the parties bargained for, and the award is supported by the record. Under the
well-settled precedent of the Supreme Court and this court, the award must stand. I
respectfully dissent.

       A true copy.

             Attest:

                CLERK, U.S. COURT OF APPEALS, EIGHTH CIRCUIT.




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