United States Court of Appeals
                           FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
                                   ___________

                                   No. 03-2944
                                   ___________

Mohamed El-Sheikh,                      *
                                        *
             Petitioner,                *
                                        * Petition for Review of an
      v.                                * Order of the Board of
                                        * Immigration Appeals.
John Ashcroft,                          *
                                        *
             Respondent.                *
                                   ___________

                             Submitted: June 15, 2004
                                Filed: November 12, 2004
                                 ___________

Before LOKEN, Chief Judge, BYE and MELLOY, Circuit Judges.
                              ___________

LOKEN, Chief Judge.

      Mohamad A. El Sheikh, a twenty-seven-year-old native of Sudan, entered this
country illegally, conceded removability, and requested asylum, withholding of
removal, and relief under the Convention Against Torture. After a hearing, the
Immigration Judge (IJ) denied relief, and the Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA)
affirmed with an opinion. El Sheikh petitions for judicial review of this final order
of removal. See 8 U.S.C. § 1252(b). After careful review of the administrative
record, we conclude that the denial of El Sheikh’s asylum claim is not supported by
substantial evidence because there are no express agency findings as to (i) whether
El Sheikh’s testimony was credible, (ii) whether his testimony that he was twice
detained and beaten by security police on account of his opposition to the government
and its civil war policies, if credible, established past persecution, and if so (iii)
whether the government rebutted the resulting presumption that El Sheikh has a well-
founded fear of future persecution if he is removed to Sudan. Accordingly, we vacate
the BIA’s order and remand for further administrative proceedings.

                    I. The Evidence Submitted by El Sheikh.

       At the hearing and in a lengthy affidavit supporting his asylum application, El
Sheikh testified that his father is a wealthy businessman of Arab descent living in the
capitol city of Khartoum. El Sheikh began college at East Nile University near
Khartoum in 1996. Though not a member of any political party, El Sheikh was an
active participant in informal student meetings called “Corners of Discussion,” which
tended to focus on the civil war being waged by the Islamic government against tribal
insurgents in the south of Sudan. Because El Sheikh’s mother was a member of the
Dinka tribe and he had lived and visited in the south, he spoke at many sessions,
revealing “the truth about what is happening in the war zone” to groups of up to one
hundred students concerned about the costs of the civil war and fearful of being
conscripted to fight it.

       El Sheikh testified that, in April 1999, security police came to break up a large
group of student protesters. El Sheikh was arrested as a leader of the demonstration.
He was taken to Kober prison where he was beaten with belts and batons. He and
others were held without charges for seven days and then released when their families
complained. El Sheikh further testified that, in December 1999, he was arrested again
by the security police while distributing anti-government flyers outside the university.
He was detained at a “ghost house” without charges for thirty-five days, enduring
repeated beatings, inadequate food, and long periods in the sun without protection.
He was released only after signing a statement promising not to distribute anti-
government flyers or to speak at the Corners of Discussion again. After this lengthy

                                          -2-
detention, government security officers “followed [his] every move” and harassed
and interrogated him until he quit school and decided to leave the country.

       El Sheikh testified that his brother’s friend in Sudan’s passport office helped
obtain a passport and visa to South Korea. The documents fraudulently described El
Sheikh as a “sales manager” because travel documents were not issued to students.
El Sheikh then traveled to South Korea, where he stayed for three months with a
family friend and businessman. He eventually obtained a tourist visa to Honduras
and took a plane from South Korea to Honduras with a stop in Los Angeles, intending
to enter the United States at Los Angeles without valid entry documents and to seek
asylum. He denied traveling to South Korea to work or to look for work.

       El Sheikh submitted extensive background information on Sudan, including
Department of State reports that confirmed the Sudanese government’s practice of
arresting students who opposed the government and detaining them without charges
in “ghost houses,” where they were abused and beaten. El Sheikh also presented the
testimony of a Sudanese native who was an organizer for an opposition political party
at three universities in the mid-1990's, including East Nile University. Before coming
to the United States in 1998, where he was granted asylum, this witness testified that
he had met El Sheikh through this “opposition work,” directed El Sheikh to speak
at various “Political Corners,” and saw El Sheikh actively speak against the
government at such meetings. He also confirmed that the anti-government activists
included students who were not affiliated with any opposition party. After leaving
Sudan the witness heard that student activists were arrested at East Nile University,
but he had no personal knowledge that El Sheikh was arrested in 1999.

                            II. The Agency’s Decision.

      After summarizing the evidence in considerable detail, the IJ denied all of El
Sheikh’s claims. The IJ found “palpable” discrepancies between El Sheikh’s

                                         -3-
testimony and his earlier “credible fear” interview because El Sheikh told the asylum
officer that he was not participating in the student “riot” when arrested in April 1999,
and that he was merely “talking with friends” on campus when arrested in December
1999. The IJ expressed “some concerns” as to whether El Sheikh “was actually
fleeing Sudan” when he went to South Korea. Noting that El Sheikh presented no
medical evidence of significant injuries or “any real corroboration that [he] was
harmed by the government of Sudan,” that El Sheikh was permitted to attend the
university and to leave the country, and that his participation in political activities
was “relatively minimal,” the IJ concluded that El Sheikh “has simply not met his
burden of proof to establish that he has a persecution claim in Sudan.”

      The BIA affirmed. In the critical portion of its short opinion, the BIA stated:

      [The IJ] did not make an express credibility finding. Even if [El Sheikh]
      is credible, we agree with the [IJ] that [El Sheikh] did not sustain his
      burden of proving eligibility for relief.

            With regard to [El Sheikh’s] claim of past persecution on account
      of his political opinion, in light of the questions regarding [his]
      testimony, we consider [his] corroborative evidence to determine
      whether he met the burden of proof. We find that [El Sheikh] failed to
      submit reasonably available corroborative evidence. Although [he]
      presented witness testimony, the witness left Sudan prior to [El
      Sheikh’s] problems and could not corroborate the harm suffered by [El
      Sheikh]. (Citations omitted).

                                   III. Discussion.

      The Attorney General may, in his discretion, grant asylum to a “refugee.” 8
U.S.C. § 1158(b)(1). A refugee is defined as an alien who is outside his native
country and is unable or unwilling to return to that country “because of persecution
or a well-founded fear of persecution on account of race, religion, nationality,

                                          -4-
membership in a particular social group, or political opinion.” 8 U.S.C.
§ 1101(a)(42)(A). To show a well-founded fear of persecution, an alien must show
that the fear is both subjectively genuine and objectively reasonable. Proof of past
persecution creates a rebuttable presumption that the alien has a well-founded fear of
future persecution. See Shoaira v. Ashcroft, 

, 844 (8th Cir. 2004); 8
C.F.R. § 208.13(b). “In a close case, the question of past persecution . . . may well
be critical, because it determines whether the INS or the asylum applicant has the
burden of proof” on issues such as changed country conditions and the alien’s ability
to safely relocate in his native country. Hagi-Salad v. Ashcroft, 

, 1049
(8th Cir. 2004).1 We review the BIA's determination that El Sheikh is not eligible for
asylum under the deferential substantial evidence standard. Nyama v. Ashcroft, 

, 815-16 (8th Cir. 2004).

      Because the IJ made no express credibility finding, the BIA assumed El
Sheikh’s testimony was credible but concluded that the testimony was insufficiently
corroborated. On the issue of past persecution, the BIA discounted El Sheikh’s
testimony of two lengthy detentions and beatings because his supporting witness left
Sudan before 1999 and therefore “could not corroborate the harm.” The BIA did not
otherwise explain what “reasonably available corroborative evidence” was missing.

       In Matter of S-M-J, 21 I&N Dec. 722 (BIA 1997) (en banc), the BIA discussed
at length issues relating to the evidentiary requirements in asylum and withholding
of deportation cases. As relevant here, the BIA explained:


      1
         Note that the statutory definition of refugee places no emphasis on why the
alien is outside his native country. Thus, the IJ’s preoccupation with whether El
Sheikh was fleeing Sudan when he went to South Korea, an issue that is heavily
emphasized by the government on appeal, is irrelevant except to the extent it sheds
light on whether El Sheikh has a subjectively well-founded fear of future persecution
if he is removed to Sudan. But that becomes a non-issue if proof of past persecution
creates a presumption that his fear is well-founded.

                                         -5-
            The burden of proof is on an applicant to establish her asylum
      claim. We held in Matter of Dass, 20 I&N Dec. 120 (BIA 1989), that
      an alien’s own testimony may in some cases be the only evidence
      available, and it can suffice where the testimony is believable,
      consistent, and sufficiently detailed to provide a plausible and coherent
      account of the basis of the alien’s alleged fear.

                                 *    *   *     *   *

             Where the record contains general country condition information,
      and an applicant’s claim relies primarily on personal experiences not
      reasonably subject to verification, corroborating documentary evidence
      of the asylum applicant’s particular experience is not required.
      Unreasonable demands are not placed on an asylum applicant to present
      evidence to corroborate particular experiences (e.g., corroboration from
      the persecutor). However, where it is reasonable to expect corroborating
      evidence for certain alleged facts pertaining to the specifics of an
      applicant’s claim, such evidence should be provided. That is, an asylum
      applicant should provide documentary support for material facts which
      are central to his or her claim and easily subject to verification, such as
      evidence of his or her place of birth, media accounts of large
      demonstrations, evidence of a publicly held office, or documentation of
      medical treatment. . . . The absence of such corroborating evidence can
      lead to a finding that an applicant has failed to meet her burden of proof.

21 I&N Dec. at 724-26. The Ninth Circuit has rejected the principle that an asylum
applicant may be required to corroborate credible testimony: “this court does not
require corroborative evidence from applicants . . . who have testified credibly.”
Ladha v. I.N.S., 

, 899 (9th Cir. 2000) (quotation omitted); see Abovian
v. I.N.S., 

, 973-74 (9th Cir. 2001) (Kozinski, J., dissenting from the
denial of rehearing en banc on this issue). El Sheikh urges us to adopt the Ninth
Circuit position, but we join the Second Circuit and the Third Circuit in declining to
do so. See Diallo v. I.N.S., 

, 285-86 (2d Cir. 2000), followed in Abdulai
v. Ashcroft, 

, 551, 554 (3rd Cir. 2001).


                                          -6-
       Though we accept the BIA’s position regarding corroborative evidence as
articulated in S-M-J, we also agree with the Second Circuit and the Third Circuit that
a particular decision denying asylum eligibility because of the absence of
corroborating evidence cannot be sustained if “the BIA failed to: (1) rule explicitly
on the credibility of [the applicant’s] testimony; (2) explain why it was reasonable in
this case to expect additional corroboration; or (3) assess the sufficiency of [the
applicant’s] explanations for the absence of corroborating evidence.” 

; accord 

; Qiu v. Ashcroft, 

, 153 (2d
Cir. 2003); Alvarado-Carillo v. INS, 

, 54 (2d Cir. 2001). In this case, El
Sheikh testified that, on two separate occasions, he was arrested while engaged in
anti-government student activities, held without charges for lengthy periods (once for
thirty-five days in a “ghost house”), and repeatedly beaten. The BIA apparently
considered this testimony, in the words of S-M-J, “sufficiently detailed to provide a
plausible and coherent account of the basis of the alien’s alleged fear.” The IJ noted
inconsistencies in El Sheikh’s various accounts of what he was doing when arrested,
but his interviews and testimony were consistent in describing the nature of the
government abuse, when and where it occurred, and the apparent motivation of the
abusers -- to crush political dissent. Though the BIA noted “questions regarding [El
Sheikh’s] testimony,” it rejected the claim of past persecution solely because he
“failed to submit reasonably available corroborative evidence.”

      El Sheikh presented documentary evidence that he attended the East Nile
University. A witness identified El Sheikh as an anti-government activist at the
university who did not belong to an organized political party. What other reasonable
corroborating evidence of this particular claim of past persecution does the BIA
require? One may expect that arrests without charges will not be documented.
Likewise, detentions and beatings at “ghost houses” -- a practice confirmed by




                                         -7-
Department of State reports2 -- are by their nature secretive. El Sheikh submitted no
evidence of medical treatment, but severe bruises and a bloody nose may not require
medical treatment when the victim is released from detention some days later. The
Corners of Discussion sessions at the university might or might not have been
prominent enough to attract media attention, assuming the repressive Sudan
government would have allowed such publicity. Lacking a BIA finding as to El
Sheikh’s credibility and an analysis of what material facts central to his claim of past
persecution should have been reasonably corroborated, “we have no way of reviewing
the Board’s actual reasoning.” 

.

      For these reasons, we must remand to the BIA for further proceedings. Though
we do not direct the agency how to proceed on remand, we see the need for a
sequence of additional findings by the BIA (or by the IJ on remand from the BIA):

      • was El Shiek’s testimony of abuse inflicted on him by the Sudanese
        security police credible;

      • if so, did El Sheikh fail to present reasonably available documentary support
         for material facts which are central to this claim of past persecution on
         account of his political opposition to the government and its policies;

      • if the testimony was credible and adequately corroborated, does it establish
         past persecution;

      • if so, has the government rebutted the resulting presumption that El Sheikh
        has a well-founded fear of future persecution if removed to Sudan?



      2
      The 2000 Country Report on Sudan states: “Security forces beat and otherwise
abused youths and student leaders . . . who are deemed to be opponents of the
government. . . . There continued to be reports that security forces used ‘ghost
houses’ . . . where security forces tortured and detained government opponents
incommunicado under harsh conditions.”

                                          -8-
We express no views on these questions, nor do we limit the BIA’s discretion to
allow the submission of further evidence, for example, evidence of current conditions
in Sudan. See I.N.S. v. Ventura, 

, 18 (2002). Given our disposition of the
asylum appeal, we remand the denial of withholding of removal and relief under the
Convention Against Torture as well.
                        ______________________________




                                         -9-