United States Court of Appeals
                            FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
                                    ___________

                                    No. 04-1927
                                    ___________

United States of America,              *
                                       *
            Plaintiff - Appellee,      *
                                       *    Appeal from the United States
      v.                               *    District Court for the Southern
                                       *    District of Iowa.
Eriberto Melesio Briones,              *
                                       *
            Defendant - Appellant.     *
                                  ___________

                              Submitted: October 19, 2004
                                 Filed: November 30, 2004
                                  ___________

Before MURPHY, HEANEY, and BEAM, Circuit Judges.
                          ___________

MURPHY, Circuit Judge.

      Eriberto Briones entered a conditional plea of guilty to conspiracy to distribute
methamphetamine. The district court1 sentenced Briones to 240 months, and he
appeals the partial denial of his motion to suppress incriminating statements. We
affirm.

       As Trooper Kenneth Ayers of the Nebraska State Patrol was driving along
Interstate 80 on the evening of April 23, 2003, he observed a car pulled to the side of

      1
        The Honorable Ronald L. Longstaff, Chief Judge, United States District Court
for the District of Southern Iowa.
the road with its hazard lights flashing. Ayers stopped to check on it, and he found
Eriberto Briones in the driver seat. There were also three passengers, including
Briones' girlfriend Rosa Cisneros. After Briones consented to a search of the car,
Ayers discovered two packages of methamphetamine inside the front passenger door.

       Ayers arrested all four travelers, arranged for their car to be towed to a garage,
and called state drug investigator Jeffrey Shelton to interview them. Ayers did not
give the suspects a Miranda warning after the arrests or ask them any questions, but
he told them the case would "go federal" due to the quantity of drugs in the car.
Ayers drove Briones to the garage where the car was being towed. Briones asked
several times during the ride what would happen next and whether he would go to
jail. When they arrived at the garage, they met investigator Shelton and he drove
Briones to the state patrol office in Kearney, Nebraska.

       At the Kearney office Shelton interviewed the four suspects individually,
talking to Briones last. Shelton did not give him a Miranda warning before asking
some preliminary questions about where Briones and his companions had come from
and where they were going. The interview ended quickly, however, because Briones
said he knew nothing about the trip and had just been in the wrong place at the wrong
time. Shelton returned Briones to the lobby of the patrol office and instructed Ayers
and another trooper to transport the four suspects to a detention center in Buffalo
County. When Briones saw Rosa Cisneros being led out of the building, he blurted
out that she had nothing to do with the drugs for they were his.

       The officers made no response to Briones’ admission, and Trooper Ayers drove
him to the detention center. On the way the two talked about Briones' prior history.
He told Ayers that he had carried fifteen to twenty pounds of methamphetamine on
flights in the past, and Ayers said he was surprised that there had been only half a
pound in the car. Ayers did not give Briones a Miranda warning before or during this
conversation.

                                          -2-
      The day after next Briones initiated contact with law enforcement by asking to
speak with officers about his drug activity. Special Agent Thurmond Windham III
from the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) went to the detention center that
afternoon to interview him. Windham began the interview by advising Briones of his
Miranda rights, and Briones said he understood those rights and wanted to talk.
Briones then gave details about his trips delivering methamphetamine to
Marshalltown, Iowa and indicated that he wanted to cooperate with officials.
Although Briones entered into a cooperation agreement with the DEA, it
subsequently broke down.

      Briones later moved to suppress all of the statements he made to officials
following his arrest. After an evidentiary hearing, the district court issued an order
admitting the statement Briones made in the state patrol lobby, suppressing his
statements to Ayers during the drive to the detention center, and admitting his
statements to Windham and other DEA agents.

       On appeal Briones argues that the district court erred by not suppressing all of
the statements. When considering an order denying a motion to suppress, we review
the district court's factual findings for clear error and its legal conclusions de novo.
United States v. Rodriguez-Hernandez, 

, 635 (8th Cir. 2003). We will
not affirm if the order is unsupported by substantial evidence, reflects an erroneous
view of the applicable law, or leaves us with a firm and definite conviction that in
light of the whole record a mistake has been made. 

argues that the statement he made in the state patrol lobby, about
his being responsible for the drugs, should be suppressed. Since it is undisputed that
Briones was then in custody and had not yet been advised of his rights, the issue is
whether that statement resulted from interrogation. See Miranda v. Arizona, 

, 444 (1966). No question was before Briones at the time, yet he claims that his
statement resulted from interrogation because it was prompted by seeing his girlfriend

                                          -3-
"paraded" past him during the brief interval between his interview with Shelton and
his departure to the detention center.

       Interrogation in the Miranda context refers to express questioning and to words
or conduct that officers should know is "reasonably likely to elicit an incriminating
response from the suspect." Rhode Island v. Innis, 

, 301 (1980). No
question was put to Briones before he volunteered his remark, and he had just refused
to answer any questions during his interview with Shelton. At the time Briones
blurted out his admission, Shelton's questioning had unambiguously ended. The two
had left the interrogation room, and Shelton had told the troopers to transport all the
suspects to the detention center. Rosa Cisneros was one of four suspects being
moved in and out of a small office, and there is no indication that the officers
anticipated that the sight of her would cause Briones to make an incriminating
remark. We conclude that the statement in the state patrol lobby "was not the product
of either express questioning or its functional equivalent," and it was therefore
properly admitted. United States v. McGauley, 

, 891 (8th Cir. 1986).

      Briones also argues that the court erred in not suppressing the statements he
made to law enforcement officers after initiating contact with them on April 25 and
then waiving his Miranda rights. He contends that these Miranda warnings were
given in the middle of one continuous interrogation and thus did not effectively
advise him of his rights. In support of this argument he cites the Supreme Court's
decision in Missouri v. Seibert, 

(2004), issued after the briefing on
his appeal but before oral argument.2


      2
        In his briefing Briones had argued that his postwarning statements should be
suppressed as the fruits of coercive custodial interrogation, citing Dickerson v. United
States, 

(2000). We considered and rejected this type of argument in
United States v. Villalba-Alvarado, 

(8th Cir. 2003). In the alternative
he argued his statements were inadmissible under Oregon v. Elstad, 

(1985), because he had experienced an unbroken “aura of coercion”; the record does

                                          -4-
       In Seibert, an officer used a deliberate tactic of first questioning a suspect
without Miranda warnings, then later giving the warnings and repeating the questions
already answered. 

In that case the officer elicited an admission from the
suspect after thirty to forty minutes of questions, then took a twenty minute break.
After the break, he gave the suspect Miranda warnings and resumed his questioning.
When she gave a different answer in the second round of questioning than in the first,
the officer brought up her earlier incriminating response and she then made a
postwarning admission. 

determined that under these circumstances the
Miranda warnings could not have served their purpose, and it held the postwarning
statement inadmissible. 

      The Seibert plurality fashioned a multifactor test for use in deciding whether
statements made during continuing interrogations are admissible in light of belated
Miranda warnings. Relevant factors to consider are the completeness and detail of
the questions and answers in the first round of questioning, the degree to which the
content of the rounds overlap, the timing and setting of the questioning, the
continuing involvement of particular law enforcement personnel, and the degree to
which later questions treated the second round as continuous with the first. 

Justice Kennedy supplied the fifth vote necessary to make a majority, and in
his concurring opinion he developed a narrower test.

       Because Justice Kennedy relied on grounds narrower than those of the
plurality, his opinion is of special significance. See Romano v. Oklahoma, 

, 9 (1994); Marks v. United States, 

, 193 (1977). For Justice Kennedy
the key question is whether the police conduct was deliberately devised to obtain
incriminating statements by circumventing Miranda. 

. In
his view the principles of Oregon v. Elstad, 

(1985), control when the
police have not deliberately used separate interrogations to elicit incriminating


not support this argument.

                                         -5-
statements through belated Miranda warnings. Under Elstad, statements made after
a knowing and voluntary waiver of Miranda rights are admissible unless there were
earlier unwarned statements resulting from coercion or a calculated effort to
undermine the suspect's free will. 

If a deliberate strategy was used to
avoid Miranda requirements, Elstad does not apply and postwarning statements
related to the substance of what was said earlier are inadmissible in the absence of
curative measures. 

.

       The first step in Justice Kennedy's analysis is to determine whether a staged
interrogation process was used as a deliberate strategy. Here, the first interview with
Briones was cut short by his unwillingness to answer Shelton's questions. His
incriminating statement in the lobby when he saw Rosa Cisneros was unexpected and
did not result from interrogation. Ayers testified that it was not his job to conduct
interviews in drug cases, but statements made by Briones on the drive to the detention
center were later suppressed by the district court. Approximately a day and a half
after his conversation with Ayers, Briones requested an interview with law
enforcement officers. The DEA responded, and Windham gave him Miranda
warnings at the outset. Briones volunteered to cooperate and spoke freely to the
agents. Nothing in the record suggests that these law enforcement officers from
different agencies used a deliberate strategy of staged interrogations to circumvent
Briones' Fifth Amendment rights.

       The question then becomes whether his statements to the DEA agents are
admissible under Elstad. There is no dispute that Briones knowingly and voluntarily
waived his rights after Windham read him the Miranda warnings. Neither does the
record indicate that Briones was coerced into making his earlier statements or that
officers made a calculated effort to subvert his free will during those conversations.
We conclude that the statements made after Briones received his Miranda warnings
are admissible under Elstad because he knowingly and voluntarily waived his
Miranda rights and his earlier unwarned statements did not result from coercion or

                                         -6-
a calculated effort to undermine his will. The district court's ruling admitting
evidence of the statements Briones made after his Miranda warnings thus conforms
with Seibert.3

      Accordingly, we affirm the judgment of the district court.
                     ______________________________




      3
       Briones' statements would also be admissible under the multifactor test
fashioned by the Seibert plurality. His statements before and after the Miranda
warnings were separated by more than a day, occurred in different settings, and were
made to different law enforcement officers representing different agencies. There
was also no significant overlap or continuity between his limited conversation with
Ayers and the debriefings he had later with DEA agents. See 

; see also United States v. Hernandez-Hernandez, 

, 566 (8th Cir.
2004).

                                        -7-