United States Court of Appeals
                           FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
                                    ___________

                                   No. 03-3177
                                    ___________

Michael Negele,                       *
                                      *
             Petitioner,              *
                                      *
       v.                             * Petition for Review of
                                      * an Order of the Board of
                                      * Immigration Appeals.
John Ashcroft, Attorney General       *
of the United States; Thomas Ridge,   *
Director of Homeland Security,        *
                                      *
             Respondents.             *
                                 ___________

                              Submitted: April 13, 2004
                                  Filed: June 1, 2004
                                   ___________

Before WOLLMAN, HANSEN, and BYE, Circuit Judges.
                         ___________

BYE, Circuit Judge.

        Michael Negele appeals the decision of the Board of Immigration Appeals
(BIA) dismissing his appeal of an order directing his removal to Romania pursuant
to the Holtzman Amendment, 8 U.S.C. § 1182(a)(3)(E)(i). This Amendment
mandates the removal of any person who, in association with Nazi Germany or its
allies during World War II, ordered, incited, assisted, or otherwise participated in the
persecution of any person because of race, religion, national origin, or political
opinion. We affirm.
                                           I

A.    Factual Background1

      Negele, ethnically German, was born in Romania in 1920. During World War
II, Negele served in the Death's Head unit of the Waffen Schutzstaffel (SS), which
was responsible for operating and guarding concentration camps. In this capacity,
Negele guarded civilian prisoners at the Sachsenhausen concentration camp and at
Theresienstadt, an internment camp that held Jews and other prisoners awaiting
transport to the death camps. Specifically, Negele policed the exterior of these camps
with his guard dog, preventing prisoner escapes.

      Following the War, Negele obtained United States citizenship by concealing
his wartime service in the SS. He now resides in St. Peters, Missouri.

B.    Procedural Background

       In 1997, the government filed a complaint seeking to revoke Negele's
citizenship, which ultimately proved to be successful. See United States v. Negele,

, 447-48 (8th Cir. 2000).

       On March 5, 2001, the government filed a Notice to Appear (NTA) charging
that Negele was subject to removal pursuant to the Holtzman Amendment, 8 U.S.C.
§ 1182(a)(3)(E)(i). The NTA alleged Negele ordered, incited, assisted, or otherwise
participated in the persecution of persons because of race, religion, national origin or
political opinion between March 23, 1933, and May 8, 1945, under the direction of


      1
        For purposes of this opinion, we provide only a general description of the
facts. A more thorough discussion of the facts may be reviewed in the panel opinion
in the denaturalization proceedings, United States v. Negele, 

, 445-46
(2000).

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or in association with the Nazi government of Germany. Immigration Judge Bruce
W. Solow entered a decision and order directing Negele be removed to Romania.
This decision was based on the evidence presented by the government at Negele's
denaturalization trial. On August 28, 2003, the BIA dismissed Negele's appeal of the
immigration judge's order. This appeal followed.

                                           II

      This court reviews for substantial evidence the factual findings underlying the
BIA's denial of an appeal. Regalado-Garcia v. INS, 

, 787 (8th Cir.
2002). Those findings must be upheld if they are supported by "reasonable,
substantial, and probative evidence, based on the record as a whole." Valioukevitch
v. INS, 

, 749 (8th Cir. 2001). We review the BIA's legal determinations
de novo, "according substantial deference to the [BIA's] interpretation of the statutes
and regulations it administers." 

(citing Tang v.
INS, 

, 718 (8th Cir. 2000)).

       The government is required to establish by clear and convincing evidence
Negele is subject to removal. 8 U.S.C. § 1229a(c)(3)(A). Title 8 U.S.C. § 1227(a)
provides an alien "shall . . . be removed" if he falls within one or more of a specified
class of deportable aliens. The NTA in this case charged that Negele was removable
under 8 U.S.C. § 1227(a)(4)(D), which mandates the removal of any alien described
in clause (i) or (ii) of 8 U.S.C. § 1182(a)(3)(E), the Holtzman Amendment.

      The Holtzman Amendment states at subsection (i):

      Any alien who, during the period beginning on March 23, 1933, and
      ending on May 8, 1945, under the direction of, or in association with –

      (I) the Nazi government of Germany,



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      (II) any government in any area occupied by the military forces of the
      Nazi government of Germany,

      (III) any government established with the assistance or cooperation of
      the Nazi government of Germany, or

      (IV) any government which was an ally of the Nazi government of
      Germany,

             ordered, incited, assisted, or otherwise participated in the
             persecution of any person because of race, religion,
             national origin, or political opinion is inadmissible [to the
             United States].

       Congress enacted the Holtzman Amendment in 1978 to ensure "that the United
States is not a haven for individuals who assisted the Nazis in the brutal persecution
and murder of millions of people." Schellong v. INS, 

, 662 (7th Cir.
1986).

      It is undisputed both Sachsenhausen and Theresienstadt were places of
persecution where Jewish civilians and political prisoners were forcibly confined
under hideous and often deadly conditions solely because of their race or religion.
Thus, the primary question in this case is whether Negele's dog-handling and guard
duties constitute assistance in persecution under the terms of the Holtzman
Amendment.

       Negele contends his duties were entirely limited to dog-handling and therefore
he does not fit the description of persons who are intended to be deported under the
Holtzman Amendment. The crux of his position is: because the record does not
reflect he ever shot at prisoners or took any other direct action to persecute them he
did not participate in persecution under the terms of the Holtzman Amendment. We
disagree, and believe the BIA properly found the documentary evidence and


                                         -4-
testimony from the denaturalization trial established that as an armed ghetto and
concentration camp guard for the SS Death's Head Battalion Negele assisted in Nazi
persecution. Therefore, he is subject to removal under the Holtzman Amendment.

       Although the Eighth Circuit has not previously addressed the specific issue
presented in this case, our conclusion is supported by the overwhelming weight of
authority emanating from other circuit courts which have addressed the issue. See
Tittjung v. Reno, 

, 398 (7th Cir. 1999) (concluding Tittjung's service as
an armed SS Death's Head Battalion concentration camp guard constituted assisting
in persecution within the meaning of the Holtzman Amendment); Hammer v. INS,

, 843 (6th Cir. 1999) (upholding a removal order against a former SS
Death's Head Battalion guard); Kalejs v. INS, 

, 444 (7th Cir. 1993) ("The
Holtzman Amendment's non-criminal provision thus makes assistance in persecution
an independent basis for deportation, and assistance may be inferred from the general
nature of the person's role in the war") (emphasis in original); Kairys v. INS, 

, 943 (7th Cir. 1992) (stating that as effective aiders and abettors of the [Nazi]
conspiracy the armed guards are subject to deportation under the Holtzman
Amendment); Kulle v. INS, 

, 1192 (7th Cir. 1987) ("Because the
statute authorizes deportation of anyone who 'assisted' in persecution, personal
involvement in atrocities need not be proven."); 

("Nazi
concentration camps were places of persecution; individuals who, armed with guns,
held the prisoners captive . . . with threats of death or capital punishment cannot deny
that they aided the Nazis in their program of racial, political and religious
oppression.").

      In support of his position the Holtzman Amendment requires particularized
proof of individual atrocities by him, or evidence that he volunteered for service as
an SS Death's Head Battalion Guard, Negele primarily relies on the case of
Petkiewytsch v. INS, 

(6th Cir. 1991). In Petkiewytsch, the Sixth Circuit



                                          -5-
decided service at the German labor camp did not satisfy the requirements for
deportability under the Holtzman Amendment.

       In Petkiewytsch the individual was forced to work as a civilian labor guard
under threat of imprisonment or execution (and was actually imprisoned for failing
to adequately perform his duties); served at the least repressive type of Nazi camp;
served reluctantly and at a young age and had not engaged in any persecution of a
particular person. 

Considering these mitigating factors, the court
reasoned such language included in the legislative history of the Holtzman
Amendment might require active participation in persecution going beyond
assistance. 

      Petkiewytsch does not control our decision in this case, because, among other
reasons, it is limited to the unique mitigating facts of the case. In the later case of
Hammer v. INS, 

(6th Cir. 1999), the Sixth Circuit concluded Hammer,
a Death's Head Battalion guard, could be removed under the Holtzman Amendment.
The court explained:

      Petkiewytsch thus appears to stand for the proposition that some forms
      of 'assistance' to the Nazi regime (such as membership, without more, in
      an organization which cooperated with the Nazis) may be too attenuated
      to be considered 'under the direction of, or in association with' the Nazi
      government. We do not believe that Petkiewytsch compels the
      conclusion that 'assistance' to the Nazi regime can never be sufficient for
      deportation under the Holtzman Amendment, because such an
      interpretation would be squarely at odds with the text of the statute.

       It should also be noted the mitigating factors in Petkiewytsch are not present
in this case. The district court in the denaturalization proceedings specifically


                                         -6-
rejected Negele's claims of being drafted into the Waffen SS as unbelievable, and
found Negele served voluntarily as an SS Death's Head Battalion guard.

       We conclude that by impeding prisoners' escape through his presence as an
armed SS Death's Head Battalion Guard, Negele was actively and personally involved
in persecution. By guarding the perimeters of the camps with a trained guard dog to
ensure prisoners did not escape from life-threatening conditions, Negele contributed
to the persecution which occurred in these facilities. There is little doubt the
prisoners within the facilities Negele patrolled with his dog (trained to "tear to pieces
anyone else except the trainer") would have considered him as part of the Nazi
machine which kept them at death’s gate.

                                           III

       We deny Negele's petition for review and affirm the opinion and order of the
BIA.
                        ______________________________




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