United States Court of Appeals
                          FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT

                                  ___________

                                   No. 00-3581
                                  ___________

Brotherhood of Maintenance of Way     *
Employees; Chicago, Milwaukee, St.    *
Paul and Pacific System Federation,   *
BMWE,                                 *
                                      * Appeal from the United States
            Appellees,                * District Court for the
                                      * District of Minnesota.
      v.                              *
                                      *
Soo Line Railroad Company, a          *
Minnesota corporation doing business *
as Canadian Pacific Railroad Company, *
                                      *
            Appellant.                *
                                ___________

                            Submitted: June 14, 2001

                                 Filed: September 24, 2001
                                 ___________

Before WOLLMAN, Chief Judge, MAGILL, and HAMILTON, 1 Circuit Judges.
                             ___________

WOLLMAN, Chief Judge.




      1
        The Honorable Clyde H. Hamilton, United States Circuit Judge for the Fourth
Circuit, sitting by designation.
       Soo Line Railroad Company (Soo Line) appeals from the district court’s order
vacating in part an arbitration award entered by National Railroad Adjustment Board
(Board). We reverse.

                                          I.

       Soo Line operates a rail system under the Interstate Commerce Act and
constitutes a “carrier” within the meaning of § 1 of the Railway Labor Act, 45 U.S.C.
§ 151 First. Its track workers are represented by the Brotherhood of Maintenance of
Way Employees (BMWE or union). As the result of a 1985 merger between Soo Line
and the Milwaukee Railroad, relations between Soo Line and BMWE are governed by
one of two collective bargaining agreements. Union members working at properties
originally owned by Soo Line work under the “Soo-side” agreement and employees
at former Milwaukee Railroad properties work under the “Milwaukee-side” agreement.
The parties stipulate that this dispute is governed by the Milwaukee-side agreement.



      In February of 1993, Soo Line assigned certain painting projects at its St. Paul
Roundhouse to members of the Brotherhood of Railway Carmen. On March 16,
1993, BMWE filed a claim with Soo Line (original claim), asserting that pursuant to the
Milwaukee-side agreement the painting work should have been assigned to BMWE
employees and claiming compensation for 96 straight time and 202 overtime hours.
On March 20, 1993, BMWE filed a supplemental claim with Soo Line, claiming that
BMWE workers were entitled to compensation for an additional 92 straight time and
96 overtime hours of painting work. Soo Line denied both the original and the
supplemental claims on May 24, 1993.

       The dispute was then submitted for arbitration before the National Railroad
Adjustment Board (Board). In Award No. 32422, dated January 21, 1998, the Board
ruled that Soo Line was procedurally barred from disputing the union’s original claim

                                          -2-
because it had failed to contest it within sixty days as required by the Milwaukee-side
agreement. The Board accordingly ordered Soo Line to compensate the union for the
hours specified in the original claim. The Board addressed the merits of the
supplemental claim, however, and determined, in relevant part, (1) that the so-called
“Scope Rule” in the Milwaukee-side agreement did not explicitly limit painting to
BMWE members; (2) that the union therefore bore the burden of demonstrating that
painting at the St. Paul Roundhouse was historically performed by BMWE members;
and (3) that the union failed to satisfy this burden. The Board therefore rejected the
supplemental claim for compensation.

       BMWE subsequently filed a petition in federal district court, challenging the
Board’s arbitration award to the extent that it rejected the union’s supplemental claim.
Although the court acknowledged that it owed the Board’s decision extraordinary
deference, it concluded that the Board had exceeded its jurisdiction by citing “industry
practice, custom, and usage involving the Soo-side Agreement” and failing “to draw
its essence” from the Milwaukee-side agreement. The court accordingly vacated the
relevant portion of the award and remanded for further findings by the Board regarding
the past practice of the parties under the Milwaukee-side agreement.

                                          II.

      We review the court’s findings of law de novo and its factual findings on a
clearly erroneous standard. Excel Corp. v. United Food & Commer. Workers Int’l
Union, 

, 1467 (8th Cir. 1996). We therefore owe no special deference
to the district court’s decision to vacate the Board’s award. Bureau of Engraving v.
Graphic Comm. Int’l Union, 

, 429 (8th Cir. 1999).

      The Supreme Court has recently reminded us once again about the narrow
scope of judicial review of a labor-arbitration decision: “Judicial review of a labor-
arbitration decision . . . is very limited. Courts are not authorized to review the

                                          -3-
arbitrator’s decision on the merits despite allegations that the decision rests on factual
errors or misinterprets the parties’ agreement.” Major League Baseball Players Ass’n
v. Garvey, 

, 1728 (2001). See also Duluth, Missabe & Iron Range
Ry. Co., Inc., v. Int’l Bhd. of Locomotive Eng’rs, No. 00-3564, 

(8th Cir. August 30, 2001).

        Our review of the Board’s decision is “among the narrowest known to the law.”
Int’l Ass’n of Machinists and Aerospace Workers v. Northwest Airlines, (Aerospace
Workers), 

, 429 (8th Cir. 1988). An arbitration award may be set aside
on three grounds only: (1) the Board’s failure to comply with the provisions of the
Railway Labor Act; (2) failure of the order to confine itself to matters within the scope
of its jurisdiction; or (3) fraud or corruption. See id.; 45 U.S.C. § 153 First (q). An
arbitrator’s task is to interpret and apply the relevant collective bargaining agreement.
Alvey, Inc. v. Teamsters Local Union No. 688, 

, 1213 (8th Cir. 1997).
As long as the arbitrator is arguably construing or applying the contract and acting
within the scope of his authority, that a court is convinced he committed serious error
does not suffice to overturn his decision. Keebler Co. v. Milk Drivers and Dairy Emp.
Union, 

, 287 (8th Cir. 1996) (citation omitted). Furthermore, “[a] mere
ambiguity in the opinion accompanying an award, which permits the inference that the
arbitrator may have exceeded his authority, is not a reason for refusing to enforce the
award.” United Steelworkers of Am. v. Enter. Wheel & Car Corp., 

, 598
(1960). Stated otherwise, as long as the arbitrator’s award draws its essence from the
collective bargaining agreement, and is not merely a brand of industrial justice, the
award is legitimate. United Paperworkers Int’l v. MISCO, Inc., 

, 38
(1987) (citation omitted).

       Although the parties agree that the Milwaukee-side agreement controls this case,
the Board’s award cited two prior awards that involved the application and
interpretation of the Soo-side collective bargaining agreement. The relevant portion
of the Board’s decision reads:

                                           -4-
      The Organization [BMWE] has not carried its burden on the
      supplemented allegations found in the March 30, 1993 letter. The Scope
      Rule does not reserve painting work exclusively to the Organizations’s
      members and the record does not establish that the Organization’s
      members have historically performed this type of work. See Third
      Division Award 27880 between the parties (“Without an express
      reservation of work guaranteed to them by contract, the Organization was
      obligated to show that its members have historically performed the
      work”). On the contrary, the Carrier has shown that its Carmen have
      performed similar painting. Third Division Award 27762 between the
      parties and Awards cited therein (Carmen painting portions of buildings
      at different locations).

       It is well established that an arbitrator may look to outside sources to aid in
interpreting a collective bargaining agreement, 

. Accordingly,
the Board’s citation of these awards is not, in itself, problematic. The question, rather,
is whether the citation of these two awards indicates that Board’s decision improperly
draws its essence from the Soo-side collective bargaining agreement. 

in the light of our deferential standard of review, we conclude that it does not.

       We turn first to Award 27880, which the Board cited solely for the proposition
that the union bore the burden of establishing the prior practice of the parties at the St.
Paul Roundhouse. Although Award 27880 involved application of the Soo-side
agreement, we conclude that the citation of the award for this limited purpose does not
indicate that the Board’s award draws its essence from an inapplicable collective
bargaining agreement. BMWE does not argue that the burden of proof was
improperly applied by the Board, nor does the union contend that the Milwaukee-side
agreement mandates the application of a different burden of proof rule. Furthermore,
we observe that “[u]nless there is specific controlling language in the collective
bargaining agreement . . . an arbitrator’s decision allocating the burden of proof among
the parties . . . ordinarily cannot be reviewed in federal court.” Alvey, 132 F.3d at



                                           -5-
1212. Accordingly, we conclude that the citation of Award 27880 does not implicate
jurisdictional issues.

      We next address the Board’s citation of Award 27762, keeping in mind that “[a]
mere ambiguity in the opinion accompanying an award, which permits the inference
that the arbitrator may have exceeded his authority, is not a reason for refusing to
enforce the award.” United 

. The Board cited Award
27762 for the proposition that “the Carrier has shown that its Carmen have performed
similar painting,” and identified the award as being “between the parties.” BMWE
argues that Award 27762 was not “between the parties” because it involved a distinct
bargaining unit under the Soo-side agreement, rather than the bargaining unit governed
by the Milwaukee-side agreement. Further, BMWE argues that the Board’s
determination that the union failed to carry its burden with regard to the historical
practice at the St. Paul Roundhouse was based on its erroneous belief that Award
27762 demonstrated that Carmen had routinely done painting work under the
Milwaukee-side agreement. We disagree.

       Even assuming, arguendo, that the Board erred in characterizing Award 27762
as “between the parties” and erroneously believed that the award involved the
Milwaukee-side agreement, it is unclear whether these errors affected the Board’s
antecedent conclusion that “the record does not establish that the Organization’s
members have historically performed this type of [painting] work.” To the contrary,
the specificity of this statement indicates that the Board thoroughly examined the
record and concluded that BMWE had failed to satisfy its burden of proof regarding
the historical practice of the parties under the Milwaukee-side agreement. Furthermore,
in light of its conclusion that the record did not support the union’s claim that painting
work was traditionally limited to its members, and in light of the undisputed fact that
the Milwaukee-side agreement did not specifically limit painting to BMWE members,
the Board was permitted to “consider the scope of other related collective bargaining
agreements, as well as the practice, usage and custom pertaining to all such

                                           -6-
agreements.” Transportation-Communication Employees Union v. Union Pac. R.R.
Co., 

, 161 (1966). “This is particularly true when the agreement is
resorted to for the purpose of settling a jurisdictional dispute over work assignments.”

although it is possible that the Board relied on an inapplicable collective
bargaining agreement, to find that it did so would require speculation on our part. It
is, at the very least, equally likely that the Board reviewed the record and concluded
that the union failed to satisfy its burden of proof, and that this decision was
unaffected by any alleged errors related to its interpretation of Award 27762. Where
such ambiguity exists, we are obligated to grant the Board’s decision the benefit of the
doubt and conclude that jurisdiction was properly exercised. 

.

      BMWE contends that it conclusively demonstrated that painting work was
traditionally reserved to BMWE members under the Milwaukee-side agreement and that
the Board therefore erred when it concluded that it had failed to satisfy its burden of
proof. These arguments fundamentally misapprehend the scope of our inquiry,
however, for our task on appeal is decidedly not to review the merits of the Board’s
award. Aerospace 

. Even if we were convinced that the
Board committed serious error in its analysis of the historical practice of the parties
with regard to the assignment of painting work, we would not be justified in
overturning its decision. United 

.

      Finally, the cases cited by BMWE in support of the district court’s decision to
vacate the Board’s award are distinguishable. In 

, we
vacated an arbitrator’s award because the arbitrator expressly relied on language that
had been deliberately rejected by the parties during contract negotiations. In this case,
it is undisputed that the Milwaukee-side agreement does not explicitly limit painting to
BMWE members, and thus the Board’s decision does not directly conflict with the

                                            -7-
controlling collective bargaining agreement. Similarly, in 

, we
reversed the district court’s decision to enforce an arbitrator’s award because the
record reflected that the arbitrator “effectively wrote a relevant work rule out of the
agreement by looking exclusively at an inconclusive outside source.” No such error
occurred here. Finally, the union relies on Bureau of 

(8th
Cir. 1999), in which we ordered the district court to vacate an award because the
arbitrator had failed to consider the intent of the parties in its analysis. Here, the Board
award indicates that it thoroughly reviewed the evidence of past practice and
concluded that the union had failed to meet its burden of proof. Although the parties
disagree about the merits of the Board’s decision, that issue is beyond the scope of
our review.
       The judgment is reversed, and the case is remanded to the district court with
directions to reinstate the Board’s award and to dismiss the petition.

HAMILTON, Circuit Judge, dissenting:

      Because I believe the Board’s decision did not draw its essence from the
Milwaukee-side Agreement, I respectfully dissent from the majority’s decision to
reverse the district court’s judgment.

       Reduced to its essence, the majority’s decision in this case is premised on the
notion that it is “unclear” whether the Board’s reliance on Award 27762 “affected the
Board’s antecedent conclusion that ‘the record does not establish that the
Organization’s members have historically performed this type of [painting] work.’”
Ante at 6. According to the majority, the record’s lack of clarity on this point
“require[s] speculation on our part” to conclude that the “Board relied on an
inapplicable collective bargaining agreement.” Ante at 7. Because speculation on our
part is required to conclude that the Board was in error, the majority opines that “we
are obligated to grant the Board’s decision the benefit of the doubt.” 

view,
the record is not ambiguous: the Board’s decision drew its essence from an

                                            -8-
inapplicable collective bargaining agreement, the Soo-side Agreement. And for this
simple reason, the Board’s decision cannot stand.

                                        I
      The majority correctly observes that the only claim at issue is the BMWE’s
supplemental claim. With respect to the supplemental claim, the BMWE submitted
evidence of past practice in the form of prior letters of understanding with the
Milwaukee Railroad (and its predecessors) and Board awards recognizing that the
BMWE had the exclusive right to perform painting work on railroad structures. The
BMWE provided documentation as far back as 1945 as to this exclusive right, wherein
the organization successfully asserted its right to painting work whenever the railroad
attempted to have other crafts perform it. Indeed, the BMWE submitted six prior
arbitration awards rendered under the Milwaukee-side Agreement (Awards 7303, 8508,
18852, 18950, 19034 and 19152). The six awards submitted by BMWE involved
disputes that occurred between 1952 and 1972. The first award, Award 7303,
involved a dispute concerning the painting of both road signs and switch targets
between Green Bay and Cravitz, Wisconsin. The Board held that this work was within
the exclusive province of the BMWE.

      In 1958, the BMWE filed another grievance, this time challenging painting being
done by a shop craft. In that case, the Milwaukee Railroad attempted to defend on the
ground that a low-level railroad official acted outside his authority by having other
crafts do the painting since the railroad warned the involved official that all painting
was exclusively for the BMWE members. The Board (Award 8508) rejected that ultra
vires defense, holding that the railroad, being aware of that exclusive practice, had a
duty to police the agreement.

       In 1971, the BMWE again successfully enforced its right to painting work
(Award 18852). The subject came up again on three occasions in 1972. In the first
case, in January 1972, the Board (Award 18950) held:

                                          -9-
      Moreover, the record persuades us that painting of Carrier’s structures
      on the System belongs to employees in the [BMWE] and that when such
      work has been performed by other crafts, as in the instant dispute,
      protests and claims have been filed and Carrier has in the past
      acknowledged the validity of such remonstrances and contentions.


Another successful award (Award 19034) followed in February 1972. In April 1972,
in a similar dispute, the Board (Award 19152) held:

      Concerning the merits of this dispute, the Organization has referred us to
      Award No. 8508 and more recent Award Nos. 18852, 18950 and 19034
      of this Board involving the same issue and the same parties to this
      dispute, and under the principle of “stare decisis,” we find that the issue
      before us has already been decided and thus Carrier violated the
      Agreement in this instance when it permitted Locomotive Department
      Employees rather than [BMWE] painters to paint the floor of the
      Electrical Shop Building at Milwaukee during July, 1965.


       Prior to the 1985 merger between the Soo Line Railroad and the Milwaukee
Railroad, the Soo Line Railroad had a long history of practice whereby shops, such
as carmen, regularly performed painting work. For example, in 1983, the Soo Line
branch of the BMWE attempted to challenge this practice, admitting the non-exclusive
history of past practice which allowed carmen to perform painting of many structures
under the Soo-side Agreement, but trying to argue the Soo-side Agreement rules on
painting were clearly established, so as to supercede past practice. In that case, the
Board (Award 27179) rejected that attempt and denied the claim consistent with past
practice under the Soo-side Agreement.

      The Soo Line branch of the BMWE made another attempt in 1989 to challenge
the established non-exclusive practice on painting, and the Board rejected this



                                         -10-
challenge. The Board (Award 27762) rejected this challenge on the basis of the clear
record of non-exclusive practice at various locations under the Soo-side Agreement.

      In the case presently before the court, the Board first determined that the Soo
Line Railroad had timely disputed the BMWE’s supplemental claim. Next, on the
merits, the Board concluded:

      The Organization [BMWE] has not carried its burden on the
      supplemented allegations found in the March 30, 1993 letter. The Scope
      Rule does not reserve painting work exclusively to the Organization’s
      members and the record does not establish that the Organization’s
      members have historically performed this type of work. See Third
      Division Award 27880 between the parties (“Without an express
      reservation of work guaranteed to them by contract, the Organization
      was obligated to show that its members have historically performed the
      work”). On the contrary, the Carrier has shown that its Carmen have
      performed similar painting. Third Division Award 27762 between the
      parties and Awards cited therein (Carmen painting portions of buildings
      at different locations).


There is no dispute that Awards 27880 and 27762 were adjudicated under the Soo-side
Agreement.

                                     II
      Our review of the Board’s decision is narrow. The Supreme Court has
cautioned that “[c]ourts are not authorized to review the arbitrator’s decision on the
merits despite allegations that the decision rests on factual errors or misinterprets the
parties’ agreement.” Major League Baseball Player’s Ass’n v. Garvey, 

, 1728 (2001). If the Board’s decision is even arguably construing or applying
the Milwaukee-side Agreement, the fact that I am convinced the Board committed
serious error does not provide a basis to disturb the Board’s decision. 

it is only when the Board’s decision “strays from interpretation and
application of the agreement” that review is permissible. 

words, as long
as the Board’s decision draws its essence from the Milwaukee-side Agreement, the
Board’s decision cannot be reviewed by this court. United Paperworkers Int’l v.
MISCO, Inc., 

, 38 (1987).

       Under these principles, I agree with the majority that the legal question at issue
can be succinctly summarized as follows: did the Board’s conclusion--that “‘the
record does not establish that the Organization’s members have historically performed
this type of [painting] work’”--improperly draw its essence from the Soo-side
Agreement. Ante at 5. Unlike the majority, I believe the answer to this question is in
the affirmative. A careful review of the record explains why.

      The relevant portion of the Board’s decision contains two sentences, each
supported by a citation. The first reads, “The Scope Rule does not reserve painting
work exclusively to the Organization’s members and the record does not establish that
the Organization’s members have historically performed this type of work.” This
sentence is followed by the following citation, “See Third Division Award 27880
between the parties (‘Without an express reservation of work guaranteed to them by
contract, the Organization was obligated to show that its members have historically
performed the work’).” The second sentence, which follows the first, reads, “On the
contrary, the Carrier has shown that its Carmen have performed similar painting.” This
sentence is followed by the following citation, “Third Division Award 27762 between
the parties and Awards cited therein (Carmen painting portions of buildings at different
locations).”

       The two sentences, read together, can only mean one thing: the Board
concluded that the BMWE did not establish a historical practice of painting exclusivity
because the Soo Line Railroad demonstrated that its carmen have performed similar
painting in the past. Unfortunately for the Soo Line Railroad, the record is devoid of

                                          -12-
evidence demonstrating that historically carmen performed painting work under the
Milwaukee-side Agreement; rather, the record reflects that historically carmen
performed painting work only under the Soo-side Agreement. Accordingly, the two
penultimate sentences of the Board’s decision draw their essence not from the
Milwaukee-side Agreement, but rather from the Soo-side Agreement.

       What makes the majority’s position more tenuous is the two citations cited by
the Board to support its decision, both of which admittedly were rendered under the
Soo-side Agreement. The Board’s citation to Award 27880 is problematic for the
simple reason that the Board mistakenly believed that it was “between the parties”
before the Board, when all parties concede it was not. The Board’s mistaken belief
carries critical consequences for the BMWE. It essentially gave the Board a license
to ignore the evidence produced by the BMWE in the form of prior letters of
understanding with the Milwaukee Railroad (and its predecessors) and Board awards
recognizing that under the Milwaukee-side Agreement the BMWE had the exclusive
right to perform painting work on railroad structures. Had the Board been aware that
the Soo-side Agreement awards involved different parties, undoubtedly the Board
would have paid some lip service to the overwhelming evidence demonstrating that the
BMWE had the exclusive right to perform painting work on railroad structures under
the Milwaukee-side Agreement.

      The Board’s citation to Award 27762 is even more problematic for the
majority’s position. Like the Board’s citation to Award 27880, the Board’s citation
to Award 27762 carries the “between the parties” plague. However, the citation to
Award 27762 is the evidentiary support for the Board’s conclusion that carmen have
performed painting work under the Milwaukee-side Agreement. Not only does the
Board rely on Award 27762 for this proposition, but the Board also relies on the
awards cited in Award 27762. Like Award 27762, the awards cited in Award 27762
have nothing to do with painting work performed by carmen under the Milwaukee-side
Agreement. The first award cited, Award 27179, is under the Soo-side Agreement; in

                                       -13-
that case, the carrier assigned car department employees instead of BMWE forces to
paint the roundhouse at North Fond du Lac, Wisconsin. In the second award cited,
Award 27759, again under the Soo-side Agreement, the carrier assigned car
department instead of BMWE forces to paint the car repair shop at Stevens Point,
Wisconsin.

       It simply cannot be gainsaid that these awards provide no evidentiary support
for the conclusion that carmen have performed painting work under the Milwaukee-
side Agreement. But more importantly, the Board’s citation to these awards provides
no basis to conclude that the Board’s decision drew its essence from the Milwaukee-
side Agreement.

                                      III
      For the reasons expressed above, there is no need to speculate to reach the
conclusion that the Board’s decision “relied upon an inapplicable collective bargaining
agreement.” Ante at 7. Unquestionably, it did. Accordingly, because I would affirm
the district court’s decision remanding the case to the Board for further proceedings
concerning the Milwaukee-side Agreement, cf. Duluth, Missabe & Iron Range Ry.
Co., Inc. v. Int’l Bhd. of Locomotive Eng’rs, No. 00-3564, 

, at *2-3
(8th Cir. August 31, 2001) (remanding case to arbitrator where arbitrator’s decision
turned largely on provision not contained in the parties’ agreement and court could not
“discern whether the arbitrator would have reached the same result had he not
erroneously concluded” that the phantom provision was a part of the parties’
agreement), I dissent.




                                         -14-
A true copy.

      Attest:

         CLERK, U.S. COURT OF APPEALS, EIGHTH CIRCUIT.




                          -15-