United States Court of Appeals
                           FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
                                    ___________

                                    No. 00-2203
                                    ___________

Grover Henderson,                        *
                                         *
             Appellant,                  *
                                         *
      v.                                 * Appeal from the United States
                                         * District Court for the Eastern
Larry Norris, Director,                  * District of Arkansas.
Arkansas Department                      *
of Correction,                           *
                                         *
             Appellee.                   *
                                    ___________

                              Submitted: February 15, 2001

                                   Filed: July 9, 2001
                                    ___________

Before WOLLMAN, Chief Judge, and BRIGHT and MORRIS SHEPPARD
      ARNOLD, Circuit Judges.
                              ___________

MORRIS SHEPPARD ARNOLD, Circuit Judge.

       An Arkansas state jury sentenced Grover Henderson to life imprisonment, see
Ark. Code Ann. § 5-4-103(a), for the first offense of which he has ever been convicted,
the delivery of .238 grams of cocaine base. See Ark. Code Ann. § 5-64-401(a)(1)(i).
He appealed, contending that his sentence was cruel and unusual punishment under the
eighth amendment to the Constitution. The Arkansas Supreme Court affirmed his
conviction in a four-to-three decision. See Henderson v. Arkansas, 

, 411-
12, 

, 660-61 (1995). Mr. Henderson then petitioned for federal habeas
corpus relief under 28 U.S.C. § 2254 raising the eighth amendment issue. The district
court denied Mr. Henderson's petition but granted him a certificate of appealability.
We reverse and remand with directions to enter an order granting the writ.

                                             I.
       We review the district court's findings of fact for clear error and its conclusions
of law de novo. See Richardson v. Bowersox, 

, 977 (8th Cir. 1999), cert.
denied, 

(2000). Because Mr. Henderson's habeas petition was filed
before the effective date of the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996
(AEDPA), this appeal is subject to pre-AEDPA standards of review. See Lindh v.
Murphy, 

, 336 (1997). Even before passage of the AEDPA, we were of
course obligated to defer to the factual findings of the state court. See McDowell v.
Leapley, 

, 233 (8th Cir. 1993). The state argues that deference must also
be given to the state court's resolution of federal questions of law and mixed questions
of fact and law. We disagree.

       In Miller v. Fenton, 

, 111-12 (1985), the Supreme Court held that
mixed questions of fact and law in habeas cases are reviewed de novo. Here the state
relies on Teague v. Lane, 

, 310 (1989) (plurality opinion), to argue that
because "new law" may not be applied in a habeas case, a federal court must defer to
reasonable (although possibly erroneous) state court interpretations of federal law. In
pre-AEDPA habeas cases since Teague, however, we have reviewed state court
interpretations of federal law de novo, see, e.g., McIntyre v. Caspari, 

, 342
(8th Cir. 1994), cert. denied, 

(1995), as well as state court conclusions
regarding mixed questions of law and fact, see, e.g., McGurk v. Stenberg, 

, 473 (8th Cir. 1998), see also 

n.1, and Reese v. Delo, 

,
1183 (8th Cir. 1996), cert. denied, 

(1997).




                                           -2-
       We believe that our application of de novo review in pre-AEDPA cases is
consistent with the view of a majority of justices in Williams v. Taylor, 

(2000). In Williams, two justices agreed that, before passage of the AEDPA, federal
courts were to exercise "independent judgment" when addressing questions of law or
mixed questions of law and fact, and that Teague had no effect on the standard of
review. See Williams, 

, 400, 402 (2000) (opinion of O'Connor, J.). Four
other justices in Williams would have given no deference to state court determinations
of federal law before or after AEDPA. See 

(opinion of Stevens, J.). We
therefore apply a de novo standard of review to determine whether Mr. Henderson's
punishment violates the eighth amendment.

                                            II.
        The eighth amendment to the Constitution provides that "[e]xcessive bail shall
not be required nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments
inflicted." In Solem v. Helm, 

, 279-81 (1983), the Supreme Court had
before it a sentence of life imprisonment without parole that was imposed on a person
who had passed a "no account" check and had committed six prior non-violent felonies.
The Court held that the sentence was cruel and unusual, stating that although
"[r]eviewing courts ... should grant substantial deference to the broad authority that
legislatures necessarily possess in determining the types and limits of punishments and
crimes," 

punishment is cruel and unusual if it is "grossly disproportionate"
to the crime, 

n.17, see also 

        In its most recent decision involving a proportionality review of a non-capital
sentence under the eighth amendment, see Harmelin v. Michigan, 

(1991),
the Supreme Court was sharply divided. Five justices agreed that a mandatory sentence
of life imprisonment without parole for possession of 672 grams of cocaine, which was
the defendant's first offense, was not cruel and unusual. See 

                                          -3-
        Two of those justices would have overruled Solem and held that the eighth
amendment does not provide for proportionality review in a non-capital case at all. See

, 994 (opinion of Scalia, J.). Three other justices believed
that proportionality review of a prison sentence exists under the eighth amendment, see

(opinion of Kennedy, J.), but, emphasizing that a sentence is rarely "grossly
disproportionate" to a crime, 

they concluded that the defendant's sentence
did not violate this standard, see 

Since Harmelin, our court and others
have applied the principles outlined in Mr. Justice Kennedy's opinion to cases like the
present one. See, e.g., United States v. Gordon, 

, 1107 (8th Cir. 1992),
cert. denied, 

(1992); see also United States v. Jones, 

,
1261 (10th Cir. 2000), and United States v. Harris, 

, 1084 (9th Cir.
1998), cert. denied, 

(1999).

                                            III.
       In deciding whether a sentence is "grossly disproportionate" to a crime,

, we first compare the gravity of the offense committed to
the harshness of the penalty imposed. See 

(opinion of Kennedy, J.). To
evaluate the severity of a crime, we consider the harm caused or threatened to the
victim or to society and the culpability and degree of involvement of the defendant. See

. In considering the culpability of the defendant, the court may
look to the defendant's intent and motive in committing the crime. See 

       In assessing the seriousness of Mr. Henderson's crime, we first address the actual
or potential harm that he caused to the victim or to society. Although drug crimes
generally are considered serious, see 

(opinion of
Kennedy, J.), see also United States v. Meirovitz, 

, 1381 (8th Cir. 1990),
cert. denied, 

(1991), we believe that it denies reality and contradicts
precedent to say that all drug crimes are of equal seriousness and pose the same threat
to society. In 

, the Supreme Court remarked on the importance
that the "absolute magnitude" of the crime may play in assessing the harm that it causes

                                          -4-
or threatens, and the plurality in 

, 1007-09 (opinion of
Kennedy, J.), repeatedly emphasized the amount of cocaine involved in the crime in
explaining why the defendant's sentence did not violate the eighth amendment.

        In Harmelin, Mr. Justice Kennedy observed that the 672 grams of pure cocaine
that the defendant possessed had "a potential yield of between 32,500 and 65,000
doses," 

and that the state legislature could reasonably have decided that
"this large an amount," 

warranted a mandatory sentence of life without
parole. 

to the amount of cocaine, Mr. Justice Kennedy concluded
that, given the crime's severity, an extended proportionality analysis was unnecessary.
See 

       The pertinent statute in Harmelin mandated a life sentence without parole for
possession of 650 grams of a "mixture" containing cocaine, see 

n.1 (opinion
of Scalia, J.), and Mr. Justice Kennedy further noted that the defendant might have
been prosecuted because he possessed "672.5 grams of undiluted cocaine" and other
"trappings" of the drug trade, 

When explaining that the defendant's crime
was much more serious than the crime in Solem, Mr. Justice Kennedy referred to "the
threat posed to the individual and society by possession of this large an amount of
cocaine" (emphasis supplied), 

and referred once more to the quantity of
drugs involved in the defendant's crime in stating that state law gave notice of the
penalty for the "possession of drugs in wholesale amounts," 

       In Mr. Henderson's case, in contrast to the circumstances in Harmelin, the
amount of drugs that Mr. Henderson sold was extraordinarily small: The three "rocks"
of cocaine base, or crack, weighed less than one-quarter of a gram, which is less than
a hundredth of an ounce. The weight or "absolute magnitude," 

,
of the drugs involved in Harmelin was approximately 2,825 times the weight of the
drugs possessed by Mr. Henderson, and nowhere near the 32,500 to 65,000 doses of


                                          -5-
drugs involved in Harmelin. The price obtained for Mr. Henderson's minimal amount
of drugs was a mere $20.

      It is true that there was evidence that Mr. Henderson had sold two additional
"rocks" of crack, but the jury was not instructed that it could take this conduct into
account in fixing Mr. Henderson's sentence. Even taking two additional "rocks" into
account, moreover, the total amount would be only five "rocks." As the district court
noted, assuming that the "rocks" were equal in size, their total weight would be less
than four-tenths of a gram, with a total value of about $33.33. Although the state
contends that the amount of drugs involved is irrelevant to our inquiry (and that life
imprisonment passes eighth amendment muster here no matter how microscopic the
amount of drugs), we do not believe that the Harmelin plurality's repeated references
to quantity or Solem's 

, to the "absolute magnitude" of the
crime supports the state's contention.

       In assessing the proportionality of the punishment, we also consider the
culpability of the defendant. Mr. Henderson did not initiate the contact with the
informant who bought the drugs or coerce the informant into buying them, and there
was no evidence that he made any effort to sell this person any more than the
.238 grams of cocaine base for which he was convicted. There is no indication that
Mr. Henderson engaged in violence or had any weapons, and, unlike the circumstances
in 

(opinion of Kennedy, J.), no "trappings" of the drug
trade are part of the record.

       We think it highly important, too, that Mr. Henderson had no prior convictions.
Although the state correctly argues that it may impose a mandatory penalty without
regard to prior convictions, see 

the Supreme Court has noted that
recidivism is one consideration that may support the imposition of a severe penalty.
See Rummel v. Estelle, 

, 276 (1980). Here Mr. Henderson had no prior


                                         -6-
convictions, and thus recidivism does not support the harsh sentence. Cf. 

, 1381.

        In considering Mr. Henderson’s culpability, we also note that there was evidence
offered at his trial that he attempted to prevent a prosecuting witness from testifying by
providing him transportation and expenses to travel to another state. The Arkansas
Supreme Court held that this evidence was admissible to prove Mr. Henderson’s guilt,
see 

, 910 S.W.2d at 658-59, but we note that the court
did not rely on that evidence as a basis for rejecting his eighth amendment challenge
to his sentence, see 

at 

. More significantly,
we believe, the jury that sentenced Mr. Henderson was never instructed that it could
consider this evidence when deciding upon his sentence. Regardless of the abstract
legal propriety of considering such evidence at sentencing, we will not presume for
eighth amendment purposes that the jury in fact took this evidence into account when
sentencing Mr. Henderson to life in prison. Cf. 

, see also 

n.21 (in recidivism case, courts evaluating proportionality of sentence "must focus
on the principal felony -- the felony that triggers the life sentence").

                                           IV.
      We next consider the severity of the sentence. See 

(opinion of Kennedy, J.). In cases like this, the Supreme Court has
acknowledged that there is a relevant difference between a life sentence with the
possibility of parole and a life sentence without the possibility of parole. See 

. The sentence given to Mr. Henderson, life imprisonment, is the
harshest sentence given in Arkansas for all but two crimes, capital murder and treason.
Only those convicted of these two crimes may be sentenced to death, or to what is
termed life "without the possibility of parole," a sentence that precludes parole even if
the governor commutes it to a term of years. See Ark. Code Ann. § 5-4-104(b),
§ 5-4-606, § 5-4-607(b), § 5-4-607(c).


                                           -7-
        With regard to all other life sentences, including Mr. Henderson's, the offender
is not eligible for parole unless the governor in the exercise of clemency commutes the
sentence to a term of years; the offender is then eligible for parole through the normal
parole procedures. See Ark. Code Ann. § 16-93-607(c)(1). Arkansas's model jury
instructions specifically state that "[p]ersons under sentence of life imprisonment are
not eligible for parole," see Ark. Model Criminal Instructions 2d 9403 (1996), and the
jury was so instructed in this case.

       Although the state asserts that over the years some offenders sentenced to life
imprisonment in Arkansas have received a commutation from a governor of the state,
we find nothing in the case papers that reveals the number of offenders who have
sought a commutation or the number of years that those sentenced to life have served
before being granted a commutation. Furthermore, as the Supreme Court noted in

n.29, past practice with respect to commutations "is not a
reliable indicator of future performance when the relevant decision is left to the
unfettered discretion of each Governor." The "heart of executive clemency ... is to
grant clemency as a matter of grace," Ohio Adult Parole Authority v. Woodard, 

, 280-81 (1998) (plurality opinion), and clemency is "a favor which may be
arbitrarily extended or withheld," Nelson v. Hall, 

, 687, 

,
388 (1926).

        In 

, 300-03, 301 n.28, the Supreme Court found that the
inherent distinction between parole and commutation was significant in this kind of
case. The defendant's sentence in Solem was described as life without parole, but the
governor had the power to commute the sentence to a fixed term, after which the
defendant would be eligible for parole after serving three-fourths of the new term. See

The Court distinguished these circumstances from the life sentence given
in Rummel, where the defendant could be eligible for parole in twelve years. See 

                                          -8-
       Although more commutations have been granted in Arkansas than in South
Dakota (the state in question in Solem, see 

we believe that the distinction
between parole and commutation addressed in Solem, 

is pertinent here: "As
a matter of law, parole and commutation are different concepts.... Parole is a regular
part of the rehabilitative process. Assuming good behavior, it is the normal expectation
in the vast majority of cases." The Court concluded, in contrast, that "[t]he possibility
of commutation ... is little different from the possibility of executive clemency that
exists in every case in which a defendant challenges his sentence under the Eighth
Amendment," 

                                          V.
       We infer, for the reasons indicated, that Mr. Henderson’s sentence is grossly
disproportionate to his crime. Before we can determine whether the eighth amendment
was violated, however, we are required to make a further inquiry. "[I]ntrajurisdictional
and interjurisdictional analyses are appropriate ... in the rare case in which a threshold
comparison of the crime committed and the sentence imposed leads to an inference of
gross disproportionality," 

(opinion by Kennedy, J.).

        We first note that, with respect to Mr. Henderson's direct appeal to the Arkansas
Supreme Court, the dissent, in which three of the seven judges joined, stated that "[t]his
is the first time that a life sentence has been affirmed in this State where the defendant's
crime was one offense and a first offense and where the quantity of drugs sold was such
a minor amount," 

, 910 S.W.2d at 661 (Brown, J.,
dissenting). The dissent went on to list other Arkansas decisions in which life
sentences were affirmed, see 

at 

, but all of
them involved repeat offenders or more serious crimes. The dissent concluded that the
sentence "was so wholly disproportionate to the nature of the offense as to shock the
moral sense of the community," 

at 

.




                                            -9-
       In the district court, the state provided the names of two other offenders
sentenced to life imprisonment in Arkansas for a first offense involving a minimal
amount of drugs. We note that one of these convictions was overturned on other
grounds in a habeas corpus proceeding. See Bragg v. Norris, 

(E.D. Ark. 2000). As to the other named offender, Leonard Robinson, we observe that
the state has stipulated that its prison records may not be complete or accurate. Based
on this statement, we are uncertain whether to give credence to the reference to
Mr. Robinson, particularly because of the facts of Robinson v. State, 

, 

(1994). According to this decision, a "Leon Ray" Robinson was convicted
of "two counts of delivery of a controlled substance," 

at 

, was sentenced to fifteen years on the first count and to life imprisonment on the
second, see 

at 

, and "had a previous drug
conviction," 

at 

. We are further confused because
the state's list of offenders who received a life sentence for drug offenses includes only
one "Leon" Robinson and no one with a similar name. In any event, the evidence
indicates that Mr. Henderson's sentence as a first offender for delivery of less than
one-quarter of a gram of crack is highly unusual and perhaps unique in Arkansas.

      As we have already said, life imprisonment is the harshest sentence available for
almost any crime in Arkansas, including more obviously violent crimes. Other felonies
in Arkansas for which this is the most severe penalty available include first-degree
murder, see Ark. Code. Ann. § 5-10-102, rape, see § 5-14-103, and kidnapping, see
§ 5-11-102; see also § 5-4-104(c)(1), § 5-4-401(a)(1).

       We believe, moreover, that Arkansas's advisory sentencing guidelines, applicable
to judicially imposed sentences for crimes that occurred after 1993 (the year of
Mr. Henderson’s crime), provide further evidence of the gross disproportionality of his
sentence. Under those guidelines, a defendant convicted of Mr. Henderson's offense
for the first time would receive a presumptive sentence of three and one-half years, see

n.1 (Brown, J., dissenting),

                                          -10-
although the ten-year statutory minimum would trump the guidelines in this instance,
see 

are advisory only, and deviations may be supported by
aggravating circumstances, such as witness intimidation or tampering with the
evidence, see Ark. Code Ann. § 16-90-804(d)(2)(J), see also 

n.1, but we believe that the striking contrast between the
recommended three and one-half years and the life imprisonment that Mr. Henderson
received supports our preliminary conclusion that his sentence violates the eighth
amendment.

       It is also appropriate to compare Mr. Henderson's sentence with sentences
imposed for the same crime in other jurisdictions. See 

.
Although the state contends in its brief that "such lengthy sentences ... are not
uncommon in ... other jurisdictions for similar drug offenses," the state's contention is
belied by the only two examples that it offers. The state first cites a forty-year-old
decision from Washington state upholding a sentence of life imprisonment for a first
offense of possession of an unspecified amount of "narcotics," Washington v. Boggs,

, 125 (Wash. 1961), but because the case does not reveal the amount of
drugs involved, we do not find it persuasive here.

       In the second case, Carmona v. Ward, 

, 407 (2d Cir. 1978), cert.
denied, 

(1979), the defendants were sentenced to indeterminate terms
of four years to life and six years to life, but were eligible for parole after serving their
minimum terms, see 

The Second Circuit, in response to an
eighth-amendment challenge, upheld the sentences in an opinion that emphasizes the
availability of parole. See 

      We have located only three other states that permit a life sentence for a first
offense involving the delivery of the amount of crack cocaine that Mr. Henderson sold,
namely, Idaho, Montana, and Oklahoma. See, respectively, Idaho Code § 37-
2707(b)(5), § 37-2732(a)(1)(A); Mont. Code Ann. § 45-9-101(1), § 45-9-101(2), § 50-

                                            -11-
32-101(b), § 50-32-101(18)(d), § 50-32-224(1)(d); and Okla. Stat. Ann. tit. 63,
§ 2-101-8, § 2-101.26.c, § 2-206-A.4, § 2-401-A.1, § 2-401-B.1. Many other states,
in contrast, provide for a much lower maximum term for such an offense. In 

, the Court noted that one other state "merely authorized" life
imprisonment without parole in the circumstances present in that case. See 

300. The Court added, "We are not advised that any defendant [in that other state],
whose prior offenses were so minor, actually has received the maximum penalty," 

       Similarly, the three states that we have named "merely authorize[]," 

for a first-offense delivery of less than one-quarter of a gram of cocaine
base. And not only are we "not advised," 

defendant in Mr. Henderson's
circumstances has ever received the maximum sentence in any of these states, the
sentence of "life imprisonment" in these other jurisdictions, unlike Mr. Henderson's
sentence, appears, with the possible exception of Idaho, to allow for parole without any
prior action being required of the governor. We note finally that under the federal
sentencing guidelines Mr. Henderson would receive a sentence of only ten to sixteen
months for his offense, see U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1(a)(3), § 2D1.1(c)(14), and that even if
an enhancement were imposed for obstruction of justice, see § 3C1.1, his sentencing
range would be fifteen to twenty-one months.

                                          VI.
       Based on our initial examination of the severity of the crime that Mr. Henderson
committed and the harshness of the penalty that he received, we reached the
preliminary conclusion that the penalty imposed in this particular case is grossly
disproportionate to the crime. Our comparison of the sentence imposed in this case
with other sentences imposed in Arkansas and with sentences imposed for the same or
similar crimes in other jurisdictions has done nothing to undermine our original
conclusion: In fact, we believe that the comparison provides strong support for the


                                         -12-
inference that we originally drew. We therefore conclude that Mr. Henderson's
sentence violates the eighth amendment.

       We do not reach this conclusion lightly. Only after careful consideration do we
finally hold that this is one of those rare cases in which the sentence imposed is so
harsh in comparison to the crime for which it was imposed that it is unconstitutional.

       Accordingly, we remand this case to the district court with directions to enter
an order granting the writ if, within ninety days following the issuance of our mandate,
the state of Arkansas has not resentenced Mr. Henderson.

      A true copy.

             Attest:

                CLERK, U.S. COURT OF APPEALS, EIGHTH CIRCUIT.




                                         -13-