United States Court of Appeals
                            FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
                                    ___________

                                    No. 00-2929
                                    ___________

United States of America,                *
                                         *
             Appellant,                  *
                                         *
      v.                                 * Appeal from the United States
                                         * District Court for the Southern
Ryan Dale Oetken,                        * District of Iowa.
                                         *
             Appellee.                   *
                                    ___________

                              Submitted: January 9, 2001

                                   Filed: February 28, 2001
                                    ___________

Before BEAM and MORRIS SHEPPARD ARNOLD, Circuit Judges, and ALSOP,1
      District Judge.
                          ___________

MORRIS SHEPPARD ARNOLD, Circuit Judge.

       Ryan Dale Oetken was convicted of being a felon in possession of a firearm in
violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1). The government maintained at sentencing that
Mr. Oetken's base offense level should be increased from 14, see U.S.S.G.
§ 2K2.1(a)(6)(A), to 20, see § 2K2.1(a)(4)(A), to reflect a burglary conviction that he
received after he had committed the instant offense. The sentencing guidelines

      1
      The Honorable Donald D. Alsop, United States District Judge for the District
of Minnesota, sitting by designation.
establish a base offense level of 20 if the defendant "had one prior felony conviction
... [for] a crime of violence," see § 2K2.1(a)(4)(A). Mr. Oetken conceded that his
burglary conviction constitutes a "crime of violence" for sentencing purposes but
contended that § 2K1.2(a)(4)(A) did not apply because the burglary conviction came
after he had committed the firearms offense.

       The district court2 held that a post-offense conviction was not a "prior felony
conviction ... [for] a crime of violence" under § 2K2.1(a)(4)(A) and thus refused to
increase Mr. Oetken's base offense level. The government appeals Mr. Oetken's
sentence. We review de novo the district court's application of the sentencing
guidelines, see United States v. Hunt, 

, 1196 (8th Cir. 1999), and affirm.

                                          I.
       We have not previously addressed the issue of whether § 2K2.1(a)(4)(A)
encompasses post-offense convictions, and those circuits that have addressed it have
not reached a consensus. Some courts have excluded post-offense convictions from the
sentencing determination. See United States v. Pedragh, 

, 245 (2d Cir.
2000), and United States v. Barton, 

, 46 (6th Cir. 1996). Others have
included them. See United States v. Laihben, 

, 1366, 1366 n.2 (11th Cir.
1999), cert. denied, 

(1999); United States v. Pugh, 

, 1311
(D.C. Cir. 1998), cert. denied, 

(1999); and United States v. Gooden,

, 724-25 n.5, 725 (5th Cir. 1997), cert. denied, 

(1997). See
also United States v. McCary, 

, 1506 (10th Cir. 1994).

       The language of § 2K2.1(a)(4)(A) does not specify when, for the guideline to
apply, Mr. Oetken must have "had one prior felony conviction." Mr. Oetken contends
that he must have had a prior felony conviction at the time that he committed the


      2
      The Honorable Charles R. Wolle, Chief United States District Judge for the
Southern District of Iowa.

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offense for which he is being sentenced, while the government maintains that
§ 2K2.1(a)(4)(A) applies so long as he had one prior felony conviction at the time of
sentencing. We believe that Mr. Oetken's reading of the guideline is superior from both
a grammatical and a logical point of view.

      The use of the past-tense verb "had" indicates to us that the guideline refers to
convictions that a defendant possessed at some point prior to sentencing. See 

. If the Sentencing Commission had intended to include
post-offense convictions, we think it more likely that it would have used the
present-tense "has" instead of the past-tense "had." See 

To satisfy the "had"
language, a sentencing judge must therefore look to some point in the past and
determine whether the defendant had a "prior" conviction at that time. We believe that
the most obvious time to look to would be the time that the defendant committed the
offense of conviction.

         Our confidence in this proposed construction of the guideline is increased when
we consider that § 2K2.1 establishes base offense levels that increase with the
offender's history of violence, reflecting, we think, the Sentencing Commission's belief
that it is a more serious offense for violent felons to possess a firearm. Cf. 

. The fact that Mr. Oetken was convicted of a crime of violence after he
committed the instant offense ought not to transform his possession of a firearm into
a more serious offense retroactively, see 

225 F.3d at 246, and we note
that his post-offense burglary conviction is reflected in his criminal history calculation.
We thus conclude that the better reading of § 2K2.1(a)(4)(A) is that Mr. Oetken's post-
offense conviction may not be used to increase his base offense level.

                                              II.
         The government correctly points out that "commentary in the Guidelines Manual
that interprets or explains a guideline is authoritative unless it violates the Constitution
... or is inconsistent with, or a plainly erroneous reading of, that guideline," Stinson v.

                                            -3-
United States, 

, 38 (1993). Thus, if we were to find that some relevant
commentary instructs that post-offense convictions should be counted under § 2K2.1,
we might well be obliged to follow it. Because we find nothing in the commentary to
support this conclusion, however, our interpretation of the guideline is unaffected.

       Application note 5 to § 2K2.1 states that the term "prior felony conviction" is
defined in application note 1 to § 4B1.2 (the definitions guideline with respect to career
offenders). This definition, however, sheds no light on the meaning of the word "prior";
it concentrates, instead, on what a "felony conviction" is. See § 4B1.2, application
note 1, ¶ 9. Application note 5 to § 2K2.1 then states that "[f]or purposes of
determining the number of such [prior] convictions ... count any such prior conviction
that receives any points under § 4A1.1 (Criminal History Category)." That section, in
turn, defines what convictions receive criminal history points and notes that certain
convictions, for one reason or another, receive no criminal history points. See § 4A1.1,
application notes 1-3. Nothing in § 4A1.1 contributes to a definition of "prior
conviction."

       The commentary to § 4A1.1 also notes, however, that the section should be read
in conjunction with § 4A1.2. The government lays great emphasis on the statement in
application note 1 to § 4A1.2 that a "prior sentence" means "a sentence imposed prior
to sentencing on the instant offense" to support its argument that § 2K2.1(a)(4)(A)
includes post-offense convictions. We believe that the government's reliance on this
language is misplaced, however, because § 2K2.1 refers to § 4A1.1 (and thus § 4A1.2)
to determine which prior convictions receive criminal history points but only after the
number of prior convictions has been calculated under § 4B1.1 (career offenders) and
§ 4B1.2 (definitions relevant to career offenders). The definition of "prior sentence"
in § 4A1.2(a) is therefore applicable to § 2K2.1 only insofar as it determines what prior
convictions receive criminal history points; it has no bearing whatever on what
constitutes a prior conviction for the purposes of determining an offense level.


                                           -4-
       Because we find nothing in the sentencing guidelines or the accompanying
commentary and application notes that compels us to alter the interpretation of
§ 2K2.1(a)(4)(A) that we previously posited, we hold that only a conviction occurring
prior to the commission of the instant offense can constitute a "prior felony conviction."
Thus, because Mr. Oetken was convicted of burglary after he committed his firearms
offense, the burglary conviction cannot be used to increase his base offense level on the
firearms offense.

       Even if we were to find that the government's reading of § 2K2.1(a)(4)(A) was
a plausible one, moreover, we would reach the same result. Where there are two
plausible readings of a guideline provision, we apply the rule of lenity and give the
defendant the benefit of the reading that results in the shorter sentence. See United
States v. Pharis, 

, 436 (8th Cir. 1999). The rule of lenity would thus
require us to adopt the construction of the guidelines that we have already proposed in
any event, because it results in a shorter sentence for Mr. Oetken.

                                         III.
      For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the judgment of the district court.

      A true copy.

             Attest:

                 CLERK, U.S. COURT OF APPEALS, EIGHTH CIRCUIT.




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