United States Bankruptcy Appellate Panel
                            FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT


                                       No. 06-6025EM


In re:                                         *
                                               *
Keith N. Griffin, Sr.,                         *
                                               *
         Debtor.                               *
                                               *
                                               *        Appeal from the United States
Kimberly E. Banks, et al,                      *        Bankruptcy Court for the
                                               *        Eastern District of Missouri
         Plaintiffs - Appellees,               *
                                               *
               v.                              *
                                               *
Keith E. Griffin, Sr.,                         *
                                               *
         Defendant-Appellant.                  *


                                   Submitted: July 26, 2006
                                   Filed: September 21, 2006


Before KRESSEL, Chief Judge, MAHONEY, and VENTERS, Bankruptcy Judges.


MAHONEY, Bankruptcy Judge.

      This is an appeal from a decision of the bankruptcy court which denied the
debtor, Keith N. Griffin, Sr. ("Griffin"), a discharge in his Chapter 7 case under 11
U.S.C. § 727(a)(9). Griffin filed the Chapter 7 case within six years of the petition
date of a Chapter 13 case in which he received a discharge. The bankruptcy court
found, on a motion for summary judgment, that Griffin did not pay at least 70% of the
allowed unsecured claims in the Chapter 13 case. Interpreting 11 U.S.C. § 727(a)(9)
to require such amount of payments in a Chapter 13 case filed within six years of the
Chapter 7 petition date to be eligible for a Chapter 7 discharge, the court denied the
discharge. The issue on appeal concerns the meaning of the statutory language used
in 11 U.S.C. § 727(a)(9).

      We reverse the decision of the bankruptcy court.

                              STANDARD OF REVIEW

      The interpretation of a statute is a question of law. Daley v. Marriott Int’l, Inc.,

, 894 (8th Cir. 2005). Legal conclusions are reviewed de novo. DeBold
v. Case, 

, 761 (8th Cir. 2006). Appellate review of a grant of summary
judgment is de novo. U.S. Bank v. Young (In re Young), 

, 778 (B.A.P.
8th Cir. 2006).

                                     DISCUSSION

       The debtor filed a voluntary petition for relief under Chapter 13 of the United
States Bankruptcy Code on July 8, 1999. He obtained confirmation of a plan,
completed payments under the plan, and received a discharge in the Chapter 13 case.
Allowed priority and general unsecured claims amounted to $20,101.10 in the
aggregate. Actual distribution to unsecured claimants under the plan totaled
$6,780.06. Secured claimants were paid $16,669.41, plus interest of $1,885.06.
Attorney fees and trustee commissions amounted to $3,449.81 and were paid in full.
The Chapter 13 trustee distributed $28,784.34 to the various parties. The Chapter 7
petition was filed on June 4, 2005, less than six years after the Chapter 13 petition
date.



                                            2
      The Bankruptcy Code at 11 U.S.C. § 727(a)(9) provides, in relevant part:

             The court shall grant the debtor a discharge, unless —
                    ....
                    the debtor has been granted a discharge under section 1228
             or 1328 of this title . . . in a case commenced within six years
             before the date of the filing of the petition, unless payments under
             the plan in such case totaled at least —
                    (A) 100 percent of the allowed unsecured claims in such
                    case; or
                    (B) (i) 70 percent of such claims; and
                           (ii) the plan was proposed by the debtor in good
                           faith, and was the debtor's best effort.

       The bankruptcy court's interpretation of the statute is consistent with every
reported opinion which has commented upon or mentioned the statute. See, e.g., In re
Hiatt, 

, 152 n.2 (Bankr. S.D. Ohio 2004); In re McMeekan, No. 96-
82757, 

at *4 (Bankr. C.D. Ill. Jan. 30, 1997); In re Messenger,

, 149 (Bankr. N.D. Ohio 1995); In re Karayan, 

(Bankr. C.D.
Cal. 1988); In re Pierce, 

(Bankr. S.D. Ohio 1987); In re Greer, 

(Bankr. C.D. Cal. 1986); In re Raines, 

, 381 (M.D. Tenn. 1983); In
re Price, 

(Bankr. W.D. Ky. 1981); Triplett v. Arndt (In re Aalto), 

(Bankr. M.D. Fla. 1981); In re McClaflin, 

(Bankr. N.D. Ill. 1981);
In re Poff, 

(Bankr. S.D. Ohio 1980). However, none of these courts was
actually interpreting the section in a Chapter 7 case in which this issue had arisen.

       When attempting to determine the meaning of a statute, one must begin with the
language of the statute itself. Landreth Timber Co. v. Landreth, 

, 685
(1985). If the statute's language is plain, "the sole function of the courts is to enforce
it according to its terms." Caminetti v. United States, 

, 485 (1917),
quoted in United States v. Ron Pair Enter., Inc., 

, 241 (1989). See also



                                            3
Lamie v. U.S. Trustee, 

, 534 (2004). Accord Hartford Underwriters Ins.
Co. v. Union Planters Bank, N.A., 

, 6 (2000).

       The debtor suggests that each of the cases discussing § 727(a)(9), and the
bankruptcy court in this case, have misread the statute. The debtor points out that the
statutory language does not discuss payments to unsecured creditors. Instead, the
language used is “payments under the plan.” The debtor argues that the phrase
“payments under the plan” includes payments for attorney fees and trustee's fees,
payments on secured debts, and payments on priority claims, in addition to payments
on general unsecured claims.

       The debtor also points out that subdivision (A) of the exception to denial of the
discharge requires that payments under the plan in the earlier case totaled "at least"
100% of the allowed unsecured claims in such case. If Congress meant the language
to be interpreted as payment of all unsecured claims, there would be no reason to use
the words “at least” preceding the words “100% of the allowed unsecured claims,”
because no debtor in a Chapter 13 case would, or could, pay more than 100% of the
unsecured claims. Congress could have said – but did not – “unless payments under
the plan to unsecured creditors totaled 100% of the allowed unsecured claims, or at
least 70% of such claims . . . .”

       The debtor is correct that the language of the statute does not include any
reference to payments or distributions to unsecured creditors or on unsecured claims.
Instead, the language used is “payments under the plan . . . totaled at least . . . 100
percent of the allowed unsecured claims in such case; or 70 percent of such claims;
and the plan was proposed by the debtor in good faith, and was the debtor’s best
effort.”

      Interpretations of the language “payments under the plan” generally focus on
discharge under § 1328. Some courts interpret this language to mean completion of

                                           4
payments due to the trustee or all payments referred to in the plan, whether paid
through the trustee or paid directly. See In re Smith, 

, 626 (Bankr. E.D.
Tex. 1999) (§ 1328(a) compels the issuance of a discharge upon completion by the
debtor of all amounts due under the plan); In re Perez, 

, 390 n.4 (Bankr.
S.D. Tex. 2006) (in requiring all debtors to make mortgage payments through the
Chapter 13 trustee, the court discussed the terminology regarding “payments under the
plan” and stated, “[t]he term ‘under the plan’ properly refers to any payment made
pursuant to the provisions of a Chapter 13 plan, regardless of whether such payment
is made through the trustee or by a debtor directly to a creditor.”).

       Other courts emphasize the payments of dividends. In the case of In re Rivera,

, 335 (Bankr. C.D. Cal. 1995), although the debtors had paid to the
trustee all of the required monthly payments identified in the plan, allowed claims
exceeded what the debtors had scheduled so the payments to the trustee did not
provide unsecured creditors with a 65% dividend, which was required in the plan.
Because the creditors had not received the payout stated in the plan, the debtors had
not completed their payments under the plan.

       Whichever way a court looks at the language, the cases are consistent that the
phrase “payments under the plan” means either payments required by the confirmed
plan to be paid to the trustee for distribution as described in the plan, or, as in Rivera,
payments required to be made because of a defined percentage dividend to unsecured
creditors in the specific language of the plan.

      No case has been found that interprets the phrase “payments under the plan” in
the context of the Chapter 13 confirmation or discharge as being limited to payments
on unsecured claims. It is only in the cases discussing potential issues arising in a
hypothetical case under 11 U.S.C. § 727(a)(9) that the courts have suggested that the
phrase “payments under the plan” means “payments on unsecured claims.”



                                            5
       The phrase “payment under the plan” is used in several other places in the
Bankruptcy Code. In the confirmation standards of 11 U.S.C. § 1325(b)(1)(B), as that
provision read prior to the 2005 amendments, the phrase is used as follows:

      (b)(1) If the trustee or the holder of an allowed unsecured claim objects
      to the confirmation of the plan, then the court may not approve the plan
      unless, as of the effective date of the plan —
             ....
             (B) the plan provides that all of the debtor's projected disposable
             income to be received in the three-year period beginning on the
             date that the first payment is due under the plan will be applied to
             make payments under the plan.

11 U.S.C. § 1325(b)(1)(B) (emphasis added).

       That language does not state that the disposable income needs to be applied
only to unsecured claims. In contrast, the language of the same section as amended
in 2005 does state that such disposable income “will be applied to make payments to
unsecured creditors under the plan.”1 Congress apparently knows how to write clear
language with regard to payments to unsecured creditors when it believes such
language is appropriate.

     Similarly, in the hardship discharge section of Chapter 13, at 11 U.S.C. §
1328(b), Congress made specific reference to payment of unsecured claims as follows:

            (b) [A]t any time after the confirmation of the plan and after notice
      and a hearing, the court may grant a discharge to a debtor that has not
      completed payments under the plan only if —
                   ....
                   (2) the value, as of the effective date of the plan, of property
            actually distributed under the plan on account of each allowed

      1
       11 U.S.C. § 1325(b)(1)(B) (2006).

                                           6
             unsecured claim is not less than the amount that would have been
             paid on such claim if the estate of the debtor had been liquidated
             under Chapter 7 of this title on such date[.]

11 U.S.C. § 1328(b)(2) (emphasis added).

       The plain language of this statutory section tells us that a debtor cannot obtain
a hardship discharge in Chapter 13 unless the debtor made payments to unsecured
creditors in an amount equal to what the unsecured creditors would have received in
a Chapter 7 case. Once again, when Congress desires to refer to payments to
unsecured creditors, it does so.

       The Supreme Court has recently discussed the manner in which courts should
interpret Congressional intent when certain language is excluded from one statutory
section that is included in another provision of the same statute. “A familiar principle
of statutory construction . . . is that a negative inference may be drawn from the
exclusion of language from one statutory provision that is included in other provisions
of the same statute.” Hamdan v. Rumsfeld, ___ U.S. ___, 

, 2765-66
(2006). See also Russello v. United States, 

, 23 (1983) (“[W]here
Congress includes particular language in one section of a statute but omits it in
another section of the same Act, it is generally presumed that Congress acts
intentionally and purposely in the disparate inclusion or exclusion.” (quoting United
States v. Wong Kim Bo, 

, 722 (5th Cir. 1972))).

       The language of § 727(a)(9) is clear and plain. If a debtor in a Chapter 13 case
pays to the trustee for distribution under the plan an amount equal to 70% of the
allowed unsecured claims, and the court finds that the plan was proposed by the debtor
in good faith and was the debtor's best effort, or if such debtor pays to the trustee for
distribution under the plan an amount which totals at least 100% of the allowed



                                           7
unsecured claims, the debtor, when filing a Chapter 7 case within six years of the
petition date of the Chapter 13 case, will not be denied a discharge.

       The trustee suggests that such an interpretation of the statutory language leads
to an absurd result. It is the position of the trustee that § 727(a)(9) was placed in the
Code to combat fraud and abuse of the bankruptcy system by requiring significant
payments to unsecured creditors in Chapter 13 cases. The trustee’s position is not
supported either by the plain language of the statute or the legislative history. Section
727(a)(9) is the successor to the provisions of Section 14(c)(5) of the Bankruptcy Act
of 1898, as amended.2 Under the Bankruptcy Act, what we now refer to as a Chapter
7 liquidation was sometimes referred to as a “straight bankruptcy.” A composition
was a plan under a particular section of the Bankruptcy Act which permitted the
creditors to agree to accept less than 100% payment of their claims. A wage earner's
plan, in the form of a 100% dividend to unsecured creditors, was called an
“extension.” Perry v. Commerce Loan Co., 

, 395 (1966). In Perry, the
Supreme Court decided that a Chapter 13 extension plan was not subject to the
discharge bar referred to above because the plan proposed complete payment of the
unsecured claims.

       When the language of a statute is not ambiguous, there is no need to inquire into
legislative history. Connecticut Nat’l Bank v. Germain, 

, 253-54 (1992).
However, even if one investigates the legislative history of this statutory provision,

      2
       See Perry v. Commerce Loan Co., 

, 394 n.2 (1966) (quoting
      52 Stat. 850 (1938), as amended, 11 U.S.C. § 32(c)(5)):
            (c) The court shall grant the discharge (in bankruptcy) unless
            satisfied that the bankrupt has . . . (5) in a proceeding under this
            title commenced within six years prior to the date of the filing of
            the petition in bankruptcy . . . been granted a discharge, or had a
            composition or an arrangement by way of composition or wage
            earner's plan by way of composition confirmed under this title . .
            ..

                                           8
one finds no support for the proposition that the drafters intended the final language
to mean that 70% of the unsecured claims had to be paid in a prior Chapter 13 case for
a Chapter 7 debtor to be eligible for a discharge.

       In early versions of the bills which eventually became the 1978 Act, 11 U.S.C.
§ 101, et seq. (1978), the Senate bill retained the language similar to that under the
Act.3 The original House bill retained the six-year bar on discharge with respect to
straight bankruptcy, but did not retain the bar with regard to confirmation of
composition wage earner plans under Chapter 13. H. Comm. on the Judiciary, 95th
Cong., Report on Bankruptcy Law Revision as part of H.R. 8200 (1977), reprinted in
App. C Collier on Bankruptcy Pt. 4(d)(i), at App. Pt. 4-1527 (Alan N. Resnick et al.
eds., 15th ed. rev. 2004).

       The legislative history, as contained in the Senate floor manager's version of the
joint explanatory statement concerning the compromise bill, states:

           Sections 727(a)(8) and (9) of the House amendment represent a
      compromise between provisions contained in section 727(a)(8) of the


      3
       Section 727(a)(8) in the Senate version reads:

             (a) The court shall grant the debtor a discharge, unless —
                   ....
                   (8) the debtor has been granted a discharge under this
                   section, under section 1141 of this title, or under section 14,
                   371, or 476 of the Bankruptcy Act, or had a plan by way of
                   composition confirmed under section 651 of the
                   Bankruptcy Act or chapter 13 of this title, in a case
                   commenced within six years before the date of the filing of
                   the petition[.]

App. C Collier on Bankruptcy Pt. 4(e) at App. Pt. 4-1823 (Alan N. Resnick et al. eds.,
15th ed. rev. 2004).

                                           9
        House bill and Senate amendment. Section 727(a)(8) of the House
        amendment adopts section 727(a)(8) of the House bill. However, section
        727(a)(9) of the House amendment contains a compromise based on
        section 727(a)(8) of the Senate amendment with respect to the
        circumstances under which a plan by way of composition under chapter
        XIII of the Bankruptcy Act or chapter 13 of title 11 should be a bar to
        discharge in a subsequent proceeding under title 11. The paragraph
        provides that a discharge under section 660 or 661 of the Bankruptcy Act
        or section 1328 of title 11 in a case commenced within 6 years before the
        date of the filing of the petition in a subsequent case, operates as a bar to
        discharge unless, first, payments under the plan totaled at least 100
        percent of the allowed unsecured claims in the case; or second, payments
        under the plan totaled at least 70 percent of the allowed unsecured claims
        in the case and the plan was proposed by the debtor in good faith and
        was the debtor's best effort.

App. D Collier on Bankruptcy Pt. 4(f)(iii) at App. Pt. 4-2565 (Alan N. Resnick et al.
eds., 15th ed. rev. 2004).

       From this short legislative history, it appears that the compromise involved the
Senate moving from an absolute bar of a discharge in a case filed within six years of
a prior case to a permitted exception to such bar. Such a result is different from what
the Senate Report, issued prior to the compromise, seems to have contemplated.4


        4
         See S. Rep. 95-989, at 13 (1978), as reprinted in 1978 U.S.C.C.A.N. 5787,
5799:
              The new Chapter 13 undertakes to solve these problems insofar as
        bankruptcy law can provide a simple yet precise and effective system for
        individuals to pay debts under bankruptcy court protection and
        supervision. The new Chapter 13 will permit almost any individual with
        regular income to propose and have approved a reasonable plan for debt
        repayment based on that individual's exact circumstances. As in current
        law, 100 percent payment plans will be encouraged by the limitation on
        availability of a subsequent discharge i[n] section 727(a)(8). This kind
                                                                         (continued...)

                                             10
       There is nothing in the actual language of the agreed-upon statutory provisions
that became § 727(a)(9) or in the language of the floor manager, quoted above, which
indicates a sense of Congress to require significant payments to unsecured creditors
to avoid the discharge bar in a subsequent case.

       Notwithstanding the quoted legislative history and the references to payment
of claims in the above-cited cases, the statutory language of 11 U.S.C. § 727(a)(9)
does not refer to payment of claims or payment of unsecured creditors. It refers to
“payments under the plan,” which, in every single Chapter 13 case, will be different
from “payments to unsecured creditors.”

      In this case, the debtor, in the completed Chapter 13 case, paid to the trustee as
“payments under the plan” far more than the total of the allowed unsecured claims.
Section 727(a)(9), therefore, does not bar this debtor from receiving a discharge in his
Chapter 7 case.

      The order of the bankruptcy court is reversed.
                          _______________________




      4
       (...continued)
      of plan has provided great self-satisfaction and pride to those debtors
      who complete them and at the same time effect a maximum return to
      creditors. The limitation of Sec. 727(a)(8) will also provide a slight brake
      on the wholesale filings of Chapter 13's by small businessmen who wish
      to avoid some of the restrictions of Chapter 11. It is also necessary to
      prevent Chapter 13 plans from turning into mere offers of composition
      plans under which payments would equal only the non-exempt assets of
      the debtor.


                                          11