United States Court of Appeals
                           FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
                                    ___________

                                    No. 05-1641
                                    ___________

Troy J. Lenz,                            *
                                         *
             Appellee,                   *
                                         * Appeal from the United States
v.                                       * District Court for the
                                         * Southern District of Iowa.
Yellow Transportation, Inc.,             *
                                         *
             Appellant.                  *
                                    ___________

                               Submitted: October 14, 2005
                                  Filed: December 16, 2005
                                   ___________

Before BYE, BEAM, and SMITH, Circuit Judges.
                            ___________

SMITH, Circuit Judge.

       Yellow Transportation, Inc., ("Yellow") appeals from the district court's order
denying its motion to compel arbitration. Yellow argues that the district court erred
in finding that Troy Lenz, a former Customer Service Representative for Yellow, is
included in the "transportation worker" exemption of the Federal Arbitration Act
("FAA"), 9 U.S.C. § 1. For the reasons discussed below, we now reverse.

                                 I. Background
     Yellow is a transportation company serving primarily as a carrier of general
commodities by truck. Employment-related disagreements between Yellow and its
employees are governed by a Dispute Resolution Agreement ("DRA") that requires
the arbitration of all disputes. The DRA applies to "all disputes, claims, or
controversies arising out of, or related to [the employee's] employment with Yellow
that would otherwise require or allow resort to a court or other governmental tribunal."
The DRA provides that employment claims "include, but are not limited to, claims of
discrimination, harassment or retaliation or claims for benefits brought against Yellow
. . . whether based on local, state, or federal laws or regulations, or on tort, or equitable
law or otherwise." The DRA requires that all employment claims "be resolved
exclusively by final and binding arbitration before a neutral arbitrator." Specifically,
the DRA requires that the FAA controls; and, where the FAA is inapplicable, the DRA
states that the Indiana Uniform Arbitration Act controls.

       Troy Lenz signed the DRA when he began employment with Yellow as a
Customer Service Representative. As a Customer Service Representative, Lenz's
duties required him to "[p]rovide courteous, efficient, timely and informed service to
customers calling a Yellow Freight Customer Service Center. Receiving incoming
telephone calls, answer questions and investigate decisions, as necessary, following
the philosophy of 'what is the right thing to do.' Refer to others for answers as deemed
appropriate." Lenz was also to "[d]eliver personal service to customers via telephone
contact in response initiated inquiries. Ensure customer satisfaction by listening and
responding to customer needs and requirements. Use CRT mainframe and personal
computer programs to review and/or modify customer service information."1


       1
       More specifically, Lenz's duties included, but were not limited to, the
following:

       1. Coordinate freight flow by expediting movement of shipment and
       contacting terminal and/or central dispatch.

       2. Inform customers when delivery of shipment can be expected by
       tracing the shipment through the system. Contact terminal(s) for specific
       details if appropriate information is not available on the computer.
       Provide evidence that shipment was delivered as contracted.

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       Yellow fired Lenz two months into his employment, and Lenz filed suit in Iowa
state court alleging Yellow violated the Iowa Civil Rights Act. Yellow removed the
case to the United States District Court for the Southern District of Iowa and filed a
motion to compel arbitration and stay action based on the DRA. The district court
denied Yellow's motion to compel arbitration, ruling that despite the strong federal
policy favoring arbitration, the FAA's exemption for transportation workers applied
to Lenz. Finding that Yellow was in the transportation industry and that Lenz was
directly engaged in interstate transportation, the district court ruled that Lenz fell
within the FAA's exemption. The court further held that because Lenz fell within the
FAA's exclusion, Iowa's law disfavoring arbitration in the employment context was



      3. Ask the customer the correct questions to elicit the information
      needed to make an accurate rate quote based on shipment classification,
      weight and distance. Ascertain discrepancies between information
      provided for rate quote and information provided on shipment invoice to
      resolve invoice disputes.

      4. Provide status of a claim to the customer. Work with OS&D as
      necessary.

      5. Provide general information about Yellow Freight products and
      locales of services. Recognize and act on opportunities to sell Yellow
      Freight services.

      6. Identify appropriate company resources for customer questions that
      require referral. Track issues that require follow-up and keep customer
      informed of issue status. Maintain proactive communication with
      Manager, Customer Relations.

      7. Identity issues and opportunities that contribute to process
      improvement. Participate in efforts to implement solutions, working on
      team objectives and goals. Assist in making organizational and
      technological changes invisible to the customer.


                                         -3-
not preempted by the FAA. Accordingly, the district court held that the DRA was
unenforceable under Iowa law and that arbitration need not be compelled.

       Yellow appeals, arguing that the district court erred in finding, as a matter of
law, that the FAA's transportation worker exemption applied to Lenz. Yellow argues
that the FAA's "transportation worker" exemption under § 1 of the FAA does not
apply to Lenz, a Customer Service Representative. We agree and reverse.

                                    II. Analysis
     We review a denial of a motion to compel arbitration de novo. Telectronics
Pacing Sys., Inc. v. Guidant Corp., 

, 430 (8th Cir. 1998).

       The FAA "compels judicial enforcement of a wide range of written arbitration
agreements." Circuit City Stores, Inc. v. Adams, 

, 111 (2001). Congress's
purpose for enacting the FAA was "to reverse the longstanding judicial hostility to
arbitration agreements." Gannon v. Circuit City Stores, Inc., 

, 679 (8th
Cir. 2001) (citation omitted). Thus, the FAA establishes a "liberal federal policy
favoring arbitration agreements." Moses H. Cone Mem'l Hosp. v. Mercury Constr.
Corp., 

, 24 (1983). It applies both in federal courts and state courts, as
Congress intended the FAA to pre-empt state anti-arbitration laws to the contrary.
Circuit 

.

       While the FAA applies to employment contracts, § 1 of the FAA excludes from
the Act's coverage "contracts of employment of seamen, railroad employees, or any
other class of workers engaged in foreign or interstate commerce." 9 U.S.C. § 1
(emphasis added). This exclusion provision "is limited to transportation workers,
defined, [. . .], as those workers 'actually engaged in the movement of goods in
interstate commerce.'" Circuit 

(quoting Cole v. Burns Int'l
Security Servs., 

, 1471 (D.C. Cir. 1997)). This exclusion shows
Congress's "concern with transportation workers and their necessary role in the free

                                         -4-
flow of goods. . . ." Circuit 

. The Court surmised that "[i]t would
be rational for Congress to ensure that workers in general would be covered by the
provisions of the FAA, while reserving for itself more specific legislation for those
engaged in transportation." 

[of the § 1 exclusion, therefore,] was
on a class of workers in the transportation industry, rather than on workers who
incidentally transported goods interstate as part of their job in an industry that would
otherwise be unregulated." Hill v. Rent-a-Center, Inc., 

, 1289 (11th Cir.
2005).

       The issue before us is simple—whether Lenz, a Customer Service
Representative, is a "transportation worker" under § 1 of the FAA and is therefore
exempt from the DRA he entered into with Yellow. Because Lenz works in the
transportation industry, we must determine whether his job duties are so closely
related to interstate commerce as to consider him a "transportation worker" and thus
exempt from the FAA. Patterson v. Tenet Healthcare, Inc., 

, 836 (8th
Cir. 1997) (holding that the § 1 exemption should be narrowly construed).

      Indisputably, if Lenz were a truck driver, he would be considered a
transportation worker under § 1 of the FAA. Harden v. Roadway Package Sys., Inc.,

(9th Cir. 2001); see also Am. Postal Workers Union v. United States
Postal Serv., 

, 473 (11th Cir. 1987) ("Numerous courts have limited the
exclusion [in § 1 of the FAA] to 'workers actually engaged in interstate commerce,'
including bus drivers and truck drivers."). A more difficult question arises when an
employee, like Lenz, works for a transportation company but is not a truck driver or
transporter of goods. Some employees, with duties only tangentially related to
movement of goods, have been determined to not be exempt. For example, the
Eleventh Circuit held that a pre-departure security agent at an international airport
who inspected goods and people at the airport was not "engaged in commerce" and
thus was not a "transportation worker" exempt under § 1 of the FAA. Perez v. Globe
Airport Sec. Serv., Inc., 

, 1284 (11th Cir. 2001). Likewise, the D.C.

                                          -5-
Circuit determined that a security guard at a train station was not a "transportation
worker" because he was not actually involved in the "'flow" of commerce, meaning
he was not responsible for the transportation and distribution of the goods. Cole v.
Burns Int'l Sec. Serv., 

, 1472 (D.C. Cir. 1997).2

       Synthesizing analytical factors used by other courts, we will apply the following
non-exclusive list of factors in determining whether an employee is so closely related
to interstate commerce that he or she fits within the § 1 exemption of the FAA: first,
whether the employee works in the transportation industry; second, whether the
employee is directly responsible for transporting the goods in interstate commerce;
third, whether the employee handles goods that travel interstate; fourth, whether the
employee supervises employees who are themselves transportation workers, such as
truck drivers; fifth, whether, like seamen or railroad employees, the employee is
within a class of employees for which special arbitration already existed when
Congress enacted the FAA; sixth, whether the vehicle itself is vital to the commercial


       2
          In contrast to Perez and Cole, two courts have held that postal workers, who
process packages that move interstate, are transportation workers within the § 1
exemption. Bacashihua v. United States Postal Serv., 

, 405 (6th Cir.
1988); Am. Postal Workers Union v. United States Postal Serv., 

(11th
Cir. 1987). Similarly, the Third Circuit found that a "field services supervisor" who
supervised between 30 and 35 drivers and monitored and improved the performance
of the drivers to ensure efficient deliveries at an intrastate, interstate, and international
package transportation and delivery company was a transportation worker. Palcko v.
Airborne Express, Inc., 

, 590 (3rd Cir. 2004). The court held that the
field services supervisor's "direct supervision of package shipments [made her] work
'so closely related [to interstate and foreign commerce] as to be in practical effect part
of it.'" 

(quoting Tenney Eng'g, Inc. v. United Elec. Radio & Mach. Workers
of Am., 

, 452 (3d Cir. 1953)). The court refused to limit the § 1
exemption to only those truck drivers who physically move packages because such a
limitation would narrow the exemption in a manner that Congress never intended; if
Congress wanted the residual clause to cover only employees who physically transport
goods, it could have phrased the residual clause differently. 

–94.

                                            -6-
enterprise of the employer; seventh, whether a strike by the employee would disrupt
interstate commerce; and eighth, the nexus that exists between the employee's job
duties and the vehicle the employee uses in carrying out his duties (i.e., a truck driver
whose only job is to deliver goods cannot perform his job without a truck). See
Lorntzen v. Swift Transportation, Inc., 

, 1097 (D. Kan. 2004);
Veliz v. Cintas Corp., No. C 03-1180 SBA, 

, at *6 (N.D. Cal. Apr.
5, 2004).

       Applying the factors above to the present facts, we hold that Lenz, a Customer
Service Representative, is not a "transportation worker" under § 1 of the FAA and,
therefore, is not exempt from the DRA he entered into with Yellow. First, while Lenz
worked in the transportation industry, he never directly transported goods in interstate
commerce. Second, Lenz had no direct responsibility for transporting goods in
interstate commerce. Third, unlike the postal workers in Bacashihua and American
Postal who handled packages that moved interstate, Lenz never handled any of the
packages that Yellow delivered. Fourth, unlike the field service supervisor in Palcko,
Lenz did not directly supervise the drivers in interstate commerce; instead, his job was
to provide information services to customers calling Yellow. Fifth, Lenz was not
within a class of workers for which special arbitration already existed at the time
Congress enacted the FAA. Sixth, Lenz did not operate any vehicle in interstate
commerce. Seventh, a strike by commercial service representatives, while
inconvenient for Yellow, would not disrupt interstate commerce or halt trucks from
delivering the general commodities. Lastly, regarding the nexus between Lenz's job
duties and interstate commerce, Lenz did have a duty to "coordinate freight flow by
expediting movement of shipment and contacting terminal and/or central dispatch"
and to "make decisions, as necessary, following the philosophy of 'what is the right
thing to do;'" however, taking his job duties as a whole, Lenz's central task was to
answer the questions of and provide information to Yellow customers, not to
supervise packages moving in interstate commerce.



                                          -7-
                                  III. Conclusion
       Accordingly, we hold that the FAA's "transportation worker" exemption
does not apply to Lenz, a Customer Service Representative, and reverse the district
court's order denying Yellow's motion to compel arbitration.
                       ______________________________




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