United States Court of Appeals
                            FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
                                    ___________

                                    No. 01-3002
                                    ___________

State of Missouri, ex rel                *
Mimi Garstang,                           *
                                         *
             Appellant,                  *
                                         * Appeal from the United States
      v.                                 * District Court for the
                                         * Western District of Missouri
U.S. Department of Interior,             *
                                         *
             Appellee.                   *
                                    ___________

                               Submitted: March 15, 2002

                                   Filed: July 22, 2002
                                    ___________

Before McMILLIAN, MORRIS SHEPPARD ARNOLD, and RILEY,
      Circuit Judges.
                          ___________

McMILLIAN, Circuit Judge.

       The Missouri Attorney General (“Missouri”), on behalf of Mimi Garstang, a
director at the Missouri Department of Natural Resources (“MDNR”), appeals from
a final order entered in the United States District Court for the Western District of
Missouri1 granting summary judgment in favor of the United States Fish and Wildlife


      1
       The Honorable Nanette K. Laughrey, United States District Judge for the
Western District of Missouri.
Service (“the Service”) upholding the Service’s denial of Missouri’s request pursuant
to the Freedom of Information Act (“FOIA”), 5 U.S.C. § 552, for certain documents
produced by another organization, the Missouri River Natural Resources Committee
(“MRNRC”).        Missouri ex rel. Garstang v. United States Dep’t of Interior,
No. 00-4044-CV-C-5 (W.D. Mo. June 19, 2001) (memorandum and order). For
reversal, Missouri argues that the district court erred in concluding that the requested
records were not agency records within the purview of the FOIA. For the reasons
discussed below, we affirm.

                                     Jurisdiction

      Jurisdiction in the district court was proper based upon 5 U.S.C.
§ 552(a)(4)(B). Jurisdiction on appeal is proper based upon 28 U.S.C. § 1291. The
notice of appeal was timely filed pursuant to Fed. R. App. P. 4(a).

                                     Background

       The MRNRC is a non-profit corporation formed in 1988 by the Missouri River
Basin States to promote and facilitate the preservation, conservation and enhancement
of the natural resources of the Missouri River. Its official members are the fish and
wildlife conservation agencies of the states of Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota,
Nebraska, Iowa, Kansas, and Missouri. The MRNRC’s ex-officio members are the
United States Army Corps of Engineers (“the Corps”), the Service, and the Western
Area Power Administration.

      A Memorandum of Understanding (“MOU”) between the MRNRC and the
Service describes their relationship as a cooperative one. The Service is authorized
to provide assistance to the MRNRC pursuant to the Fish and Wildlife Coordination
Act, 16 U.S.C. § 661 et seq., and through the MOU, the Service agrees to provide the
MRNRC with a regularly-salaried employee of the Service as a full-time coordinator.

                                          -2-
The MOU defines the coordinator’s duties as maintaining the administrative record
of MRNRC activities; managing the development of MRNRC information, reports,
and reference documents, including oversight of records prepared or adopted by
MRNRC; coordinating the development of natural resource plans; preparing MRNRC
publications; and reporting for the MRNRC Chair. However, the MRNRC
Constitution states that the coordinator reports to the MRNRC Board of Directors and
may not be either a voting member of the board or a state agency representative.

      Mike LeValley, a full-time employee of the Service, was assigned to be the
MRNRC coordinator. He is paid from funds appropriated by Congress pursuant to
the Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act and has an office at the DeSoto National
Wildlife Refuge in Missouri Valley, Iowa, where he stores, maintains, and generates
the MRNRC records. These records are separated from the Service’s records and
stored in an independent filing system. LeValley drafts documents related to the
Missouri River on behalf of the MRNRC and schedules, attends, and participates in
MRNRC meetings, where he represents the MRNRC. LeValley is not supervised in
the course of his work by the Service, but does report to a supervisor at the Service
for administrative issues such as taking leave, submitting time and attendance
records, and signing his annual performance review. LeValley is not privy to the
Service’s internal deliberations on any issues, does not participate in its decision-
making, and is not informed of the Service’s preliminary positions. The MRNRC
Chair directs LeValley’s work on a day-to-day basis.

       On February 5, 1999, Mimi Garstang, Deputy Director of the Division of
Geology and Land Survey of the MDNR, contacted LeValley to request, pursuant to
the FOIA, records related to the MRNRC and the Missouri River Master Manual
Review and Update being conducted by the Corps. The MDNR was interested in
learning more about the MRNRC’s recommendations to the Corps regarding changes
to the Missouri River and its natural habitat, which Missouri believed would
influence the Corps’ policy to the detriment of the state of Missouri.

                                         -3-
       In response to this request, on February 17, 1999, the MRNRC Chair informed
Garstang that the FOIA did not apply to the MRNRC because it is not a federal
agency, but offered Garstang any public information concerning the MRNRC. On
March 15, 1999, on behalf of the state of Missouri, which encompasses the MDNR,
the Missouri Attorney General’s Office sent a letter addressed to LeValley at the
Service, categorizing him as a federal employee who was obligated to honor the
FOIA request for documents maintained in his capacity as MRNRC coordinator. On
March 31, 1999, the Service responded that, while the Service financially supports
the MRNRC coordinator position pursuant to the MOU, LeValley’s actions as
coordinator are dictated by the MRNRC and only its member state representatives are
able to release records on behalf of the MRNRC. Following another request from
Missouri, the Service reiterated, in a letter dated August 3, 1999, that the records
maintained by LeValley were not records of the Service and therefore did not come
within the purview of the FOIA. In addition, the Service produced some of the
requested MRNRC records which it possessed in its independent files. On
August 10, 1999, Missouri sent a letter to the FOIA Appeals Officer at the United
States Department of the Interior to appeal the decision contained in the Service’s
August 3, 1999 letter. On February 22, 2000, the FOIA Appeals Officer issued a final
agency decision denying the appeal on the ground that the requested records were not
agency records.

       On March 17, 2000, pursuant to 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(4)(B), Missouri filed suit
in federal district court contesting the adverse agency decision. On December 12,
2000, the Service moved for summary judgment. Missouri filed its Suggestions in
Opposition to Summary Judgment on February 9, 2001, contending that the Service
had failed to meet its initial burden because its motion was based on defective
declarations. The Service amended its declarations in its reply brief, filed on
February 26, 2001. Missouri filed a surreply brief on March 14, 2001, addressing the
issues presented for review in this appeal. Missouri attached to its surreply brief a
copy of a September 1, 1999 letter from the Service to the Corps in which the Service

                                         -4-
acknowledged that it had reviewed a river management alternative submitted by the
MRNRC (“the MRNRC recommendation”) and urged the Corps to adopt the proposal
in its Missouri River Basin policy. The Service responded to Missouri’s surreply
brief on March 26, 2001. On June 19, 2001, the district court granted summary
judgment in favor of the Service, finding that the requested records were not agency
records and therefore outside the scope of the FOIA. The district court reasoned that
(1) the MRNRC did not constitute a federal agency within the executive branch of the
federal government because the Service did not exercise substantial federal control
over the MRNRC, and (2) the requested records were not agency records because the
Service did not create, obtain, or control the documents. This appeal followed.

                               Standard of Review
       This court performs a de novo review of the grant of summary judgment in a
FOIA case, applying the same standard as the district court, evaluating the record in
the light most favorable to the nonmoving party to determine whether there is no
genuine issue of material fact to prevent the moving party from being entitled to
judgment as a matter of law. Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c); see Miller v. Dep’t of Agric.,

, 262 (8th Cir. 1993) (reviewing de novo the grant of summary judgment
in FOIA exemption case).2 The moving party bears the initial burden of


      2
         Although the Service urged us in this appeal to establish a separate standard
of review for FOIA cases, as practiced by the Third and Ninth Circuits, this court, like
the Sixth, Tenth and D.C. Circuits, has established the de novo standard of review
generally applicable in summary judgment cases. But see Sheet Metal Workers Int’l
Ass’n, Local Union #19 v. United States Dep’t of Veterans Affairs, 

, 896
(3d Cir. 1998) (utilizing a two-tiered review of FOIA cases to determine whether the
district court had an adequate factual basis for its determination, and then whether the
determination was clearly erroneous); Nat’l Wildlife Fed’n v. United States Forest
Serv., 

, 1116 (9th Cir. 1988) (same); accord Abraham & Rose, P.L.C.
v. United States, 

, 1077 (6th Cir. 1997) (holding that grant of summary
judgment on FOIA claim is reviewed de novo on appeal); Sheet Metal Workers Int’l
Ass’n v. United States Air Force, 

, 997 (10th Cir. 1995) (“[o]ur court

                                          -5-
demonstrating “the absence of a genuine issue of material fact.” Celotex Corp. v.
Catrett, 

, 323 (1986).

                                     Discussion

       The FOIA requires that federal government information, including agency
records, be made available to the public. When an agency denies a FOIA request for
records, “the burden is on the agency to sustain its action” and a district court may
order the production of any “agency records improperly withheld.” 5 U.S.C.
§ 552(a)(4)(B). An agency may be excused from disclosing information pursuant to
a FOIA request if it demonstrates that the requested records are not agency records.
See United States Dep’t of Justice v. Tax Analysts, 

, 142 n.3 (1989) (Tax
Analysts) (“The burden is on the agency to demonstrate, not the requester to disprove,
that the materials sought are not ‘agency records’ or have not been ‘improperly’
‘withheld.’”) (citing S. Rep. No. 813, 89th Cong., 2nd Sess., at 8 (1965)).

       Whether or not the requested records were agency records is a question of law
which we review de novo. See Campaign for Family Farms v. Glickman, 

, 1186-87 (8th Cir. 2000) (describing agency decision regarding FOIA exemption
as “a purely legal issue”). For a requested record to qualify as an “agency record,”
an agency must (1) “‘either create or obtain’ the requested materials” and (2) “be in
control of the requested materials at the time the FOIA request is made.” Tax

. Records under the control of an agency are defined as


reviews de novo any legal determinations made by the district court, once we have
assured ourselves that the district court ‘had an adequate factual basis upon which to
base its decision.’” ) (quoting Anderson v. Dep’t of Health & Human Servs., 

, 942 (10th Cir. 1990)); Petroleum Info. Corp. v. United States Dep’t of the
Interior, 

, 1433 & n.3 (D.C. Cir. 1992) (“This circuit applies in FOIA
cases the same standard of appellate review applicable generally to summary
judgments.”).

                                         -6-
“materials [that] have come into the agency’s possession in the legitimate conduct of
its official duties.” 

that, because the Service had created,
obtained, and controlled the requested records through its employee LeValley, the
records should be considered agency records as a matter of law. Specifically,
Missouri contends that (1) LeValley, whose salary was paid by the federal
government, was officially an employee of the Service, (2) the records were housed
at a Service facility, and (3) the records were used by the Service during the course
of its official duties.

       Furthermore, Missouri claims that the partnership between the MRNRC and
the Service, which guarantees that the records will be maintained at federal expense
by a full-time federal employee, creates a nexus between the requested records and
the agency’s work sufficient to transform the MRNRC records into agency records
for purposes of compelling disclosure under the FOIA. See Wolfe v. Dep’t of Health
& Human Servs., 

, 1079-80 (D.C. Cir. 1983) (holding that a nexus must
exist between agency and requested documents for documents to pass from private
to agency control).

       According to the FOIA, an agency is defined as “any executive department,
military department, Government corporation, Government controlled corporation or
other establishment in the executive branch of the Government . . ., or any
independent regulatory agency.” 5 U.S.C. § 552(e). To convert a private
organization, such as the MRNRC, into a federal government agency, the government
must engage in “extensive, detailed, and virtually day-to-day supervision.” Forsham
v. Harris, 

, 180 (1980) (citing United States v. Orleans, 

,
816-19 (1976)). The provision of federal resources, such as federal funding, is
insufficient to transform a private organization into a federal agency. See 

which have never passed from private to agency control are not
agency records,” regardless of potential access ability. 

(holding that



                                        -7-
“the FOIA applies to records which have been in fact obtained, and not to records
which merely could have been obtained”).

        Missouri claims that the requested records were obtained by the Service in the
course of its official duties, as evidenced by the September 1, 1999 letter from the
Service to the Corps urging the Corps to incorporate the MRNRC recommendation
into its policy for the Missouri River Basin. Because the MRNRC recommendation
was utilized in the Service’s performance of its official duties – drafting the
September 1, 1999 letter to the Corps to influence policy-making – it does constitute
an agency record pursuant to the FOIA.3 See Tax 

(stating
that materials provided by outside sources to federal agencies in the course of agency
decision-making processes fall within the scope of agency records under the FOIA).
However, despite Missouri’s arguments to the contrary, the September 1, 1999 letter
does not establish that the MRNRC and the Service are inextricably linked. In fact,
the Service’s clear references to the MRNRC as a separate entity, and its evaluation
of the MRNRC recommendation only insofar as it supported the Service’s position,
compel the opposite result. In any event, the September 1, 1999 letter is irrelevant
because it mentions only the influence of the MRNRC recommendation, not the
influence of any of the requested records, in its decision-making process. Because
Missouri has not provided any evidence to establish the requisite nexus between the
MRNRC’s records and the Service’s performance of its official agency duties, we
hold that the district court did not err in concluding that the private organizational
records of the MRNRC were not transformed into federal agency records.




      3
        We assume that Missouri does not seek to compel disclosure of the MRNRC
recommendation pursuant to the FOIA in this appeal, based on counsel’s comment
at oral argument that, while the MRNRC recommendation was a known matter of
public record, Missouri was interested in discovering what was behind the MRNRC
recommendation.

                                         -8-
       Missouri further urges us to refer to factors outlined by the D.C. Circuit and
conclude that the Service did exercise control over the records at issue. See Burka
v. United States Dep’t of Health & Human Servs., 

, 515 (D.C. Cir. 1996)
(Burka). The D.C. Circuit has concluded that an agency controls records when (1) the
document’s creator intended an agency to have control over the records, (2) the
agency was not restricted in any way from using and disposing of the records as it
pleased, (3) agency personnel read or relied upon the requested records to some
extent, and (4) the documents were integrated into the agency’s record system. See

that (1) the Service intended to relinquish control over its
records to LeValley, who was a Service employee, (2) the Service was not restricted
in any way from using and disposing of the records, (3) the records were read and
relied upon by agency personnel, as evidenced by a letter from the Service indicating
that it had used a suggestion from MRNRC to revise its manual, and (4) the
documents were kept on Service property by a Service employee.

       However, the record indicates that the records are kept in a separate filing
system, LeValley reports to the MRNRC Chair for all substantive employment issues,
and no Service employee other than LeValley ever worked on or accessed the
requested records. To the extent that the Service did rely on MRNRC documents,
those documents would have been in Service files, not MRNRC files, and as such
were offered to Missouri. Although the MRNRC and the Service did have a mutually
beneficial relationship, that relationship alone does not transform the private entity
of MRNRC into a federal agency. To the contrary, the Service was merely an ex-
officio member of the MRNRC and the MRNRC Constitution expressly forbade
federal employees participating in the MRNRC to vote in MRNRC proceedings. We
therefore conclude that the Service satisfied its burden of showing that the requested
records were not agency records within the meaning of the FOIA. As a result, the
district court did not err in determining that the MRNRC could not be compelled to
turn over its private files in response to Missouri’s FOIA request.



                                         -9-
                             Conclusion

Accordingly, the judgment of the district court is affirmed.

A true copy.

      Attest:

         CLERK, U.S. COURT OF APPEALS, EIGHTH CIRCUIT.




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