United States Court of Appeals
                            FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
      ___________

      No. 99-4263
      ___________

Entergy, Arkansas, Inc., an Arkansas       *
corporation; Entergy Gulf States, Inc.,    *
a Texas corporation; Entergy Louisiana,    *
Inc., a Louisiana corporation; Wolf        *
Creek Nuclear Operating Corporation,       *
a Delaware corporation; Omaha Public       *
Power District, a public corporation and   *
political subdivision of the state of      *
Nebraska,                                  *
                                           *
            Plaintiffs,                    *
                                           *
Central Interstate Low-Level               *
Radioactive Waste Compact                  *
Commission,                                *
                                           *
            Plaintiff-Appellee,            *
                                           *
US Ecology, Inc., a California             *
corporation,                               *
                                           *
            Intervenor,                    *
                                           *   Appeals from the United States
      v.                                   *   District Court for the District
                                           *   of Nebraska.
State of Nebraska,                         *
                                           *
            Defendant-Appellant,           *
                                           *
Department of Environmental Quality,       *
Nebraska; Randolph Wood,                   *
individually and in his official capacity;   *
Jay Ringenberg, individually and in his      *
official capacity; Nebraska Department       *
of Health and Human Services                 *
Regulation & Licensure; David P.             *
Schor, individually and in his official      *
capacity; Cheryl Rogers, individually        *
and in her official capacity; John Doe;      *
Jane Doe; Doe Companies 1 through            *
20, individually and in their official       *
capacities,                                  *
                                             *
           Defendants.                       *
      ___________

      No. 99-4265
      ___________

Entergy, Arkansas, Inc., an Arkansas         *
corporation; Entergy Gulf States, Inc.,      *
a Texas corporation; Entergy Louisiana,      *
Inc., a Louisiana corporation; Wolf          *
Creek Nuclear Operating Corporation,         *
a Delaware corporation; Omaha Public         *
Power District, a public corporation and     *
political subdivision of the state of        *
Nebraska,                                    *
                                             *
             Plaintiffs-Appellees,           *
                                             *
Central Interstate Low-Level                 *
Radioactive Waste Compact                    *
Commission,                                  *
                                             *
             Plaintiff,                      *
                                             *
US Ecology, Inc., a California               *

                                             -2-
corporation,                               *
                                           *
              Intervenor-Appellee,         *
                                           *
       v.                                  *
                                           *
State of Nebraska; Department of           *
Environmental Quality, Nebraska;           *
Randolph Wood, individually and in his *
official capacity; Jay Ringenberg,         *
individually and in his official capacity; *
Nebraska Department of Health and          *
Human Services Regulation &                *
Licensure; David P. Schor, individually *
and in his official capacity; Cheryl       *
Rogers, individually and in her official *
capacity,                                  *
                                           *
              Defendants-Appellants,       *
                                           *
John Doe; Jane Doe; Doe Companies 1 *
through 20, individually and in their      *
official capacities,                       *
                                           *
              Defendants.                  *
                                     ___________

                            Submitted: October 16, 2000
                               Filed: March 8, 2001
                                ___________

Before WOLLMAN, Chief Judge, MORRIS SHEPPARD ARNOLD and MURPHY,
Circuit Judges.
                             ___________

MURPHY, Circuit Judge.


                                       -3-
       This case arises out of the five state Central Interstate Low-Level Radioactive
Waste Compact (the Compact) and was last before the court on Nebraska’s appeal
from a preliminary injunction in favor of the Central Interstate Low-Level Radioactive
Waste Commission (the Commission). See Entergy, Arkansas, Inc. v. Nebraska, 

(8th Cir. 2000) (affirming the district court). Now the Nebraska parties bring
two interlocutory appeals from the district court’s denial of motions seeking Eleventh
Amendment and qualified immunity and the dismissal of claims brought by the
Commission, some nuclear waste generators, and US Ecology (USE), an applicant for
a license to build a disposal facility in Nebraska. We affirm in part, reverse in part, and
remand.


                                            I.


       The background of the Compact has been described in previous decisions of this
court. See 

Nebraska v. Central Interstate Low-Level Radioactive Waste
Comm’n, 

(8th Cir. 1999); Nebraska v. Central Interstate Low-Level
Radioactive Waste Comm’n, 

(8th Cir. 1994). Under authority of the Low-
Level Radioactive Waste Policy Act of 1980 (the Act) passed by Congress, 42 U.S.C.
§ 2021b et seq. (1994), Nebraska, Arkansas, Kansas, Louisiana and Oklahoma entered
into the Compact. Nebraska, the other four states, and Congress all enacted the
Compact as original legislation. See Neb.Rev.Stat. § 71-3521(1996 Reissue) repealed
by Neb.Rev.Stat. § 71-3522 (effective August 28, 1999) and Omnibus Low-Level
Radioactive Waste Interstate Compact Consent Act, Pub.L. 99-240, tit. II, sec. 222, 99
Stat. 1859, 1863 (1986) (reprinting the Compact which is cited in this opinion by
article). The Compact created a framework for the development of low-level
radioactive waste facilities and established the Commission as the governing body. See
Art. IV. Several provisions address each state’s obligations under the Compact. The
Compact provides that each state has “the right to rely on the good faith performance
of each other party state.” Art. III(f). The state selected to host a disposal facility is

                                           -4-
required “to process all applications for permits and licenses required for the
development and operation of any regional facility or facilities within a reasonable
period from the time that a completed application is submitted.” Art. V(e)(2). The
Commission is authorized to “[r]equire all party states . . . to perform their duties and
obligations arising under this compact.” Art. IV(m)(8).


       In December 1987, the Commission chose Nebraska as the first member state
to host a waste disposal facility. The Commission contracted with USE to file a license
application for a disposal facility and then to build and maintain it. Under Nebraska
law USE was required to pay all costs associated with licensing, but pursuant to a
separate agreement the costs were to be reimbursed at a later date by the Commission.
See Neb.Rev.Stat. § 81-1579(2) (1999 Reissue). The Commission entered into
agreements with Entergy, Arkansas, Inc., Entergy Gulf State, Inc., Entergy Louisiana,
Inc., Wolf Creek Nuclear Operating Corp., and Omaha Public Power District (the
Generators) to pass on the cost of the licensing to them. At the time the preliminary
injunction was issued in April of 1999, the licensing process had already cost more than
$80 million. These costs included monies paid by Nebraska for subcontractors and
consultants, direct labor, office and administrative expenses, and other costs associated
with the review of the license application. The Generators paid $74 million of the total
costs to the Commission which turned over the funds to USE. USE itself contributed
the remaining $6 million for preliminary costs connected to the license application,
costs for which it has not been reimbursed.


       When Nebraska was chosen to provide the first site, Governor Kay Orr publicly
stated that the state was not happy to be the host for the disposal facility but that it
would honor its commitment under the Compact. In July 1990, USE submitted its
license application to the Low-Level Radioactive Waste Program operated by two
Nebraska state agencies responsible for licensing waste facilities. Those Nebraska
agencies are the Department of Environmental Quality (EQ) and the Department of

                                          -5-
Health and Human Services and Licensure (HHS), both parties in this action. The two
agencies required USE to answer some 700 questions before they would review its
application. E. Benjamin Nelson, a candidate for governor of Nebraska, promised that
if he were elected “it is not likely that there will be a nuclear dump [] in Nebraska.”
Entergy, Arkansas, Inc. v. Nebraska, 

, 981 (D.Neb. 1999). Nelson
won election, and Randolph Wood became the director of EQ. From that time the
state no longer exchanged information with USE. In December 1991, EQ stated that
it would not accept any responses to its 700 questions until all of the answers were
completed and submitted together; this added to the delay and the cost. In July 1992,
the Nebraska Auditor of Public Accounts, found that the EQ had not adopted a budget
to control the cost of review or a timetable to complete the work, and it recommended
that the EQ do so, but Wood refused. After USE submitted its answers, EQ issued a
Notice of Intent to Deny the license in January 1993, due to drainage problems and
“wetlands on the site.” Appellee’s App. II, 387. USE responded by opening a
contested case administrative proceeding under Nebraska law to challenge that
decision. It later amended its application and withdrew its pending case after reaching
a settlement with Nebraska.


       After the first contested case was withdrawn, the review process continued with
more questions and technical review of the amended application. During this process,
Nebraska demanded that the Commission turn over to it federal rebate money received
under the Act from the United States Department of Energy (DOE). When the
Commission did not turn over the rebate money, EQ directed the contractors doing the
state’s technical review to cut back their work and billings by twenty-five percent.
Nebraska sued the Commission to recover federal rebate funds, and it received part of
the money after it promised to accelerate review, but the amount of review work
continued to decline after the settlement.


      USE’s application to build the disposal facility was deemed complete by

                                         -6-
Nebraska in June 1995, and EQ and HHS then said that their review of the application
would take about one more year to complete. EQ later notified USE that the review
would take longer because two technical documents would not be finished until
October 1997. When EQ issued these two documents, it stated that the facility met
site suitability requirements, but the review continued nevertheless. The Commission
then imposed a deadline of January 14, 1997 for Nebraska to complete its review of
USE’s application, and Nebraska sued to have the deadline voided. This court upheld
the district court ruling that the Commission had the power under the Compact to set
the deadline. See Central Interstate Low-Level Radioactive Waste 

.


        USE’s amended license application was finally denied in December 1998 (the
original application had been submitted in July 1990). The reasons stated for the denial
were that there was insufficient depth of the water table at the site, that under the
applicable regulations EQ could not consider engineered improvements to the site, and
that USE had not shown financial ability to build and run the facility. On January 15,
1999, USE appealed the denial by filing another contested case petition with EQ, thus
initiating a second administrative contested case proceeding under Nebraska law.


       After USE opened its second contested case proceeding, the Generators filed this
action and USE intervened, also as a plaintiff. These parties were frustrated by the
delays in the Nebraska process and the soaring costs which had caused them to spend
over $80 million on the licensing proceedings by the time of the preliminary injunction
in April 1999. They alleged that Nebraska, EQ, HHS, and individual state officials
(collectively Nebraska) had violated the good faith provision in the Compact and their
constitutionally protected rights to procedural and substantive due process. They
brought their constitutional claims under 42 U.S.C. § 1983. USE also alleged that the
Nebraska defendants had engaged in tortious interference and conspiracy under state
tort law. The plaintiffs sought damages, injunctive and declaratory relief, removal of

                                          -7-
the state officials from the licensing procedure, an accounting, and attorney fees. They
also asserted equitable subrogation claims against the Commission, but the district
court realigned the Commission as another plaintiff in the case. The Commission
brought crossclaims against the state of Nebraska for violating the Compact, seeking
declaratory and injunctive relief, damages, an accounting, removal of the state from the
licensing process and substitution of a neutral third party, and attorney fees.


          In support of their claims, the plaintiffs set out detailed factual allegations
alleging that Nebraska and its officials had deliberately delayed review of the license
for eight years and intended that the process end in denial of the application. They
alleged that Nebraska had threatened to begin administrative proceedings anew unless
the first application were amended. After USE amended the application and withdrew
its first contested case, Nebraska nonetheless treated the amended application as a new
one, leading to increased costs and delay. They also alleged that Nebraska breached
a settlement it had reached with them over federal rebate funds. Nebraska had agreed
that in exchange for part of the rebate funds it would accelerate the pace of review and
drop its suit, but after it settled the case and received the funds, it slowed the review
process by reducing the work of outside technicians it employed. They alleged that
Nebraska had delayed and interfered in the review process by refusing to adopt a
reasonable budget or schedule, by making unjustified and incorrect statements
regarding the timing of the review with knowledge that the statements would be relied
upon, by assisting and encouraging opponents of the disposal site to file suits and delay
proceedings, by publicly disparaging the selected site, and by intervening in interstaff
discussions. The plaintiffs also alleged that Nebraska and officials at EQ and HHS had
improperly denied the amended application by relying on data which USE had
furnished with the assurance that Nebraska would not use it in making its decision and
by basing their denial on drainage plans in the original application to which they had
not raised any objection. The plaintiffs further alleged that unauthorized HHS officials
had provided statutory interpretations and participated in the license review. Finally,

                                          -8-
they alleged that the ongoing contested case proceeding in Nebraska was not a forum
that would address their complaints that political influence and bad faith had tainted the
license review process. Nebraska responded by raising its sovereign immunity and
arguing that the claims are barred by qualified immunity and the Eleventh Amendment
and that the allegations do not state a violation of the Compact or of the due process
clause.


      While the second contested case was continuing in Nebraska, the parties brought
several motions in this case. The Nebraska parties brought two motions to dismiss,
arguing that the district court lacked subject matter jurisdiction over the case and that
the Commission, the Generators, and USE had failed to state claims upon which relief
could be granted. The Commission and the Generators moved for a preliminary
injunction to enjoin the ongoing second contested case proceeding in Nebraska.


       Before ruling on Nebraska’s motions to dismiss, the district court granted the
Commission’s motion for a preliminary injunction staying USE’s administrative
contested case proceeding. See Entergy, Nebraska, 

. The
district court held that the Commission would suffer irreparable injury if the proceeding
were not enjoined because of the “stunted procedural” nature of the administrative
proceeding. See 

The court also found that the Commission was likely
to prevail on its claim that Nebraska had acted in bad faith because of Governor
Nelson’s campaign promises to block the nuclear disposal facility, the refusal of state
officials to adopt a budget and review schedule, denial of the 1993 application because
of wetlands on the site after outside counsel had advised that there was no problem in
respect to wetlands, a work slowdown after the rebate fund settlement providing for
accelerated review, and other detailed findings of bad faith. See 

The court
also held that Nebraska had waived its Eleventh Amendment immunity from the
Commission’s suit for prospective relief. See 

Based on these findings, the
court issued a preliminary injunction in April 1999. See 

                                           -9-
       The district court later issued two separate opinions on Nebraska’s motions to
dismiss. In the first, the district court dealt with the Commission’s claims against the
state of Nebraska. See Entergy, Arkansas, Inc. v. Nebraska, 

(D.Neb. 1999). The court held that Nebraska had waived its Eleventh Amendment
immunity from these claims when it entered into the Compact. See 

In
reaching that decision the court considered the specific provisions of the Compact and
the Commission’s status under it as the enforcement agency. See 

1099.
It also analyzed pertinent case law, the role of Congress, and historical legal
relationships. See 

It concluded that the Eleventh Amendment does not
bar actions by the Commission to enforce the Compact, see 

and that
Nebraska had expressly consented to the Commission’s suit for damages in federal
court by agreeing to Article III(f) and Article V(e)(2) of the Compact. See 

3. The court denied Nebraska’s motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim without
discussion. See 

        In the second opinion, the district court dealt with the claims of the Generators
and USE against the state of Nebraska, EQ, HHS, and the individual state officers. See
Entergy, Arkansas, Inc. v. Nebraska, 

, 1107 (D.Neb. 1999). The
court rejected the state officials’ defense of qualified immunity. See 

It
observed that the complaints alleged violations of the good faith requirement in the
Compact and that the Compact was clearly established federal law of which a
reasonable state official would have been aware. See 

concluded that the
Generators and USE had a right to sue under the Compact, as intended beneficiaries,
to challenge acts which had “delayed, impeded, and prejudiced the license application”
in violation of the Compact’s good faith mandate. 

concluded, however,
that Nebraska and officials in their official capacity had Eleventh Amendment immunity
on the claims of the Generators and USE for anything beyond injunctive and
declaratory relief. See 

Nebraska’s motion to dismiss was otherwise
denied. See 

filed an interlocutory appeal from decisions in each of the opinions by
the district court. Before its briefing on these matters was complete, we issued our
decision on the appeal from the preliminary injunction. See Entergy, Arkansas, 

. Based on the nature of the Compact and the language of Article
IV(e), we held “that by entering into the Compact, Nebraska waived its [Eleventh
Amendment] immunity from suit in federal court by the Commission to enforce its
contractual obligations.” 

As a result of this waiver, the Commission could
enforce the good faith requirement on Nebraska, but we did not limit the Commission
to only prospective relief. See 

found that the Commission’s enforcement
power was not limited to ousting the state from the Compact. See 

to
holding that Nebraska had waived its Eleventh Amendment immunity, we pointed out
that the district court would also have jurisdiction “to enjoin the state officers under Ex
parte Young” and that the Commission had shown ongoing violations of federal law.

We affirmed the issuance of the preliminary injunction. See 

       In the meantime briefs were completed on these interlocutory appeals. On its
appeal from the district court’s decision dealing with the Commission’s claims, the
state of Nebraska continues to assert Eleventh Amendment immunity. It also seeks to
include in its interlocutory appeal issues related to the district court’s denial of its
motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted. The
Commission responds that Nebraska waived its sovereign immunity by entering into
the Compact, that this court does not have interlocutory jurisdiction to determine
whether the Commission has stated a claim, but that if the court reaches the issue, a
claim has been stated.


     In its appeal from the decision dealing with the claims of the Generators and
USE, Nebraska argues that those claims are barred by the Eleventh Amendment and


                                           -11-
qualified immunity and that the plaintiffs have failed to state a claim upon which relief
can be granted.1 The Generators and USE respond that qualified immunity is not
available to the officials in their individual capacities because clearly established
federal law was violated, that the Eleventh Amendment does not bar prospective relief
against state officials, and that this court does not have jurisdiction to determine
whether claims were stated, but that they were in any event.


       The parties disagree on the extent of the issues properly before the court on these
interlocutory appeals. They agree that rulings on immunity are reviewable de novo.
See Puerto Rico Aqueduct & Sewer Auth. v. Metcalf & Eddy, Inc., 

, 144
(1993); Mitchell v. Forsyth, 

, 527 (1985). They disagree on whether this
court can now consider issues raised by the denial of the motions for failure to state a
claim. Appellate review is generally only available after final judgment, but there are
exceptions, such as the one for immunity issues and another for issues “inextricably
intertwined” with those appealable at the interlocutory stage. Swint v. Chambers
County Comm’n, 

, 51 (1995), see United States v. Brakke, 

,
913 (8th Cir. 1987) (denial of a motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim is not a
final appealable order). An issue is “inextricably intertwined” with properly presented
issues “‘only if it is coterminous with, or subsumed in, the claim before the court on
interlocutory appeal--that is, when the appellate resolution of the collateral appeal
necessarily resolves the pendent claims as well.’” Kincade v. City of Blue Springs,
Mo., 

, 394 (8th Cir. 1995), quoting Moore v. City of Wynnewood, 

, 930 (10th Cir. 1995).



      1
        Nebraska claims for the first time on appeal that plaintiff Omaha Public Power
District (OPPD) cannot assert due process claims because OPPD is a political
subdivision of the state. OPPD argues that this is incorrect because it is substantially
independent. We decline to reach this issue not raised in the district court. See United
States v. Nelson, 

, 1325 (8th Cir. 1997).

                                          -12-
                                           II.


        Nebraska argues that the district court erred when it denied its motion to dismiss
the Commission’s claims. It says the Commission’s claims are barred by the Eleventh
Amendment because it did not waive its immunity by entering into the Compact. Even
if it did waive its immunity, the waiver was only from suits by party states and the
Commission is not a party to the Compact. Finally, Nebraska contends that the
Commission failed to state a claim upon which relief can be granted under the
Compact.


       Nebraska argues in its briefing that the Commission’s claims are barred by the
Eleventh Amendment, but we have already held “that by entering into the Compact,
Nebraska waived its immunity from suit in federal court by the Commission to enforce
its contractual obligations.” Entergy, Arkansas, 

. “It has long
been recognized that a state may waive its Eleventh Amendment immunity.” See 

A waiver of immunity occurs when a state makes a “clear declaration” of its
intention to submit to suit in federal court as evidenced by the language of the text or
an “overwhelming implication from the text as [will] leave no room for any other
reasonable construction.” Edelman v. Jordan, 

, 673 (1974) (internal
quotation and citation omitted). Although our review of the district court’s decision to
grant an injunction was under an abuse of discretion standard, we reviewed de novo its
legal conclusion that Nebraska had waived its Eleventh Amendment immunity. See
Entergy, Arkansas 

. We carefully considered the Eleventh
Amendment issue before deciding it in the course of the preliminary injunction appeal,
and our holding that Nebraska waived its immunity from claims by the Commission,
including claims for damages, is now the law of the case. See In re Progressive
Farmers Assoc., 

, 655 (8th Cir. 1987).




                                          -13-
       Nebraska argues that the Commission is not a party to the Compact and so it
may only seek future performance, not damages or an accounting for past breaches.
In the Compact which Nebraska entered, the party states chose to delegate authority
to the Commission to initiate “any proceedings. . .before any court of law,” which
includes suits for breach of the Compact. Art. IV(e). The states not only allowed the
Commission to initiate proceedings, but mandated that the Commission “[r]equire all
party states and other persons to perform their duties and obligations arising under this
compact.” Art. IV(m)(8). A Compact between states is “after all a contract. . . . It
remains a legal document that must be construed and applied in accordance with its
terms. . . . There is nothing in the nature of compacts generally. . . that counsels against
rectifying a failure to perform in the past as well as ordering future performance called
for by the Compact.” Texas v. New Mexico, 

, 128 (1987) (internal
quotations and citations omitted). This court has already held that “revocation or
suspension of a state’s membership is [not] the exclusive enforcement mechanism”
under the Compact. Entergy, Arkansas, 

. By entering into a
compact in which the party states delegated to the Commission their authority to sue
for breach and required the Commission to enforce contractual obligations, Nebraska
waived its Eleventh Amendment immunity from suit by the Commission in federal
court.


       Nebraska also seeks to obtain review of the district court’s denial of its motion
to dismiss the Commission’s action for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be
granted. Nebraska argues that the Commission has failed to state a claim because it is
not a party to the Compact and the Compact does not provide for damages, but we
have resolved the underlying issue by holding that the Commission has the right to sue
under the Compact for the relief its seeks. Whether the Commission has stated a claim
is thus intertwined with Nebraska’s Eleventh Amendment argument, and we have
jurisdiction to decide it. See 

. We hold that since the Compact
could permit the relief sought, the Commission has stated a claim, and the district court

                                           -14-
did not err by denying the motion to dismiss. We affirm the district court’s decision
in respect to the Commission’s claims.


                                            III.


       Nebraska also argues that the district court erred when it denied its motion to
dismiss the claims of the Generators and USE. Nebraska argues that qualified
immunity bars the claims under the Compact and the due process clause against the
state officials in their individual capacity. Nebraska also asserts that the claims against
the state and the officials in their official capacity are barred by the Eleventh
Amendment. Nebraska further contends that the appellees failed to state a claim upon
which relief can be granted under the Compact and the due process clause.


        Qualified immunity shields state officials performing discretionary functions from
liability if “their conduct does not violate clearly established statutory or constitutional
rights of which a reasonable person would have known.” Harlow v. Fitzgerald, 

, 818 (1982). Nebraska asserts that the Generators and USE have not alleged
violations of federal law because they cannot enforce the good faith provision in the
Compact and they do not have a constitutionally protected property interest and thus
lack due process rights. Nebraska also denies that its actions could amount to due
process violations and claims that the state administrative proceeding on the amended
application can overcome any procedural defects that may have occurred earlier.
Finally, Nebraska argues that its officials acted rationally in denying the application.
The Generators and USE respond by arguing that they can enforce the good faith
provision in the Compact. They also assert that they have alleged violations of their
due process rights. They claim they have a protected property interest created by their
payment of over $80 million in costs by April 1999 with the expectation that the license
application would receive a timely review based on the Nebraska Administrative Code


                                           -15-
(N.A.C.) (a license shall issue if twelve requirements are met.) See N.A.C. tit. 194,
Ch. 3, § 009. Moreover, they contend that the limited nature of the enjoined case
proceeding was such that it could not remedy prior procedural violations. Finally, they
argue that the actions of the state officials were so arbitrary that they violated their
substantive due process rights.


                                            A.


       On our de novo review of the district court’s ruling denying qualified immunity
on the claims of the Generators and USE under the Compact, we must examine whether
appellees have alleged the violation of any clearly established federal constitutional or
statutory rights. See Whisman v. Rinehart, 

, 1309 (8th Cir. 1997). We
have already held that the Compact is federal law, see Entergy, Arkansas, 

, but Nebraska argues that the good faith provision does not provide the
Generators and USE with a clearly established federal statutory right. The Generators
and USE respond that they are intended beneficiaries of the Compact and therefore
entitled to enforce the good faith promise in Article III(f). Three factors are relevant
in determining whether a specific federal statutory provision gives rise to an
enforceable federal statutory right: 1) “Congress must have intended that the provision
in question benefit the plaintiff”; 2) “the right assertedly protected by the statute is not
so ‘vague and amorphous’ that its enforcement would strain judicial competence”; and
3) “the provision giving rise to the asserted right must be couched in mandatory, rather
than precatory, terms.” Blessing v. Freestone, 

, 340-41 (1997) (internal
citations omitted).


       The Generators cite a number of Compact provisions related to them to show
that they are intended beneficiaries of the Compact and able to enforce the good faith
provision. They argue that they are included in the definition of “Generators” because

                                           -16-
they manufacture nuclear waste. See Art. II(f). They also argue that Article III(a),
which requires a party state to accept “all wastes generated within the region,” was
intended to benefit them because they produce waste. Art. III(a). According to the
Generators, Article III(c) and (d) show they are intended beneficiaries because the rates
for a “user shall be fair and reasonable . . .” and they are “users” under the Compact.
Art. III(c). The Generators also point out that Article VI(d) prevents states from
making a generator’s access to a waste facility more costly. See Art. VI(d). They
further argue that the “take title” provision, which requires a violating state to take title
to waste, demonstrates that Congress intended to benefit generators. See 42 U.S.C.
§2021e(d)(2)(C) (2000). The Generators and USE all argue that they are included in
the definition of “person” in Article II(m). See Art. IV(l). USE claims it is an
intended beneficiary because Article V(b) allows the Commission to “seek applicants
for the development and operation of regional facilities” and Article V(c) sets out the
criteria for evaluating applications. Art. V(b) & (c). Finally, USE claims that it is
benefitted by the requirement in Article V(e)(2) that a license issue in a reasonable time
and that the Nebraska administrative process creates a benefit for applicants. See Art.
V(e)(2). Nebraska responds that the Compact was enacted to benefit party states and
the general public, not private entities, see Art. I, and that the language of Article III(f)
is specifically limited to party states and does not refer to generators or applicants.
See Art. III(f).


       The provision the Generators and USE seek to enforce does not provide them
with a federal statutory right. It is true that the Compact refers to entities like them and
that some of its provisions might possibly provide them with an enforceable federal
statutory right or a protected property interest under state law (since the Compact was
also enacted as original legislation by each member state). The Compact provision at
issue here, however, is the one containing the obligation of good faith. Article III(f) of
the Compact gives each member state the right to rely on “the good faith performance
of each other.” Article III(f) states that “[e]ach party state has the right to rely on the

                                            -17-
good faith performance of each other party state.” (emphasis added). This provision
does not name or suggest any other entities possessing such a right. Since we cannot
say that Congress intended this provision to benefit the Generators and USE, we need
not consider the other Blessing factors.


        Article III(f) expressly limits to whom good faith is owed, and the Generators
and USE are not included and would be at most incidental beneficiaries. Since these
parties are unable to establish that Article III(f) provides them with a federal statutory
right, the individual state officials could not have violated any clearly established law
under it and they are entitled to qualified immunity on these claims. Their inability to
enforce the good faith provision also means they have failed to state a claim upon
which relief can be granted in respect to the claims they have asserted under the
Compact. See 

. We thus reverse the district court’s ruling
denying qualified immunity on these claims and denying the motion to dismiss them.


                                           B.


       The Nebraska officials also argue that they are entitled to qualified immunity on
the procedural and substantive due process claims of the Generators and USE. The
Generators and USE alleged that Nebraska has been deliberately delaying the review
process since 1990, leading to their payment of more than $80 million in costs by April
1999 without achieving a license or closure in the process. They alleged that
Nebraska’s tactics have deprived them of due process by threatening to begin review
of the application anew, breaching the first contested case settlement and then the
federal rebate settlement by slowing the review process, making incorrect statements
about the timing of review, encouraging and engaging in numerous lawsuits, not
following their own regulations, interpreting regulations in a way contrary to law, not
providing fair procedures, not judging the license application on its merits, and denial


                                          -18-
of the license application for groundwater problems despite state findings that the site
met suitability requirements. They also claim that key officials were improperly
influenced by political pressure.


        The Nebraska officials contend that they are entitled to qualified immunity from
the procedural due process claims because the appellees do not have a constitutionally
protected property interest, and even if they did, the administrative contested case
proceeding with available judicial review can remove the effect of any past procedural
violations. They also argue that they are entitled to immunity from the substantive due
process claims because they acted rationally. The Generators and USE respond that
they have a constitutionally protected property interest created by the $80 million they
paid over the last eleven years in reliance on the N.A.C. which states that a license
shall issue if twelve requirements are met. See N.A.C. tit. 194, Ch. 3, § 009. In their
view the administrative contested case proceeding and opportunity for judicial review
will not eliminate the effect of the past procedural violations because the administrative
hearing officer has already ruled inadmissible any evidence of political taint in the
licensing history. The Generators and USE assert that state officials have acted so
egregiously with their delay tactics and the continuing intent to deny the application that
they have deprived them of their rights to substantive due process.


       In order to assert a procedural due process violation in this case, the parties
agree that the Generators and USE must first establish a legitimate claim of entitlement
to a property interest created by state law. See Board of Regents of State Coll. v. Roth,

, 577 (1972). An entitlement can be established by substantive standards
or criteria that guide an official’s discretion, see Stauch v. City of Columbia Heights,

, 429 (8th Cir. 2000), and in this case might possibly be found in the
procedures and requirements listed in the N.A.C. for the issuance of a license, the
requirement that the licensing process costs be paid by USE (and ultimately the
Generators) and the very large payments already made in reliance on Nebraska’s

                                           -19-
procedures, the administrative scheme set up by the Compact which was enacted into
state law, or other state laws. A successful claim must also rest on a denial of
fundamental procedural fairness, see Fuentes v. Shevin, 

, 80 (1972), such
as lack of fair procedures or impartial officials incapable of judging the license
application on its merits. See Concrete Pipe & Prods. of Cal., Inc. v. Construction
Laborers Pension Trust for S. Cal., 

, 617-18 (1993); Marshall v. Jerrico,
Inc., 

, 242 (1980); Hortonville Joint Sch. Dist. No. 1 v. Hortonville Educ.
Assoc., 

, 493 (1976). The district court never discussed whether
appellees have a protected property interest or a claim of denial of fundamental
procedural fairness. See Entergy, Arkansas, Inc. 

. It also never
discussed qualified immunity in respect to such claims. See 

       To assert a substantive due process violation in this case, the parties agree that
the Generators and USE must establish a constitutionally protected property interest
and that state officials used their power in such an arbitrary and oppressive way that
it “shocks the conscience.” See County of Sacramento v. Lewis, 

, 845-46
(1998). This standard could be met if the officials’ conduct was “intended to injure in
some way unjustifiable by any government interest,” 

or if their actions were
done with “deliberate indifference” to a party’s protected rights in a situation where
officials had an opportunity to consider various alternatives. See Neal v. St. Louis
County Bd. of Police Comm’rs, 

, 958 (8th Cir. 2000); see also Whitley
v. Albers, 

, 320 (1986).


       In summarily denying the defense of qualified immunity and the motion to
dismiss the claims of the Generators and USE, the district court only discussed claims
asserted under the Compact. See Entergy, Arkansas, 

. It
gave no indication that it had considered their constitutional claims or whether the
officials were entitled to qualified immunity on them. See 

lack jurisdiction


                                          -20-
over these issues, and remand for the district court to analyze and rule on them.2 See
Jones v. Coonce, 

, 1365 (8th Cir. 1993).


                                           III.


       After a thorough study of the record and the briefs, we affirm in part and reverse
in part. We affirm the district court’s determination that Nebraska waived its Eleventh
Amendment immunity under the Compact and that the Commission has not failed to
state a claim. We reverse the denial of qualified immunity for the state officials on the
claims by the Generators and USE which allege a violation of the good faith provision
in the Compact. We also reverse the denial of Nebraska’s motion to dismiss those
good faith claims for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted. We
decline to address issues over which we lack jurisdiction on these interlocutory appeals,
and we remand for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.




      2
         On remand the district court may have occasion to deal with various other issues
not properly before us at this time, either because they were not resolved by the district
court, see Boatman’s First Nat’l Bank of Kansas City v. Kansas Pub. Employees Ret.
Sys., 

, 641 (8th Cir. 1995), or because of the interlocutory nature of these
appeals. See 

. For example, Nebraska argues that the due
process claims of the Generators and USE against the state officials in their official
capacity are barred by the Eleventh Amendment; appellees respond that the Eleventh
Amendment does not prevent a suit against state officials for prospective equitable
relief to prevent violations of federal law. See Ex parte Young, 

, 159-60
(1908). The district court ruled that the state officials are “generally immune” except
for Ex parte Young relief, but it did not discuss the nature of the due process claims.
See Entergy, Arkansas, 

. It also did not make clear the
nature of any holding in respect to the state tort claims.

                                          -21-
A true copy.

      Attest:

               CLERK, U.S. COURT OF APPEALS, EIGHTH CIRCUIT.




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