United States Court of Appeals
                            FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
                                     ___________

                                     No. 03-3892
                                     ___________

United States of America,                 *
                                          *
             Appellant,                   *
                                          * Appeal from the United States
      v.                                  * District Court for the
                                          * District of Minnesota.
Antonino Cedillo Aguilar,                 *
                                          *
             Appellee.                    *
                                     ___________

                              Submitted: June 15, 2004
                                 Filed: September 13, 2004
                                  ___________

Before MURPHY, HEANEY, and BRIGHT, Circuit Judges.
                          ___________

BRIGHT, Circuit Judge.

       The government appeals the district court's1 grant of the suppression of
Antonino Cedillo Aguilar's confession to drug activity, asserting that the district court
erred in determining that the circumstances of Aguilar's questioning rendered his
confession involuntary. Relying on the United States Supreme Court's recent opinion




      1
       The Honorable Donovan W. Frank, United States District Judge for the
District of Minnesota, adopting the Report and Recommendation of the Honorable
Susan Richard Nelson, United States Magistrate Judge for the District of Minnesota.
in Missouri v. Seibert, 

(2004), we affirm the district court's
suppression of Aguilar's statements.

I.    BACKGROUND

       Beginning in August 2002, Minneapolis police investigated a drug conspiracy,
including sending in an undercover officer to participate in the conspiracy. On
September 16, 2002, Minneapolis police officer Luis Porras, acting undercover, went
to the home of a cooperating witness to buy a kilogram of cocaine in a previously
arranged drug sale. Police videotaped the entire transaction. Officer Porras brought
a bright orange lunch box, concealing $20,000 in drug buy money. Officer Porras
gave the informant the lunch box containing the money. The informant then provided
Officer Porras with a brick of cocaine. After the transaction, Aguilar arrived, entered
the house, and departed with the orange lunch box. Aguilar then drove to a
restaurant, which police also had under surveillance, and brought the lunch box
inside. Police did not arrest Aguilar at this time.

      Three months later on December 11, 2002, police arrested Aguilar. A plain-
clothed officer took Aguilar to a basement office in the Minneapolis Police
Department's narcotics division. Officers Porras, Bart Hauge, and Jose Francisco
Gomez were present for most of Aguilar's interrogation. Both Porras and Gomez
spoke Spanish. Officers asked Aguilar if he would prefer to proceed in Spanish or
English, Aguilar responded that he would prefer to respond in Spanish.

       Officers questioned Aguilar before providing him with a written copy of
Miranda2 warnings in Spanish. In giving the warnings, officers instructed Aguilar to
read the warnings aloud and acknowledge that he understood them. Aguilar signed
and dated the document in the presence of all three officers. Police officers then


      2
       Miranda v. Arizona, 

(1966).

                                         -2-
questioned Aguilar in Spanish for approximately twenty minutes, detailing Aguilar's
participation in the drug conspiracy. Police recorded the questioning that occurred
after providing Aguilar the Miranda warnings.

       During the recorded interview, officers asked Aguilar about the events of
September 16, 2002, the videotaped drug sale, and about his drug-trafficking
activities in general. Aguilar responded with an appropriate, detailed answer to each
of the questions posed about criminal activity that occurred three months prior to the
interview.

       Aguilar moved to suppress the statements that he made both prior to and after
police provided him with Miranda warnings. The magistrate judge heard testimony
on March 3 and 4, 2003, and additional testimony on April 18, 2003. Considering
and relying on the additional evidence from the April 18, 2003 hearing, the magistrate
judge recommended the suppression of Aguilar's statements to the police. The
district court adopted the magistrate judge's report and recommendation on November
19, 2003.

      The magistrate judge found that police conducted a lengthy interview of
Aguilar prior to his recorded statements, and prior to giving Aguilar any Miranda
warnings. The judge accepted Officer Gomez's statement that Aguilar's interview
lasted approximately two hours, yet the tape-recorded portion only lasted
approximately twenty minutes. Thus, the judge concluded that police interrogated
Aguilar for approximately an hour and a half prior to giving him Miranda warnings.
Accepting Aguilar's version of the unrecorded questioning, the judge explained that,
unlike other witnesses, Aguilar offered an explanation for what took place during the
prerecorded statements.

      In addition, the magistrate judge observed that Officer Hauge's version of
events was not credible because he did not understand Spanish, and he omitted the

                                         -3-
fact that other questioning took place before the recorded questioning. The judge also
questioned the credibility of Officer Gomez. Officer Gomez said that prior to giving
Aguilar Miranda warnings, they only gathered routine booking information. The
court rejected this testimony as not credible because Officer Gomez failed to explain
why it took officers over an hour and a half to gather routine biographical information
from Aguilar. The judge doubted the officers' version of events, namely that during
the unrecorded interview they only asked for biographical information, because it did
not explain how Aguilar could recall precisely events that occurred three months prior
to his arrest in the brief recorded interview.

       The magistrate judge also found that during the unrecorded interview Officer
Porras became angry, kicked his desk, and swore at Aguilar when Aguilar did not
respond in a manner anticipated by Officer Porras. Officers also informed Aguilar
that they would release him if he cooperated. Prior to giving Aguilar a copy of his
Miranda rights and recording his confession, officers informed Aguilar that if he
behaved incorrectly in the recorded interview none of the previous interrogation
would do him any good.

      The magistrate judge suppressed the confession based on the totality of the
circumstances and that, under Streetman v. Lynaugh, 

, 957 (5th Cir.
1987), the promise of immediate release made the resulting confession involuntary.
As previously stated, the district court adopted the report and recommendation of the
magistrate judge. The government timely appeals.

II.   ANALYSIS

      When reviewing a suppression order, we review a district court's factual
findings for clear error and review its conclusion as to whether the search violated the
Fourth Amendment de novo. United States v. Hessman, 

, 1019 (8th
Cir. 2004). This case turns on the voluntariness of Aguilar's confession. "A

                                          -4-
statement is involuntary when it was extracted by threats, violence, or express or
implied promises sufficient to overbear the defendant's will and critically impair his
capacity for self-determination." Simmons v. Bowersox, 

, 1132 (8th
Cir. 2001). Courts weigh the voluntariness of a confession based on the totality of
the circumstances. United States v. LeBrun, 

, 724 (8th Cir. 2004) (en
banc). The government bears the burden of persuasion and must prove by a
preponderance of the evidence the voluntariness of the challenged statements. 

facts and circumstances, the government asserts that Aguilar
voluntarily confessed. Thus, the district court's contradictory determinations should
be reversed. We note two recent decisions, one by the United States Supreme Court
and the other by our court sitting en banc, which guide our review. Subsequent to
submission of this appeal, the United States Supreme Court issued its decision in
Missouri v. Seibert, 

(June 28, 2004), which held that Miranda
warnings given mid-interrogation, after the defendant gave an unwarned confession,
were ineffective, and thus a confession repeated after warnings were given was
inadmissible at trial. Further, after appealing the district court's suppression of
Aguilar's statements and after parties completed briefing in this case, this court, en
banc, decided United States v. LeBrun, 

(8th Cir. 2004), which
addressed the voluntariness of a confession after officers used psychological pressure
to facilitate the confession. We comment on each case.

      A.     Missouri v. Seibert

      The ruling in Seibert limits Oregon v. Elstad, 

(1985), on which
the government relies here, to its facts. In Elstad, police went to a young suspect's
house to take him into custody on a burglary charge. Before the arrest, one officer
spoke with the suspect's mother while another officer conducted a brief stop of the
suspect in the living room. 

315. The suspect acknowledged that he was
present at the scene of the burglary. 

the police station, after receiving

                                         -5-
the Miranda warnings, the suspect made a full confession. The Court acknowledged
that the first brief encounter did not have any "earmarks of coercion." 

the Court limited Elstad's holding to the facts of the case, defining
a voluntary statement as one given absent the pressure of techniques and methods
used by law enforcement that are offensive to due process. The Court in Seibert,
however, addressed the police tactic of questioning a suspect, then providing Miranda
warnings, and then re-questioning. According to the findings by the district court, the
police used a similar tactic in this case.

       The following are the circumstances in Seibert. Patrice Seibert had a young
son with cerebral palsy. 

. The son died in his sleep, but
Seibert feared that police would arrest her for neglect. She recruited her two teenage
sons to conceal the death by burning the family's mobile home. The two boys left a
mentally-ill teenager in the trailer. This person died in the fire. 

Later,
police questioned Seibert about the fire. The questioning officer, upon instruction,
refrained from giving Seibert the Miranda warnings. 

Police took Seibert
to an interviewing room, where police left her alone for thirty to forty minutes. On
questioning, Seibert admitted she knew the mentally ill boy would die in the fire.
After a twenty-minute break in questioning, police provided Seibert with the Miranda
warnings, obtained a written waiver of her Miranda rights, and had Seibert re-confess.
At the subsequent suppression hearing, the officer "testified that he made a 'conscious
decision' to withhold Miranda warnings, thus resorting to an interrogation technique
that he had been taught: question first, then give the warnings, and then repeat the
question." 

        The Court emphasized that not only did the officer admit to the interrogation
tactic; such tactics are promoted by national police training organizations and police
departments. 

However, the Court did not limit its holding to cases
where such tactics are made explicit. In "question-first" cases, the courts must

                                           -6-
determine whether the use of the tactic inhibits the effectiveness of the Miranda
warnings and the concerns addressed in Miranda. 

In order to validate the
use of the tactic, the defendants must believe they have a real choice regarding the
decision to continue speaking to police. 

have that choice, such
formal warnings do not meet the requirements of the holding in Miranda and do not
distinguish "the first, unwarned and inadmissible segment" from the statement that
meets the formal requirements of Miranda. 

explained that the use of
the coordinated and continuing questioning is "likely to mislead and 'depriv[e] a
defendant of knowledge essential to his ability to understand the nature of his rights
and the consequences of abandoning them.'" 

Moran v. Burbine,

, 424 (1986)).

      In determining whether Miranda warnings delivered midstream are effective,
the Court delineated a list of factors for the court to consider. 

First, the
court must address the extent of the first round of interrogation. 

should
also address the extent to which the first round and second round of interrogation
overlap. 

include the timing and setting of both questioning
sessions, including whether a continuity of police personnel existed. 

court should examine the extent to which "the interrogator's questions treated the
second round as continuous with the first." 

these factors to Seibert's case, the Court explained that the police
purposely questioned Seibert without giving her the Miranda warnings; the same
officers conducted the two interrogation sessions in the same location and the
sessions occurred close in time. 

officer said nothing to counter the
idea that the unwarned statements could be held against her. 

the Court
noted the police officers referred back to the unwarned testimony in the second




                                          -7-
questioning. 

The Court concluded that, unlike the facts in Elstad,3 the
facts questioned whether the Miranda warnings officers provided to Seibert offered
her the possibility to decline to continue speaking to police. 

conclusion, the Court explained:

             Strategists dedicated to draining the substance out of Miranda
      cannot accomplish by training instructions what Dickerson [v. United
      States, 

(2000)] held Congress could not do by statute.
      Because the question-first tactic effectively threatens to thwart
      Miranda's purpose of reducing the risk that a coerced confession would
      be admitted, and because the facts here do not reasonably support a
      conclusion that the warnings given could have served their purpose,
      Seibert's postwarning statements are inadmissible.

before us are closer to those in Seibert than those in Elstad. While
the court below did not have the benefit of the precedent in Seibert, we do, and will
apply the factors in Seibert in explaining our decision and reviewing the district
court's ruling. To begin, it is not entirely clear the extent of Aguilar's first
questioning session. However, the court determined that the first questioning session
consisted of more than routine booking questions, included some good cop/bad cop
questioning tactics, and lasted approximately ninety minutes. Further, the scope of
the first interrogation provided enough background for Aguilar to clearly recall events
that occurred three months earlier. Aguilar's two interrogations were not separated
in time, occurred in the same interrogation room, and the same officers participated
in the questioning. Cf., United States v. Libby, 

, *6 (D. Me. July
30, 2004) (distinguishing facts from Seibert where interrogations were separated by

      3
       The Court noted that Elstad is different because the location, time, and short
nature of the unwarned questioning distinguish the two cases.

                                         -8-
approximately twenty hours, change of location, and different questioning officers).
Thus, in weighing the factors and reasoning in Seibert, we determine that providing
Aguilar the Miranda warnings between the two questioning sessions did not serve the
purpose of the dictates in Miranda, because it did not provide Aguilar with a
meaningful opportunity to make an informed choice regarding his right to provide
police with an admissible statement.

       Moreover, the facts found by the magistrate judge and the magistrate judge's
discussion indicate that the defendant's post-Miranda warning statement was the
result of coercion and that the acts of the police were intentional. Additionally, no
curative steps were taken to warn or notify defendant that his first statement would
probably be admissible in court.

       The magistrate judge's discussion and determination satisfy the concerns of
Justice Kennedy who added the fifth vote of the Supreme Court in the judgment in
Seibert. Justice Kennedy would apply a narrower test than the plurality in excluding
the confession in a two-step interrogation as here and as in Seibert. His test requires
that the confession will be excluded when the two-step interrogation is used in "a
calculated way to undermine the Miranda warning." 

(Kennedy, J., concurring in the judgment). That was the situation in Seibert and here,
as the method and timing of the two interrogations establish intentional, calculated
conduct by the police.4



      4
        Justice Breyer agreed with the plurality opinion in full and emphasized that
"[c]ourts should exclude the 'fruits' of the initial unwarned questioning unless the
failure to warn was in good faith." 

(Breyer, J.,
concurring). Justice Breyer also agreed with Justice Kennedy's opinion "insofar as
it is consistent with this approach and makes clear that a good-faith exception
applies." 

The record and magistrate judge's findings demonstrate an
absence of good faith in the defendant's interrogation.

                                         -9-
      B.     United States v. LeBrun

       As previously noted, after appealing the district court's suppression of Aguilar's
statements and after the parties completed briefing in this case, this court, en banc,
issued the opinion in United States v. LeBrun, 

(8th Cir. 2004). In
LeBrun, this court reversed the district court's suppression of a confession where the
police failed to advise the defendant of his Miranda rights, lied to him, played on his
emotions, and said he would not be prosecuted if he admitted wrongdoing. 

that the facts of this case are factually distinguishable from those in
LeBrun.5

      In LeBrun, we determined that the facts and the circumstances of the case did
not indicate that the police's tactics in questioning LeBrun affected his ability to
appreciate his decision to continue answering questions. Police suspected that
LeBrun, while enlisted in the United States Navy, had strangled his superior officer
in 1968. 

. The victim's family continued in their efforts to
bring LeBrun to justice. Thirty years later, Naval Criminal Investigative Service
("NCIS") conducted several interviews of LeBrun. 

LeBrun accompanied
NCIS investigators for additional questioning, but was not arrested. 

The
agents used several psychological ploys during the interview to facilitate a
confession, including playing on LeBrun's financial status and his family's reputation.

to the killing. 

On a later date, police arrested
LeBrun for the murder. LeBrun moved to suppress his confession. 

explained that several factors supported the voluntariness of
LeBrun's confession. First, the court emphasized the circumstances of the confession,
namely that LeBrun confessed after police questioned him for thirty-three minutes,
and was not under arrest. 

In addition, the unarmed agents never shouted


      5
       LeBrun did not address the question-first tactic at issue in Seibert.

                                          -10-
or physically threatened LeBrun. 

not handcuffed. 

The
agents told LeBrun that he could leave at any time and permitted him to use his cell
phone. 

determined that the psychological tactics (making false promises,
playing on his emotions, and using his family against him) did not render LeBrun's
confession involuntary. 

We reversed the district court's determination that
such psychological tactics in conjunction with promises of non-prosecution rendered
LeBrun's confession involuntary. The agents had reassured LeBrun that they believed
that he would not be prosecuted if he admitted the murder was spontaneous. 

This court held that LeBrun's mistaken belief that he could not be prosecuted
did not render his confession involuntary based on the totality of the circumstances
of the case. 

emphasized that the promise represented just one factor.

this factor was the fact that LeBrun had some legal training
(one year of law school) and that he had a subjective understanding of his Miranda
rights. 

In addition, the court emphasized that LeBrun had met with agents
on four separate occasions prior to his confession. The court concluded that LeBrun
made his statement voluntarily because "LeBrun is an intelligent, calculating person
who erroneously perceived a potential loophole in the prosecution's case and tried to
take advantage of it by confessing . . . it is clear to us that LeBrun's capacity for self-
determination was not impaired." 

      As the government asserts, the mere fact that police promised Aguilar that he
could leave after he confessed is not sufficient to find that Aguilar confessed
involuntarily. However, other factors and the totality of the circumstances indicate
that Aguilar did not confess voluntarily. Aguilar's case presents facts directly
opposite to that in LeBrun. Unlike LeBrun, Aguilar did not possess any experience
with the United States criminal justice system. Aguilar had only met once with
police, and about an incident that occurred three months earlier. Aguilar's
questioning was not brief. Officers questioned Aguilar for more than two hours, with

                                           -11-
more than ninety minutes of questioning before providing him with his Miranda
warnings. Unlike LeBrun, Aguilar was not provided with any means to leave the
police station. Aguilar had his leg cuffed to the leg of a chair for a portion of the
interview.

        The Court's holding in Seibert provides an additional factor to use in weighing
in the determination of whether a defendant made a confession voluntarily, namely
the courts should strictly scrutinize confessions where police have used the question-
first tactic. The district court determined that Aguilar's confession was involuntary
and should be suppressed. Based on the law of Seibert and cognizant of our holding
in LeBrun, the district court did not err in that determination.

III.   CONCLUSION

       Accordingly, we affirm.
                      ______________________________




                                         -12-