United States Court of Appeals
                            FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
                                  ___________

                                  No. 03-2980
                                  ___________

United States of America,          *
                                   *
           Appellee,               *
                                   * Appeal from the United States
     v.                            * District Court for the District
                                   * of Nebraska.
Dagoberto Servero Cedano-Medina,   *
                                   *
           Appellant.              *
                              ___________

                             Submitted: February 10, 2004

                                 Filed: April 30, 2004
                                  ___________

Before MORRIS SHEPPARD ARNOLD, HANSEN, and SMITH, Circuit Judges.
                         ___________

MORRIS SHEPPARD ARNOLD, Circuit Judge.

       While driving across Nebraska, Dagoberto Cedano-Medina was pulled over by
Nebraska State Patrol Trooper Jeffrey Roby for driving onto the shoulder of the
highway. The two men talked for several minutes, culminating in a minute-long
interchange in which Trooper Roby repeatedly asked Mr. Cedano-Medina if he could
search his truck. After receiving a number of varying responses, Trooper Roby
searched the truck and discovered seventeen pounds of cocaine hidden in the dash
area. Mr. Cedano-Medina's primary language is Spanish. He spoke broken English
throughout his encounter with Trooper Roby, and the two men had difficulty
communicating and understanding each other during part of their discussion.
       Mr. Cedano-Medina was indicted for possessing cocaine with the intent to
distribute it, in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1). He filed a motion to suppress the
cocaine that was found in his truck, contending that Trooper Roby did not obtain his
voluntary consent before conducting the search. In denying the suppression motion,
the district court1 found that the government had proved by a preponderance of the
evidence that it was reasonable to believe that Mr. Cedano-Medina knowingly and
voluntarily consented to the search of his truck. Mr. Cedano-Medina conditionally
pleaded guilty to the drug charge, reserving the right to appeal the denial of his
motion to suppress. Reviewing the district court's finding for clear error, see United
States v. Carrate, 

, 669 (8th Cir. 1997), we affirm.

                                           I.
       Under the fourth and fourteenth amendments, searches conducted without a
warrant issued upon probable cause are presumptively unreasonable, subject to a few
specifically established exceptions. See Katz v. United States, 

, 356-57
(1967). A search that is consented to is one of those exceptions. Thus, "[a]
warrantless search is valid if conducted pursuant to the knowing and voluntary
consent of the person subject to a search." United States v. Brown, 

, 987
(8th Cir. 1985), cert. denied, 

(1985). The government has the burden
of proving by a preponderance of the evidence that a subject's alleged consent to a
search was legally sufficient to warrant admitting the fruits of the search into
evidence. See United States v. Matlock, 

, 177 (1974). This burden " 'is
not satisfied by showing a mere submission to a claim of lawful authority.' " United
States v. $404,905 in U. S. Currency, 

, 649 n.3 (8th Cir. 1999) (quoting
Florida v. Royer, 

, 497 (1983) (plurality opinion)). Rather, the
government must show that a reasonable person would have believed, see United


      1
       The Honorable Richard G. Kopf, Chief Judge, United States District Court for
the District of Nebraska, adopting the recommendation of the Honorable David L.
Piester, United States Magistrate Judge for the District of Nebraska.

                                         -2-
States v. Sanchez, 

, 878 (8th Cir. 1998), that the subject of a search gave
consent that was "the product of an essentially free and unconstrained choice,"
Schneckloth v. Bustamonte, 

, 225 (1973), and that the subject
comprehended the choice that he or she was making.

       In other words, a person can render a search legal by behaving in a way that
would cause a reasonable person to believe that he or she has knowingly and
voluntarily consented, whether or not the person actually intends to consent. Thus,
"the Fourth Amendment requires only that the police reasonably believe the search
to be consensual." 

(citing Illinois v. Rodriguez, 

, 185-86 (1990)). Consequently, Mr. Cedano-Medina's actual subjective state of
mind at the time that he allegedly gave his consent is not determinative; our focus,
rather, is on how a reasonable person could have perceived his state of mind at that
time. We must determine whether it was reasonable to believe that Mr. Cedano-
Medina understood what Trooper Roby was asking and gave him permission to
search the truck and, if so, whether it was reasonable to believe that that consent was
voluntary.

                                        II.
      The entirety of the encounter between Trooper Roby and Mr. Cedano-Medina
leading up to the search was videotaped by a camera in Trooper Roby's cruiser, with
audio provided by a microphone attached to Trooper Roby's body. This videotape
was the central piece of evidence that the district court relied on in denying the
motion to suppress, and we have examined it carefully. In evaluating Trooper Roby's
conclusion that Mr. Cedano-Medina knowingly and voluntarily consented to the
search of his vehicle, we rehearse the discernable dialogue and events on the
videotape in some detail.

     After Trooper Roby stopped Mr. Cedano-Medina's vehicle, Mr. Cedano-
Medina provided his driver's license and vehicle registration upon request, the two

                                         -3-
men talked for a while about Mr. Cedano-Medina's travel itinerary, and Trooper Roby
wrote Mr. Cedano-Medina a warning citation for careless driving. Trooper Roby then
asked Mr. Cedano-Medina if he could ask him a couple of questions, to which
Mr. Cedano-Medina responded, "No, yeah," and then asked Trooper Roby questions
about where to get dog food (Mr. Cedano-Medina was traveling with a dog that he
told Trooper Roby was "free" and a gift for his brother, whom he was on his way to
visit in "Rock-a-ford," Illinois.). Trooper Roby then said, "Out here, people have –
uh, the stop's over and everything, you can go if you want, but – a lot of times people
carry weapons. Do you have any pistols, any pistolas?" Mr. Cedano-Medina
answered, "No." Trooper Roby also asked if there were any knives or marijuana in
the vehicle, and Mr. Cedano-Medina responded "No" to both inquiries. Trooper
Roby then inquired whether Mr. Cedano-Medina had ever been arrested or "in
trouble with the cops," and Mr. Cedano-Medina answered "No" to both of these
questions.

      At this point, Trooper Roby said, "Okay, would you have a problem – can I
search the vehicle? Can I look through it?" After each of these questions,
Mr. Cedano-Medina said "yeah" (or possibly "huh" or "nah"). The conversation
continued as follows:

      Trooper Roby: "Can I look through your vehicle? Can I search it?"

      Mr. Cedano-Medina: "Do I keep this?"

      Trooper Roby: "Yeah. The vehicle? Can I search it?"

      Mr. Cedano-Medina: "No." (Followed by two unclear syllables).

      Trooper Roby: "Can I look through it?"

      Mr. Cedano-Medina: "No. Oh, the food?"



                                         -4-
Trooper Roby: "Through the, through the truck. Can I look through the
truck?"

Mr. Cedano-Medina: "I don't know. I don't understand."

Trooper Roby: "Can I search the truck?"

Mr. Cedano-Medina: "The food?"

Trooper Roby: "Can I search the whole truck? On the inside and on the
outside. Can I look through it?"

Mr. Cedano-Medina: (Unintelligible except for the words "outside,"
"nothing," and "inside.")

Trooper Roby: "Can I look?"

Mr. Cedano-Medina: "Yeah."

Trooper Roby: "I can?"

Mr. Cedano-Medina: "Yeah. No." (Followed by an unclear syllable.)

Trooper Roy: "No problem?"

Mr. Cedano-Medina: Something about "nothing" and "uh huh."

Trooper Roby: "Okay, there's nothing in there? No problem if I look?"

Mr. Cedano-Medina: "No." (Followed by something about "afraid".)

Trooper Roy: You don't care?

Mr. Cedano-Medina. "Nah."

Trooper Roy: "Is it okay? Can I go ahead?"

Mr. Cedano-Medina: (Unintelligible.)
                                 -5-
Trooper Roby testified that, at some point toward the end of this exchange,
Mr. Cedano-Medina said, "Sure, go ahead," although we did not hear these specific
words on the tape.

       After this, Trooper Roby said, "Okay, let's get your dog out here," and the two
men exited the patrol car. Mr. Cedano-Medina walked ahead to his truck, opened the
door, took his dog out of the truck on a leash, and stood back on the side of the road
while Trooper Roby conducted the search. Mr. Cedano-Medina never made an effort
to stop the search. At one point during the search, Mr. Cedano-Medina came up to
the back of his truck and retrieved some water for his dog.

                                          III.
      The difficulty in assessing Mr. Cedano-Medina's alleged consent arises from
the obvious language barrier between him and Trooper Roby and the apparent lapses
in communication that occurred during their conversation. Many of Mr. Cedano-
Medina's utterances on the videotape are monosyllabic or undecipherable.
Mr. Cedano-Medina argues that it was unreasonable for Trooper Roby to believe that
he had consented to the search based on the ambiguous interaction that they had.
Trooper Roby testified that, after he initially asked for Mr. Cedano-Medina's
permission to search the truck, "his mannerisms and stuff made it clear to me that he
wasn't exactly clear on what I was asking him." Trooper Roby further testified,
though, that by the end of the conversation, he "felt that [Mr. Cedano-Medina]
understood what I wanted to do, was look through the vehicle, search for drugs or
anything illegal in there, and that he had given me permission to search for that."

       The magistrate judge who initially evaluated the videotape noticed that
Mr. Cedano-Medina's responses changed during the course of the questioning about
the search from an initial hesitancy, with "a rising inflection indicating uncertainty,"
to a tone of voice indicating "certainty in his mind of what is being asked of him,"
"cordiality," and "eagerness to be cooperative." After watching the tape ourselves,

                                          -6-
we think that this observation is clearly correct. Furthermore, Trooper Roby's
testimony that Mr. Cedano-Medina told him at the end of the questioning that he
could go ahead with the search, which the district court credited, is entitled to
considerable weight. We think that these facts support the conclusion that
Mr. Cedano-Medina believed that he understood Trooper Roby and that he decided
to consent to something, though they perhaps provide only minimal insight into
whether or not he correctly understood what was being asked of him.

       Mr. Cedano-Medina's widely varying answers to Trooper Roby's questions
(including his apparent misunderstanding that some of the attempts to obtain his
consent were questions about dog food), and Trooper Roby's failure to use a Spanish
language consent-to-search form (he testified that he carried such forms with him, but
that he chose to not use one), might give us pause if we were considering this matter
as an original proposition. We must, however, give appropriate deference to the
district court's finding that it was reasonable for Trooper Roby to believe that
Mr. Cedano-Medina consented to a search, and we are unable to conclude that it
clearly erred in making this finding.

       Mr. Cedano-Medina and Trooper Roby were evidently conversing without
difficulty for a very substantial portion of their conversation (e.g., Mr. Cedano-
Medina provided his license and registration upon request, and he successfully
answered questions about the details of his trip). It was therefore not necessarily
unreasonable for Trooper Roby to conclude that Mr. Cedano-Medina eventually came
around to understanding his questions about searching the truck. Mr. Cedano-
Medina's seemingly nonchalant attitude during the search (he readily got his dog out
of the truck, stood quietly at the side of the road, and got water for his dog) lends
further credence to Trooper Roby's conclusion that he consented. Given the apparent
confusion during their conversation arising from Mr. Cedano-Medina's limited
English proficiency, the use of a Spanish consent form here would certainly have



                                         -7-
been desirable, but there is no bright-line rule requiring the use of such forms in
situations like this. See 

.

       We note also that there was testimony from an investigator that, while being
interviewed at the police station after the cocaine had been discovered, Mr. Cedano-
Medina was asked if he had given permission to search the vehicle to Trooper Roby,
and he replied, "yeah, go ahead, you bet." The government contends that this was an
admission that he had consented to Trooper Roby's search. Mr. Cedano-Medina
argues that he was actually giving permission to the investigator to "go ahead" with
a second search rather than explaining what he had told Trooper Roby. We think that
Mr. Cedano-Medina's statement to the investigator, though ambiguous, provides some
support for the government's contention that Mr. Cedano-Medina consented to
Trooper Roby's search. In any event, it is certainly not inconsistent with the theory
that he consented to that search.

                                          IV.
       Having concluded that the district court did not clearly err by finding that it
was reasonable to believe that Mr. Cedano-Medina consented to the search of his
truck, we ask next whether it clearly erred by finding that a reasonable officer would
have found that Mr. Cedano-Medina's consent was voluntary. Mr. Cedano-Medina
argues that Trooper Roby made up his mind to conduct the search before receiving
the alleged consent, and that the repeated questions about searching the truck were
intended to browbeat him into acquiescing to the assertion of authority. Thus, he
maintains, it was not reasonable for Trooper Roby to believe that the consent given
was voluntary.

      We do not think that it would have been reasonable to believe that Mr. Cedano-
Medina understood that he was free to leave the scene instead of entertaining Trooper
Roby's questions about searching the truck. Trooper Roby testified, in fact, that he
did not know whether Mr. Cedano-Medina understood that he was free to go. The

                                         -8-
government, however, was not required to demonstrate that Mr. Cedano-Medina
knew of his right to refuse the request to search as a prerequisite to establishing a
voluntary consent. See 

. It only needed to prove that
it was reasonable to believe that the consent was not the result of "duress or coercion,
express or implied," 

and we conclude that the district court did not clearly
err in finding that the government had made this showing.

       Trooper Roby's requests for permission to search the truck were relentless, but
"[t]here is certainly no legal rule that asking more than once for permission to search
renders a suspect's consent involuntary, particularly where the suspect's initial
response is ambiguous," United States v. Jones, 

, 696 (8th Cir. 2001)
(internal citation omitted). While Trooper Roby's repetitive attempts to obtain
consent might reasonably be perceived as badgering, they could also be reasonably
interpreted as legitimate attempts to achieve effective communication in the face of
the language barrier. Relatedly, while Mr. Cedano-Medina's initial responses to
Trooper Roby's attempts to obtain consent might be perceived as evidence of a
hesitancy to allow the search, and his later responses as mere submission to Trooper
Roby's pressure, we think that his earlier answers can reasonably be interpreted as
reflective of his confusion about Trooper Roby's inquiries, and his later consent a
result of his eventual understanding of what Trooper Roby was asking.

                                       V.
     For the reasons stated, we affirm the district court's denial of Mr. Cedano-
Medina's motion to suppress the cocaine.
                     ______________________________




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