United States Court of Appeals
                            FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
                                     ___________

                                     No. 00-2325
                                     ___________

Bunzl Distribution USA, Inc.,             *
                                          *
             Appellant,                   *
                                          * Appeal from the United States
      v.                                  * District Court for the Eastern
                                          * District of Missouri
Richard Dewberry,                         *
                                          * [UNPUBLISHED]
             Appellee.                    *
                                     ___________

                              Submitted: January 10, 2001

                                   Filed: June 11, 2001
                                    ___________

Before LOKEN and BYE, Circuit Judges, and SACHS,1 District Judge.
                               ___________

BYE, Circuit Judge.

       Bunzl Distribution USA, Inc. (Bunzl) fired Richard Dewberry for
insubordination. Dewberry challenged his termination in arbitration pursuant to his
employment contract. The arbitrator determined that Bunzl had no cause for
Dewberry's termination, and awarded damages. Bunzl filed a motion in district court
to vacate the award, claiming that the arbitrator exhibited a "manifest disregard" of the


      1
        The Honorable Howard F. Sachs, United States District Judge for the Western
District of Missouri, sitting by designation.
law by failing to apply Missouri law correctly. The district court2 held that the
arbitrator did not manifestly disregard the law. We affirm.

       Bunzl, a St. Louis company, markets and distributes plastic and paper products
to supermarkets. On January 1, 1997, Bunzl hired Richard Dewberry as a sales
representative to represent the company in Pennsylvania. Dewberry's employment
contract was "governed by the laws of the State of Missouri." Bunzl could "terminate
the term of this Agreement at any time for cause." The term "cause" included
"insubordination by Employee related to his employment." Any termination dispute
had to be resolved by binding arbitration. An employee terminated without cause could
ask for one year's base salary following the date of termination.

       On November 9, 1997, Bunzl fired Dewberry for insubordination after he and
Greg Hicks, an executive vice president, exchanged profanities in a phone
conversation. The phone conversation concerned the firing of Jeff Shepherd,
Dewberry's friend and co-worker. Dewberry demanded arbitration. He claimed his
firing was "without cause" and he sought one year's base salary.

       In the arbitration, Bunzl argued that Missouri law required Dewberry to prove
that Bunzl arbitrarily and capriciously concluded that Dewberry was insubordinate.
See Superior Gearbox Co. v. Edwards, 

, 244 (Mo. Ct. App. 1993)
(discussing a jury instruction in which "just cause" was defined as "a real cause or basis
for dismissal as distinguished from an arbitrary whim or caprice"). Bunzl relied upon
a Missouri case which defined insubordination as including "a defiant attitude and
'rebellious' [or] 'mutinous'" conduct, McClellon v. Gage, 

, 469 (Mo. Ct.
App. 1989), and another Missouri case which held that addressing a supervisor with
profane or vulgar language constituted "misconduct" justifying a discharge. See


      2
        The Honorable Rodney W. Sippel, United States District Judge for the Eastern
District of Missouri.

                                           -2-
Simpson Sheet Metal, Inc. v. Labor & Indus. Comm'n, 

, 314 (Mo. Ct.
App. 1995).

        The arbitrator determined that Dewberry was not insubordinate, and therefore
that Bunzl terminated him without cause. The arbitrator referred to the definition of
insubordination in the “Roberts Dictionary of Industrial Relations.” The Roberts
Dictionary indicates that "[u]nder certain circumstances, use of objectionable language
or abusive behavior toward supervisors may be deemed to be insubordination because
it reveals disrespect of management's authority." The arbitrator held that the "certain
circumstances" were not present in this case because both Hicks and Dewberry used
profanity in the phone conversation. The arbitrator concluded that “Mr. Hicks stooped
to the level of Mr. Dewberry by engaging in the same type of disrespect. The situation
became a mutual use of shop talk. Therefore, under these circumstances, there is no
finding of insubordination.”

      Bunzl filed a motion in federal district court to vacate the arbitrator's award.
Bunzl argued that the arbitrator's decision exhibited a manifest disregard of the law
because the arbitrator's own factual findings mandated a determination that Dewberry
had been insubordinate. Bunzl also argued that the arbitrator manifestly disregarded
the burden of proof under Missouri law by ignoring Dewberry's requirement to prove
Bunzl acted arbitrarily and capriciously when it determined that Dewberry was
insubordinate.

        The district court affirmed the arbitrator's award. First, the district court noted
that the arbitrator had not made factual findings that mandated a finding of
insubordination, but instead that the arbitrator specifically found that Dewberry was not
insubordinate. Secondly, with respect to the burden of proof/arbitrary-and-capricious
issue, the district court noted that the arbitrator did not specifically articulate the burden
of proof under Missouri law, was not required to do so, and that the arbitrator's silence


                                             -3-
on this issue was not enough to conclude that the arbitrator based his decision on a
manifest disregard of the law. Bunzl timely appealed the decision of the district court.

       Conclusions of law in a district court order affirming an arbitrator's award are
reviewed de novo, and any findings of fact are reviewed for clear error. Kiernan v.
Piper Jaffray Cos., Inc., 

, 591 (8th Cir. 1998). Judicial review of an
arbitration decision itself is extremely limited. See 9 U.S.C. § 10 (enumerating the
limited circumstances in which the Federal Arbitration Act (FAA) authorizes a court
to vacate an arbitration award). Unless one of the circumstances set forth in the FAA
applies, an arbitrator's award can be set aside only if "it is completely irrational or
evidences a manifest disregard for law." Lee v. Chica, 

, 885 (8th Cir.
1993) (internal quotations omitted).

       The sole issue on appeal is whether the arbitrator's failure to refer to the burden
of proof under Missouri law establishes that the arbitrator manifestly disregarded the
law. Like the district court, we find no "manifest disregard" of the law present under
these circumstances:

      Despite [Bunzl's] vigorous claims to the contrary, neither the award itself
      nor the record before us suggests that the arbitrator[] in any way
      manifestly disregarded the law in reaching [his] decision. In Wilko [v.
      Swan, 

, 436-37 (1953)], the Court carefully distinguished an
      arbitrator's interpretation of the law, which is insulated from review, from
      an arbitrator's disregard of the law, which may open the door for judicial
      scrutiny. Further, such disregard must be made clearly to appear and may
      be found when arbitrators understand and correctly state the law, but
      proceed to disregard the same. In the case before us, the arbitrator['s]
      decision does not clearly delineate the law applied, nor expound the
      reasoning and analysis used. Rather, the award presents . . . only a
      cursory discussion of what the arbitrator[] considered to be the key points
      underlying the award. It therefore cannot be said that it clearly appears
      that the arbitrator[] identified applicable law and proceeded to reach a
      contrary position in spite of it. Nor does the absence of express reasoning

                                           -4-
      by the arbitrator[] support the conclusion that [he] disregarded the law.
      Arbitrators are not required to elaborate their reasoning supporting an
      award, and to allow a court to conclude that it may substitute its own
      judgment for the arbitrator's whenever the arbitrator chooses not to
      explain the award would improperly subvert the proper functioning of the
      arbitral process. . . . We may not set an award aside simply because we
      might have interpreted the agreement differently or because the arbitrators
      erred in interpreting the law or in determining the facts. Although this
      result may seem draconian, the rules of law limiting judicial review and
      the judicial process in the arbitration context are well established and the
      parties here, both sophisticated in the realms of business and law, can be
      presumed to have been well versed in the consequences of their decision
      to resolve their disputes in this manner.

Stroh Container Co. v. Delphi Indus., Inc., 

, 750-51 (8th Cir. 1986); see
Painewebber Group, Inc. v. Zinsmeyer Trusts P'ship, 

, 994 (8th Cir. 1999)
("Arbitration panels are not required to explain their decisions.").

       Bunzl concedes that arbitrators are not required to explain the reasons for their
decisions, but argues that when an arbitrator elects to issue a written decision, the
written decision cannot be ignored. While the arbitrator elected to issue a written
decision in this case, he didn’t specifically discuss the burden of proof under Missouri
law. "It therefore cannot be said that it clearly appears that the arbitrator[] identified
applicable law and proceeded to reach a contrary position in spite of it." Stroh

; see also 

(rejecting a claim of
"manifest disregard" involving an arbitration panel's alleged misstatement or
misapplication of the burden of proof).

      We therefore affirm the district court.




                                           -5-
A true copy.

      Attest:

         CLERK, U.S. COURT OF APPEALS, EIGHTH CIRCUIT.




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