United States Court of Appeals
                          FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
                                  ___________

                                  No. 04-3677
                                  ___________

QWEST CORPORATION, A Colorado *
Corporation,                             *
                                         *
    Plaintiff-Appellant,                 *
                                         *
       v.                                *
                                         *
LEROY KOPPENDRAYER, in his               *
official capacity as Chairman of the     *
Minnesota Public Utilities Commission; *     Appeal from the United States
ELLEN GAVIN, in her official capacity *      District Court for the
as a member of the Minnesota Public      *   District of Minnesota.
Utilities Commission; R. MARSHALL *
JOHNSON, in his official capacity as a *
member of the Minnesota Public Utili- *
ties Commission; PHYLLIS RHEA,           *
in her official capacity as a member of *
the Minnesota Public Utilities           *
Commission; GREGORY SCOTT, in *
his official capacity as a member of the *
Minnesota Public Utilities Commission; *
MINNESOTA PUBLIC UTILITIES               *
COMMISSION;                              *
                                         *
    Defendants-Appellees,                *
                                         *
AT&T OF THE MIDWEST STATES, *
INC.; MCI WORLDCOM COMMUNI- *
CATIONS, INC.; MCIMETRO                  *
ACCESS TRANSMISSION                      *
SERVICES, INC., LLC; ESCHELON *
TELECOM OF MINNESOTA, INC.; *
INTEGRA TELECOM, Integra             *
Telecom of Minnesota, Inc.;          *
                                     *
  Intervenors Defendants-Appellees, *
                                     *
CRYSTAL COMMUNICATIONS;              *
TEKSTAR COMMUNICATIONS,              *
INC.;                                *
                                     *
  Movants Below,                     *
                                     *
US LINK, INC.; NORTHSTAR             *
ACCESS, LLC; OTTER TAIL              *
TELECOM, LLC; MCLEOD USA             *
TELECOMMUNICATIONS, INC.,            *
                                     *
  Intervenors Defendants-Appellees. *
                                ___________

                            Submitted: December 15, 2005
                               Filed: February 2, 2006
                                ___________

Before WOLLMAN, LAY, and RILEY, Circuit Judges.
                           ___________

LAY, Circuit Judge.

       Qwest Corporation (“Qwest”) appeals two district court1 decisions upholding
orders of the Minnesota Public Utilities Commission (“MPUC” or “Commission”)
which set and applied retroactively the rates that telecommunication companies are
required to pay when leasing Qwest’s network infrastructure. We affirm the district
court.


      1
        The Honorable Ann D. Montgomery, United States District Judge for the
District of Minnesota.

                                        -2-
                                          I.

       The 1996 Telecommunications Act (“1996 Act”) was intended to create
competition between carriers in local telecommunication service markets that had
been traditionally dominated by a single monopoly carrier. Incumbent local exchange
carriers (“ILECs”), such as Qwest, own the network infrastructure necessary to
provide local telephone service. The 1996 Act requires ILECs to lease their networks
to competitive local exchange carriers (“CLECs”) and outlines procedures for
determining lease rates. 47 U.S.C. §§ 251, 252. Section 252 allows ILECs and
CLECs to negotiate lease terms themselves in the form of interconnection agreements
(“ICAs”). § 252(a). However, if the parties cannot successfully negotiate a rate, state
public utilities commissions have the authority to arbitrate rates. § 252(b).

       FCC rules require state public utilities commissions to establish rates based on
a cost methodology called Total Element Long Run Incremental Cost (“TELRIC”).
See Implementation of the Local Competition Provisions in the Telecommunications
Act of 1996, First Report and Order, 11 F.C.C.R. 15,499 ¶¶ 674-90 (FCC rel. Aug. 8,
1996) (“Local Competition Order”). Under TELRIC, unbundled network element
(“UNE”) rates are not set based on an ILEC’s actual costs in building and maintaining
its network. Rather, UNE rates are calculated according to what it would cost today
to build and operate an efficient network that can provide the same services as the
ILEC’s existing network. In this way, UNE rates can provide accurate market signals
to inform CLECs’ decisions about whether to invest in their own facilities or lease the
ILEC’s facilities.

    In the spring of 2002, MPUC reviewed UNE rates, some of which the
Commission had previously set in a generic cost proceeding and were based on
TELRIC. A group of CLECs2 contended that some of these rates no longer complied


      2
       A collection of interested CLECs are intervenors in this case.

                                         -3-
with TELRIC due to changes in market conditions and technology. MPUC concluded
that UNE rates would likely change, and therefore issued an order on April 4, 2002,
declaring that all Qwest UNE rates under review would be deemed interim and subject
to true-up payments after MPUC set permanent rates (“April 4 Order”). MPUC
adopted an Administrative Law Judge’s (“ALJ”) recommendation on October 2,
2002,3 and filed an order establishing permanent rates on March 24, 2003. As a result,
Qwest owed the CLECs almost $13 million in true-up payments, which began
accruing on April 4, 2002.

       Qwest brought suit in district court, challenging both the establishment of
interim rates in the April 4 Order and the permanent UNE rates set by MPUC. In two
separate opinions, the district court denied both of Qwest’s challenges and upheld the
orders. Qwest now appeals.

      Title 47 U.S.C. § 252(e)(6) provides for federal court review of state
commission decisions. We review a state commission’s interpretation of federal law
de novo. Qwest Corp. v. Minnesota Pub. Util. Comm’n, 

, 1064 (8th Cir.
2005). However, in recognition of the state commission’s superior technical
expertise, we review its factual determinations under the arbitrary and capricious
standard. Ace Tel. Ass’n v. Koppendrayer, 

, 878 (8th Cir. 2005).




      3
     MPUC adopted the findings and conclusions of a recommendation by
Administrative Law Judges Kathleen A. Sheehy and Steve M. Mihalchick.

                                         -4-
                                            II.


                              A. Retroactive Ratemaking


       Qwest first argues that the April 4 Order violates the rule against retroactive
ratemaking. The rule against retroactive ratemaking prohibits a commission from
prescribing rates to recoup a utility’s past losses for transactions that have already
taken place. See, e.g., BP West Coast Prod., LLC v. FERC, 

, 1301
(D.C. Cir. 2004); Pac. Gas & Elec. Co. v. FERC, 

, 1319-20 (D.C. Cir.
2004); Consol. Edison Co. of New York v. FERC, 

, 969 (D.C. Cir. 2003).
The purpose of the rule against retroactivity, and the closely related filed rate doctrine,
is to ensure predictability. Pub. Util. Comm’n of California v. FERC, 

,
163 (D.C. Cir. 1993). Therefore, the rule does not apply in situations where there is
“adequate notice that resolution of some specific issue may cause a later adjustment
to the rate being collected at the time of service.” Natural Gas Clearinghouse v.
FERC, 

, 1075 (D.C. Cir. 1992); see also OXY USA, Inc. v. FERC, 

, 699 (D.C. Cir. 1995) (“The goals of equity and predictability are not
undermined when the Commission warns all parties involved that a change in rates
is only tentative and might be disallowed.”).


       The April 4 Order expressly put Qwest and all other interested parties on notice
that the existing UNE rates were under review and subject to true-up payments when
MPUC adopted permanent rates. Rates collected prior to April 4, 2002, are not
subject to true-up payments. With these considerations in mind, the April 4 Order
“change[d] what would be purely retroactive ratemaking into a functionally
prospective process by placing the relevant audience on notice at the outset that the
rates being promulgated [were] provisional only and subject to later revision.” Natural




                                           -5-
Gas 

(citation omitted). Therefore, the April 4 Order
does not violate the rule against retroactive ratemaking.4


           B. The Language and Policy of the 1996 Act and FCC Orders


       The remainder of Qwest’s arguments about the validity of the April 4 Order
center around the language and policy of the 1996 Act. Qwest argues that Congress
intended “parties to know the rates for network elements prior to the transactions to
which they would apply” because under the 1996 Act, rates for network elements
must be included in ICAs. See 47 U.S.C. § 252(a)(1), (c)(2). However, merely
because state public utilities commissions must arbitrate and “establish any rates for
interconnection, services, or network elements,” § 252(c)(2), there is nothing in the
1996 Act to suggest that these rates may not be interim.


       Qwest further argues that interim rates and true-up payments are inconsistent
with the 1996 Act and FCC pricing rules, which were designed to facilitate a market-
driven telecommunications industry with a preference for voluntarily negotiated ICAs
and UNE rates that send the correct economic signals to CLECs. See Pac. Bell v. Pac-
W. Telecomm, Inc., 

, 1127 (9th Cir. 2003); Iowa Utils. Bd. v. FCC, 

, 801 (8th Cir. 1997), rev’d on other grounds, AT&T Corp. v. Iowa Utils. Bd.,

(1999); In re Review of the Commission’s Rules Regarding the Pricing


      4
        Qwest argues that the notice requirement is wholly illusory because nothing
would prevent a state public utility commission from simply declaring current rates
to be interim whenever it sees fit. However, the purpose of the rule against retroactive
ratemaking is to ensure fairness and predictability. Courts have held in a variety of
factual situations that as long as the affected parties have notice, these concerns are
satisfied. See, e.g., GTE South, Inc. v. Morrison, 

, 741 (4th Cir. 1999);
Exxon Co., USA v. FERC, 

, 49 (D.C. Cir. 1999); OXY 

; Natural Gas 

-77.

                                          -6-
of Unbundled Network Elements and the Resale of Service by Incumbent Local
Exchange Carriers, Notice of Proposed Rulemaking, 18 F.C.C.R. 18,945, 20,265 ¶
7 (FCC rel. Sept. 15, 2003) (“TELRIC NPRM”). However, none of the policy goals
noted by Qwest changes the state public utilities commissions’ responsibility to ensure
that the rates charged by ILECs comply with the cost-based standards of the 1996 Act.
See Verizon Communications, Inc. v. FCC, 

, 476 (2002); 47 U.S.C. §
252(d). Rather, the need for correct economic signals actually supports the use of
interim rates and true-up payments. While some regulatory lag is inevitable and even
helpful to ensure facilities-based competition, see 

, a “rate
that is long out of date . . . frustrates the goals of TELRIC.” AT&T Communications
of Illinois, Inc. v. Illinois Bell Tel. Co., 

, 411 (7th Cir. 2003). A limited
adjustment of UNE rates that are no longer TELRIC-compliant will not discourage
CLECs from investing in their own facilities.5 See 

.


       Moreover, interim rates and true-up payments will not discourage voluntary
negotiations by CLECs. Parties may not seek arbitration until after negotiations have
failed. § 252(a), (b). The possibility of true-up payments will not reduce the parties’
incentive to initially negotiate. Rather, potential true-up payments that may favor
either an ILEC or the CLECs provide a disincentive for any party to delay
negotiations so that out of date rates may continue to be charged. Nothing in the
language or policy of the 1996 Act suggests that interim rates subject to true-up are
forbidden when a state public utility commission is uncertain whether the current rates
are TELRIC-compliant. In fact, contrary to Qwest’s assertions, the FCC Orders
actually support the opposite conclusion.



      5
        Contrary to Qwest’s concerns, regulatory lag will not disappear after the use
of interim rates. Rates in a regulated industry will always lag behind prices in a truly
competitive market because the true-ups do not date back to when the existing rates
ceased to be accurate.

                                          -7-
        The FCC approved the use of interim rates subject to true-up when state public
utilities commissions were initially attempting to arbitrate TELRIC-compliant rates
after the passage of the 1996 Act. Local Competition Order ¶ 693. The FCC has also
authorized the use of interim rates subject to true-up in proceedings under 42 U.S.C.
§ 271. ILECs enter into ICAs and make their local network infrastructure available
to CLECs so that the ILEC may enter the interLATA market. § 271(c). The FCC has
approved several ILECs’ entry into the interLATA market under § 271 even though
the rates in the relevant ICAs were interim and subject to true-up. See In re
Application by SBC Communications Inc., for Authorization to Provide In-Region,
InterLATA Services in California, 17 F.C.C.R. 25,650 ¶ 37 (FCC rel. Dec. 19, 2002)
(“California 271 Order”); In re Application by SBC Communications Inc., Pursuant
to Section 271 of the Telecommunications Act of 1996 to Provide In-Region,
InterLATA Services in Texas, 15 F.C.C.R. 18,354 ¶¶ 85-90 (FCC rel. June 30, 2000)
(“Texas 271 Order”); In re Application by Bell Atlantic New York for Authorization
Under Section 271 of the Communications Act to Provide In-Region, InterLATA
Service in the State of New York, 15 F.C.C.R. 3953 ¶¶ 256-60 (FCC rel. Dec. 22,
1999) (“New York 271 Order”).


       Interim rates are also used in orders by the FCC’s Wireline Competition
Bureau. If states refuse to arbitrate UNE rates, the FCC will preempt the state
commission’s jurisdiction and assume responsibility for the matter. See 47 U.S.C.
§ 252(e)(5). The FCC has delegated this authority to the Wireline Competition
Bureau. See In re Procedures for Arbitrations Conducted Pursuant to Section
252(e)(5) of the Communications Act of 1934, As Amended, 16 F.C.C.R. 6231 ¶ 8
(FCC rel. Jan. 19, 2001). When the Wireline Competition Bureau arbitrates UNE
rates for ICAs, the FCC requires the Bureau to set the rates as interim subject to true-
up in the event the FCC ultimately modifies any of the rates set by the Bureau. 

In 2003, the Wireline Competition Bureau arbitrated UNE rates in Virginia. In
re Petition of WorldCom, Inc. Pursuant to Section 252(e)(5) of the Communications
Act for Preemption of the Jurisdiction of the Virginia State Corporation Commission

                                          -8-
Regarding Interconnection Disputes with Verizon Virginia Inc., 18 F.C.C.R. 17,722
(FCC rel. Aug. 29, 2003) (“Virginia Arbitration Order”). The Wireline Competition
Bureau set UNE rates for Virginia and, in accordance with FCC requirements, ordered
that any rate established would be subject to a retroactive true-up if the FCC
established different rates upon review. 

       Qwest contends that these FCC orders do not support the interim rates set by
MPUC in this case. First, Qwest argues that the FCC’s approval of interim rates is
limited to cases where permanent TELRIC-compliant rates were not already
established, or where there was misconduct by the ILEC. Second, Qwest attempts to
distinguish the Virginia Arbitration Order by arguing that arbitration by the Wireline
Competition Bureau is a unique circumstance because the Bureau’s orders are always
subject to review by the FCC at a party’s request.


       We find Qwest’s arguments unpersuasive. First, merely because the FCC has
allowed (or in the case of the Wireline Competition Bureau, required) interim rates
subject to true-up in instances different than the one presented here does not mean the
use of interim rates is limited to those circumstances. Rather, it suggests the FCC
recognizes that limited use of interim rates can be valuable when it is uncertain
whether the current rates are TELRIC-compliant. See California 271 Order ¶¶ 33, 37;
Texas 271 Order ¶¶ 85-90; New York 271 Order ¶¶ 258-60; see also In re Application
of Verizon New England Inc. for Authorization to Provide In-Region InterLATA
Services in Massachusetts, 16 F.C.C.R. 8988 ¶ 34 (FCC rel. Apr. 16, 2001) (stating
that interim rates subject to true-up are appropriate “in certain circumstances”).
Second, the FCC approved TELRIC-based interim rates in the Texas 271 Order,
suggesting that the retroactive adjustment of TELRIC-compliant rates is not
disfavored by the FCC. Texas 271 Order ¶ 89. Third, while ILEC misconduct was
a contributing factor in the use of interim rates in the California 271 Order, California
271 Order ¶¶ 23, 37 n.85, ILEC misconduct is certainly not the sole instance where

                                          -9-
interim rates have been approved by the FCC. Rather, the FCC has approved interim
rates in § 271 Orders “so long as an interim solution to a particular rate dispute is
reasonable under the circumstances, the state commission has demonstrated its
commitment to [FCC] pricing rules, and provision is made for refunds or true-ups
once permanent rates are set.” Texas 271 Order ¶ 88, quoted in California 271 Order
¶ 37; see also New York 271 Order ¶¶ 258-59.


      Qwest argues that the interim rates established by MPUC create too much
uncertainty. However, whether rates are interim as arbitrated by the Wireline
Competition Bureau or set by a state public utilities commission for the purposes of
§ 271 proceedings, there is always a significant amount of time where the rates are
subject to a refund or true-up in the future. The FCC relies upon a case-by-case
approach, where interim rates may be appropriate if they are “reasonable under the
circumstances.” California 271 Order ¶ 37; Texas Order ¶¶ 85, 88; New York Order
¶ 258. Under the circumstances, we consider the limited uncertainty created by the
April 4 Order to be reasonable.


        Finally, Qwest argues that the April 4 Order violates the 1996 Act by
retroactively changing the terms of binding ICAs. See 47 U.S.C. § 252(a)(1). Qwest
bases this argument on the Ninth Circuit’s decision in Pacific Bell v. Pac-West
Telecomm, Inc., 

(9th Cir. 2003). In Pacific Bell, the California Public
Utility Commission (“CPUC”) issued a generic order that designated all calls to
internet service providers as local traffic, thereby subject to reciprocal compensation
provisions in the parties’ existing ICAs. 

The Ninth Circuit first
established that CPUC lacked authority under the 1996 Act to promulgate generic
regulations over internet service provider traffic because the FCC had deemed this
traffic to be “interstate.” 

CPUC’s role over interstate traffic is limited to
its authority under § 252 to approve new arbitrated ICAs and to interpret existing
agreements. 

Second, the court stated that the generic order violated

                                          -10-
§ 252 because it effectively changed the terms of all applicable ICAs in California.

Finally, the Ninth Circuit concluded that CPUC could not be exercising
its power to interpret ICAs under § 252 because CPUC failed to consider any specific
ICA or reciprocal compensation provision. 

       Unlike CPUC in Pacific Bell, there is no question in the present case that
MPUC has authority to arbitrate UNE rates under the 1996 Act. § 252(c), (d), (g).
Moreover, the April 4 Order does not purport to interpret the rates or terms of existing
ICAs. Rather, MPUC exercised its authority to establish new UNE rates in a generic
proceeding. § 252(g). The April 4 Order was not based upon an interpretation of the
existing ICAs. Therefore, there was no need for MPUC to review the terms of
specific agreements before issuing the April 4 Order.


                                          III.


       We must next consider whether MPUC was arbitrary and capricious in setting
select permanent UNE rates. Qwest challenges four MPUC actions: (1) the reduction
of switching costs; (2) the rates set for high capacity loops; (3) the plant mix
estimates; and (4) the adoption of the HAI Model to determine general support assets.
After considering the record, we hold that MPUC was not arbitrary and capricious.


                          A. Reduction of Switching Costs


     Switches route telephone calls to their destinations. Switches can either be
modern, computerized digital loop carrier (“DLC”) systems, or older and more




                                         -11-
expensive analog switches.6 To comply with TELRIC, MPUC had to establish switch
rates that included the percentage of digital switches that a hypothetical efficient
network in Minnesota would utilize. MPUC adopted the HAI Model, proposed by
AT&T/MCI, which uses the switching investment calculated by the FCC Synthesis
Model. See In re Forward-Looking Mechanism for High Cost Support, Tenth Report
and Order, 14 F.C.C.R. 20,156 (FCC rel. Nov. 2, 1999) (“Inputs Order”). The HAI
Model makes a reduction to the calculated switching investment to reflect the savings
that would result from an increased use of DLC systems. The HAI Model assumes that
the FCC Synthesis Model accounts for only 18.3% DLC and that in Minnesota DLC
penetration in a hypothetical efficient network would actually be 57.5%. Therefore,
the MPUC adopted a DLC adjustment to account for the higher DLC penetration and
resulting savings.


       Qwest argues that the DLC adjustment is arbitrary and capricious because there
is no evidence that the FCC Synthesis Model assumed only 18.3% DLC, or that the
FCC Synthesis Model did not already reflect the savings associated with digital
switches. The FCC refused to adopt a DLC adjustment for this very reason in the
Inputs Order. See id.¶ 327. However, the FCC cost model was developed to
determine federal universal support and the FCC explicitly cautioned parties against
using the federal input values to make claims regarding UNE rate determinations in
other proceedings. 

Therefore, MPUC was not arbitrary and capricious
merely because it reached a different conclusion than the FCC.


      AT&T’s expert testified that the FCC inputs assumed approximately 18.3% of
the switches were digital. Moreover, AT&T’s expert and an expert for the Minnesota

      6
       Lines served by DLC do not utilize the main distribution frame and utilize a
switch port termination that is cheaper than the corresponding analog interface.
Therefore, more use of DLC in a hypothetical network results in lower switching
investment.

                                        -12-
Department of Commerce (“Department of Commerce” or “Department”) testified
that the FCC inputs from 1999 did not adequately reflect the savings that a forward-
looking network would achieve with DLC switches. Qwest provided no evidence to
the contrary. Therefore, the ALJ rejected Qwest’s argument that the DLC adjustment
should be set to zero, as in the FCC Synthesis Model, because this would overstate the
switching investment for a forward-looking network. The 1996 Act requires state
public utilities commissions to make their decisions based upon the best evidence
available, and does not mandate that they independently acquire data to build an
evidentiary record. See § 252(b)(4); GTE S., Inc. v. Morrison, 

, 748 (4th
Cir. 1999). Even assuming the HAI Model contains flaws, Qwest provided the ALJ
with no satisfactory alternative. As a result, MPUC was not arbitrary and capricious
in making the DLC adjustment based upon the evidence presented.


                         B. Rates for High Capacity Loops


      Qwest next argues that MPUC improperly adopted the HAI Adjunct Model
proposed by AT&T and MCI to calculate the rates for high capacity loops. High
capacity loops are larger wires that connect high-volume customers to a telephone
company wire center. The FCC requires TELRIC studies to “explain with specificity”
how “the associated costs are developed.” Local Competition Order ¶ 691. When
offered in a spreadsheet, a model should reveal the underlying formulae and should
include data or inputs that are easily verifiable. TELRIC NPRM ¶ 41. Qwest objects
to the Adjunct Model because it provided only “aggregate per line investment
figures,” rather than specifying the individual cost of the particular components that
made up that input.


      While the ALJ acknowledged the model would have been stronger with more
price documentation, the Adjunct Model uses per-line costs based on proprietary
information from Qwest’s competitors and the vendors that supply the relevant

                                        -13-
equipment. As a result, the data concerning costs for each particular company was not
disclosed. The data collected from the individual competitors and vendors was used
to compute an average per line investment for the relevant equipment and operations.
The inputs were verified by expert witnesses who sponsored the model, and were
independently verified by the Department of Commerce’s technical expert.


       Qwest asserts that there was insufficient documentation to support the
conclusion of the experts; however Qwest failed to provide the ALJ with any evidence
that the prices used in the Adjunct Model were inadequate. Moreover, the ALJ and
MPUC rejected Qwest’s proposed model and proffered alternative per-line costs
because they relied on the structure of Qwest’s existing network, see 47 C.F.R. §
51.505(d)(1); Local Competition Order ¶ 705, and overstated loop costs. MPUC is
required by the 1996 Act to resolve the arbitrated issues in a timely manner, using the
best information available. See § 252(b)(4). As a result, MPUC must choose the
model it feels most accurately reflects an efficient, forward-looking network. See
GTE S., 

. In light of the evidence presented to the ALJ, we
cannot say MPUC was arbitrary and capricious in choosing the Adjunct Model to
calculate high capacity loop rates.


                             C. Plant Mix Determination


        Qwest also challenges MPUC’s plant mix determinations. “Plant mix” refers
to the ratios of different categories of telephone lines. Aerial lines are strung between
telephone poles, while buried and underground lines are located below ground.
Buried lines are placed in a trench and covered with earth. Underground lines are
placed in a buried conduit that is accessible by manholes. The ALJ and MPUC
adopted plant mix ratios recommended by the Department of Commerce, rejecting
ratios suggested by Qwest and the CLECs in competing models. The ALJ concluded
that the CLEC model included too high a percentage of aerial plant, given that

                                          -14-
communities were moving away from aerial plant due to aesthetic concerns, while the
Qwest model overstated the amount of underground plant. Therefore, the ALJ
adopted the Department’s recommendation that increased buried plant and reduced
investment in underground and aerial plant. Qwest is challenging the reduction in
underground lines, arguing that MPUC improperly relied upon the unsupported
testimony of the Department’s expert.


       In a prior proceeding, MPUC had adopted the Department’s conclusion that
14.5% of plant was underground. Based upon the testimony of the Department’s
expert, the ALJ concluded that this percentage was no longer accurate and established
a new weighted average of 5.8% underground plant. The Department’s expert reached
this conclusion in part by relying upon a survey conducted for a Department of
Commerce study for a different proceeding which reflected that telecommunications
companies were installing very little aerial or underground plant. Qwest argues that
MPUC improperly relied upon the unsupported testimony of the Department’s expert
because this survey was not included in the record and the expert failed to explain his
methodology.


       However, the survey was only part of the expert’s rationale. The Department’s
expert explained to the ALJ that the most accurate forward-looking estimates of plant
mix have changed since he made his initial calculation of 14.5% underground plant.
He explained that this prior estimate improperly relied upon carriers’ actual use of
plant in embedded networks and that there would be a significant difference between
these numbers and what a telecommunications company would chose when “starting
from scratch.” As a result, he used his prior estimates as a benchmark, which he
adjusted to account for what an efficient carrier deploying a forward-looking network
would do today. With that in mind, the Department’s expert explained that buried
plant would be the preferred placement method in a forward-looking network because



                                         -15-
it is less expensive to place than underground plant and easier to maintain and more
accepted by communities than aerial plant.7


       Qwest again objects to the ALJ’s rejection of its proposal, which was based
upon Qwest’s embedded numbers. Qwest’s embedded numbers are not dispositive.
See 47 C.F.R. § 51.505(d)(1). While Qwest may actually employ a much higher
percentage of underground plant than the adopted proposal, MPUC could conclude
that a forward-looking network would employ a smaller percentage of underground
plant. As discussed above, MPUC was engaged in time-sensitive decision making.
After MPUC determined that neither the Qwest nor the CLEC models was appropriate
to determine plant mix, it was not arbitrary and capricious in choosing to adopt a
middle ground proposed by the Department of Commerce. See GTE S., 

.


                     D. Determining General Support Assets


       Finally, Qwest objects to MPUC’s adoption of the HAI model to calculate
general support asset (“GSA”) expenses. GSA expenses are the costs for the
necessary items that keep a network running and make telephone service possible,
without actually being part of the network. These include the costs of computers,
desks, buildings, vehicles, tools, and other non-network assets. Under FCC rules,
these costs are treated as common and are recovered through a percentage markup on
UNEs. See Local Competition Order ¶¶ 676, 682; see also 47 C.F.R. § 51.505(a).
GSA expenses include the support costs a telephone company assumes when


      7
        Qwest challenges the Department’s expert’s testimony as lacking a proper
evidentiary foundation. However, “administrative agencies are not restricted to rigid
rules of evidence,” Whaley v. Gardner, 

, 11 (8th Cir. 1967), and Qwest’s
reliance upon inapposite case law is not applicable to our determination.

                                        -16-
delivering service to both retail and wholesale customers. However, state public
utilities commissions may not set UNE rates that include retail-only GSA costs
because CLECs do not utilize an ILEC’s retail support services to provide telephone
service to their own customers. See 47 C.F.R. § 51.505(c)(2)(ii), (d)(2). Therefore,
MPUC was required under the FCC’s pricing rules to calculate the GSA expenses that
an efficient forward-looking carrier would incur in the wholesale provision of UNEs.
See 

GSA costs on the HAI Model proposed by AT&T/MCI. Under
the HAI Model, GSA expenses are adjusted through two allocation factors that
remove retail-only costs. Qwest argues that the HAI Model’s calculation of GSA
expenses already allocates to Qwest’s retail operations an appropriate share of costs,
and therefore the further adjustment under the allocators was unnecessary. Qwest also
claims there is a lack of evidence explaining the methodology used to remove retail
costs under the allocation factors.8


       While Qwest objects to the evidentiary support given to the HAI Model and the
allocation factors, at its heart, Qwest’s argument focuses on its disagreement with the
methodology chosen to remove retail costs. Qwest argues that the preadjusted GSA
costs allocated an appropriate share of such costs to Qwest’s retail operations, and that
further reduction under the allocators would result in Qwest’s retail operations bearing
a disproportionate share of GSA costs. Given that Qwest’s retail operations should

      8
        In addition, Qwest asserts that the adoption of low GSA expenses for
computers, which would compensate Qwest for only 23% of its actual computer costs,
is inconsistent with an earlier determination that Qwest’s operations would become
increasingly automated. However, as stated above, it is not necessarily relevant that
Qwest’s actual embedded costs are different than those an efficient forward-looking
network would acquire. See 47 C.F.R. § 51.505(d)(1). Moreover, Qwest failed to
provide evidentiary support for its claim that MPUC’s determinations on computer
costs are contradictory.

                                          -17-
not merely be bearing a share of the retail GSA costs, but rather all of Qwest’s retail
costs, see 47 C.F.R. § 51.505(c)(2)(ii), (d)(2), we cannot see how MPUC erred in
relying upon expert testimony that the allocators were necessary to remove retail GSA
costs.


      Qwest argues that there was insufficient explanation of the allocator
methodology. However, Qwest’s expert challenged the allocators in a sophisticated
manner, suggesting that Qwest understood the HAI Model’s methodology, and merely
disagreed with it. While the ALJ and MPUC could have provided more detail in
explaining their decision to adopt the HAI Model, they were not arbitrary and
capricious merely because they chose the explanation and methodology of one expert
over another.


       Qwest argues that the Wireline Competition Bureau rejected a similar
secondary adjustment in the Virginia arbitration. See Virginia Arbitration Order ¶
151. However, the Virginia arbitration adopted a different cost model than the HAI
Model adopted by MPUC. The Bureau rejected the inclusion of a secondary
adjustment that removed costs associated with special access and toll in the universal
service support context because there was nothing to indicate that this adjustment
correlated to a reduction in retail expenses in the GSA context. 

the
HAI Model, however, the ALJ noted that the model was previously adopted by MPUC
in another proceeding and that Qwest presented its same objections to two other state
public utilities commissions, both of which accepted the HAI Model as properly
excluding retail GSA expenses.


      Therefore, we conclude that MPUC was not arbitrary and capricious in its
adoption of the cost models relevant to the present case.




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                                  IV.


For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the decision of the district court.
                 ______________________________




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