United States Court of Appeals
                            FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
                                    ___________

                                    No. 06-2836
                                    ___________

United States of America,             *
                                      *
            Plaintiff/Appellee,       *
                                      * Appeal from the United States
      v.                              * District Court for the
                                      * Eastern District of Arkansas.
Craig L. Watson,                      *
                                      *
            Defendant/Appellant.      *
                                 ___________

                              Submitted: December 12, 2006
                                 Filed: February 22, 2007
                                  ___________

Before LOKEN, Chief Judge, MURPHY, and SHEPHERD, Circuit Judges.
                             ___________

MURPHY, Circuit Judge.

      A jury convicted Craig L. Watson of four counts related to the distribution of
cocaine base in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841 and 846, and the district court1
sentenced him to 276 months imprisonment. Watson appeals from the judgment,
arguing that the district court should have granted his second motion for a new trial
based on the fact that his trial attorney had been suspended from practice by the State
of Arkansas during his representation of Watson. We affirm.



      1
       The Honorable Susan Webber Wright, United States District Judge for the
Eastern District of Arkansas.
       Watson and a codefendant were indicted in May 2004 on six counts of drug
related offenses, and a superceding indictment was returned in October 2004 adding
an additional defendant. In January 2005 the other defendants pled guilty, and the
government moved to dismiss the indictment. A new indictment issued on March 1,
2005, charging Watson with conspiracy to distribute more than 50 grams of cocaine
base in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 846, distribution of seven grams of cocaine base,
attempt to distribute more than five grams of cocaine base, and possession with intent
to distribute more than 50 grams of cocaine base, all in violation of § 841.


       The case proceeded to trial in August 2005, and the jury returned guilty verdicts
on all counts. Shortly thereafter Watson moved for a new trial, alleging juror
misconduct. The motion was denied. After retaining new counsel, Watson filed a
second motion for new trial in June 2006. In support of this motion Watson argued
that his Sixth Amendment rights had been violated by his unknowing representation
by an attorney whose state license had been suspended. After a hearing the district
court denied the motion and sentenced Watson to 276 months.


       From the time of Watson's initial arraignment in May 2004 until after his trial,
Watson was represented by retained counsel R.S. McCullough. In February 2005,
McCullough was suspended from the practice of law by state authorities while they
investigated a complaint unrelated to Watson's case. McCullough's federal practice
status was not immediately affected although proceedings were initiated to consider
his suspension, and his right to practice in the federal district courts in Arkansas was
suspended on January 1, 2006, pending the outcome of the state disciplinary action.
His federal suspension thus came well after the conclusion of Watson's trial in August
2005, and McCullough represented Watson throughout trial and on his first post trial
motion.




                                          -2-
       The United States filed two separate pretrial motions in Watson's case, on
March 28 and April 4, 2005, alerting the district court to McCullough's state
suspension and asking the court to set a hearing to determine whether new counsel
should be appointed for Watson. The district court ordered Watson to notify the court
how he wished to proceed. McCullough filed a response on April 14, 2005 stating
that the defendant wished to continue with his representation notwithstanding the state
suspension. The document purported to bear Watson's signature. On the basis of this
response and the fact that McCullough had not been suspended in federal court, the
district court denied the government's motion for appointment of new counsel.


        Watson's second motion for a new trial was brought by new counsel who
argued that representation by a suspended attorney had violated Watson's Sixth
Amendment right to counsel. In support of the motion Watson submitted an affidavit
stating that he had been unaware of McCullough's licensing problems at the time of
his trial and that he would have sought another lawyer had he known about them. The
district court scheduled a hearing for the motion and sentencing. Watson testified at
the hearing that he had never been made aware of McCullough's state suspension, that
he had not signed the response submitted in opposition to the government's motion for
appointment of new defense counsel, and that the signature on that document had been
forged. The court also heard testimony from Rodney Seals, Watson's probation
officer, who stated that he had informed Watson in April 2005 that McCullough was
undergoing licensing problems and had advised him to seek new counsel. Seals also
testified that Watson had told him at that time that he had already discussed the issue
with McCullough. Watson denied having had such a conversation with Seals.


     The district court credited Seals testimony and found that Watson had been
aware of his lawyer's licensing difficulties. It also noted that the signature on
Watson's responsive pleading was "very similar" to Watson's signature on his affidavit
submitted in support of the second motion for new trial. The court found that

                                         -3-
McCullough had represented Watson competently, even though he had not always
been easy to reach, and it denied the motion for new trial. The court then proceeded
to address sentencing issues, imposing a sentence of 276 months.


       On appeal Watson challenges only the denial of his second motion for new trial,
arguing that McCullough's representation constituted a per se violation of his Sixth
Amendment right to effective assistance of counsel, that the district court erred in
rejecting his testimony that his signature had been forged, and that he should have
been present at an April 2005 hearing about McCullough's right to practice in federal
court.


       We will reverse the denial of a motion for a new trial only if the district court
abused its discretion and the evidence indicates that a "miscarriage of justice may have
occurred." United States v. Lewis, 

, 945 (8th Cir. 2006). Watson argues
not only that the district court erred in not finding a Sixth Amendment violation, but
also that manifest injustice would result if his conviction were allowed to stand despite
his trial counsel's involvement in disciplinary proceedings. Watson argues that his
claim differs from the ordinary Strickland claim which requires a showing that
counsel's representation "fell below an objective standard of reasonableness" and
prejudiced the defense. Strickland v. Washington, 

, 687-88 (1984).
Although Watson does allege that his trial counsel's representation was deficient, he
contends that prejudice need not be shown to make out a Sixth Amendment violation
in this case. Relying on Solina v. United States, 

(2d Cir. 1983), he
argues that McCullough's representation amounts to a per se constitutional violation.


      In Solina, the Second Circuit vacated a defendant's conviction despite
overwhelming evidence of guilt because he had been represented at trial by an
individual who had never been admitted to the practice of law. 

Watson
urges us to adopt a similar per se rule in his case. The circumstances here are very

                                          -4-
different from those in Solina, however. There is a significant distinction between
representation of a criminal defendant by an individual never authorized to practice
law who had repeatedly failed to pass an attorney licensing exam as in Solina and
representation by a competent experienced attorney, albeit one facing disciplinary
proceedings. Furthermore, the Second Circuit demonstrated in a subsequent case that
it had not adopted a broad rule of general application in Solina. See Bellamy v.
Cogdell, 

, 306-07 (2d Cir. 1992). The court found no per se Sixth
Amendment violation in Bellamy where trial counsel had had serious health problems
leading to suspension of his license after defendant's trial. The Second Circuit
clarified that a per se violation would occur only in circumstances where a defendant
was unaware that his counsel had not been licensed at the time of trial due to a failure
to meet the substantive requirements to practice law or unaware that counsel was
implicated in defendant's crimes. 

Watson's case falls into neither of those
narrow categories.


       In our circuit we have declined to extend a per se ineffective assistance of
counsel rule to cases where the defendant was represented by a trained and qualified
attorney, albeit one with licensing problems. See Derringer v. United States, 

, 1141 (8th Cir. 1971) (counsel eligible for bar membership but failed to register
or take oath); United States v. Rosnow, 

, 972 (8th Cir. 1992) (unlicenced
counsel jointly representing defendant); United States v. Rimell, 

, 286 (8th
Cir. 1994) (cross examination by nonattorney with attorney present); Johnson v.
Norris, 

, 518 (8th Cir. 2000) (counsel suffering from mental illness). We
similarly decline to apply a per se rule here.


        McCullough was authorized to practice in federal court at the time of Watson's
trial; it was not until several months later that his federal license was suspended.
Watson contends that McCullough's right to practice in federal court was derived from
his state license and that his state suspension therefore had legal consequences for his

                                          -5-
federal practice authority. This argument overlooks the procedures for controlling the
right to practice in the federal court hearing Watson's case. See Model Federal Rules
of Disciplinary Enforcement, Rule II(D) (ABA 1991) (attorney subject to state
discipline has opportunity to show cause why identical measures should not be
imposed by the federal courts); In re Bird, 

, 638 (8th Cir. 2003) (district
court which has adopted the Federal Rules must afford their procedural protections).


       A per se ineffective assistance of counsel rule would be appropriate only in
situations where the probability of prejudice would be so high that it could be
presumed to have occurred. See Caban v. United States, 

, 782-83 (8th
Cir. 2002). There is nothing inherent about the suspension of a state license that
would necessarily interfere with a trained attorney's ability to represent a client in
federal court. McCullough had every incentive to mount a vigorous defense on
Watson's behalf, and the district court found that he had done so. Watson would have
to show prejudice in order to make out his Sixth Amendment claim, and it would more
appropriately be raised in a collateral proceeding under 28 U.S.C. § 2255. See United
States v. Ramirez-Hernandez, 

, 826-27 (8th Cir. 2006).


       Watson also argues that the district court erred in finding that he had elected to
retain his counsel after learning about McCullough's disciplinary trouble, again
contending that his signature had been forged on the document submitted by counsel.
The district court based its finding about Watson's choice to keep McCullough in large
part on its assessment of the credibility of the witnesses at the hearing, finding that
probation officer Seals was more credible than Watson. "[C]redibility is a
determination for the trier-of-fact, and its assessment is virtually unassailable on
appeal." United States v. Rodriguez, 

, 845 (8th Cir. 2005). The district
court's observation that the challenged signature was very similar to Watson's
signature on his affidavit submitted with the motion, cf. Greater Kansas City Laborers
Pension Fund v. Thummel, 

, 928-29 (8th Cir. 1984) (trier of fact may


                                          -6-
draw conclusions based on comparison of handwriting samples without expert
testimony), was also of relevance in light of the court's credibility findings. When the
evidence is taken as a whole, we cannot say that the district court erred in rejecting
Watson's assertions that his signature had been forged and that he had known nothing
about McCullough's suspension.


       Watson also argues that his conviction was obtained in violation of Federal
Rule of Criminal Procedure 43(a) because he was not present at the April 2005
hearing on McCullough's federal practice status. A criminal defendant clearly has the
right to be present at every stage of his own trial, see Illinois v. Allen, 

,
338 (1970), a right that is codified by Rule 43(a). Watson argues that he should have
been present at McCullough's hearing to discuss any concerns of his own and to
authenticate his signature on the document submitted by McCullough. Watson
miscasts the character of that hearing by his description of it as one "to determine if
Attorney McCullough should continue as Watson's attorney," for the scope of the
hearing dealt with McCullough's rights, not Watson's. Our review of the hearing
transcript shows only a tangential mention of Watson's case completely unrelated to
substantive issues. The hearing on McCullough's practice status cannot be considered
part of Watson's trial within the meaning of Rule 43(a), and the district court did not
abuse its discretion in denying a new trial on this ground.


      Since the district court did not abuse its discretion or commit an error of law in
denying Watson's second motion for new trial, we affirm the judgment.
                        ______________________________




                                          -7-